[Script Info] Title: [Events] Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want you to reimagine\Nhow life is organized on earth. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Think of the planet like\Na human body that we inhabit. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The skeleton is the transportation system\Nof roads and railways, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bridges and tunnels,\Nair and seaports Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that enable our mobility\Nacross the contient. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The vascular system\Nthat powers the body Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with oil and gas pipelines\Nthat distribute energy. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the nervous system\Nof communications Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the internet cables,\Nsatellites, cellular networks Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and data centers that allow\Nus to share information. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This ever-expanding infrastructural matrix\Nof 64 million kilometers of roads, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,4 million kilometers of railways, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,2 million kilometers of pipelines, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and 1 million kilometers\Nof internet cables. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What about international borders? Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have less than\N500,000 kilometers of borders. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's build a better map\Nof the world. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we can start by overcoming\Nsome ancient mythology. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's a saying with which\Nall students of history are familiar: Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Geography is destiny." Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sounds so grave, doesn't it? Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's such a fatalistic adage. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It tells us that landlocked countries\Nare condemned to be poor, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that small countries cannot escape\Ntheir larger neighbors, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that vast distances are insurmountable. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But every journey I take \Naround the world, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I see an even greater force\Nsweeping the planet: Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,connectivity. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The global connectivity revolution,\Nin all of its forms -- Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,transportation, energy\Nand communications-- Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has enabled such a quantum leap\Nin the mobility of people, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of goods, of resources,\Nof knowledge, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such that we can no longer think\Nof geography as distinct from it. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, I view the two forces\Nas fusing together Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into what I call connectography. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Connectography represents\Na quantum leap Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the mobility of people, resources\Nand ideas, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it is an evolution, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an evolution of the world from \Npolitical geography, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is how we legally divide\Nthe world, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to functional geography, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is how we actually\Nuse the world, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from nations and borders,\Nto infrastructure and supply chains. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our global system is evolving Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the vertically integrated\Nempires of the 19th century, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through the horizontally,\Ninterdependent nations Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the 20th century, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into a global network civilization\Nin the 21st century. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Connectivity, not sovereignty, \Nhas become Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the organizing principle\Nof the human species. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause) Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are becoming this global network\Ncivilization Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we are literally building it. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All of the world's defense budgets\Nand military spending Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,taken together total just under\N2 trillion dollars per year. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Meanwhile, our global infrastructure\Nspending is projected to rise Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to 9 trillion dollars per year\Nwithin the coming decade. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, well, it should. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have been living off\Nan infrastructure stock Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,meant for a world population\Nof 3 billion, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as our population has crossed\N7 billion to 8 billion Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and eventually 9 billion and more. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As a rule of thumb, we should spend\Nabout 1 trillion dollars Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the basic infrastructure needs\Nof every billion people in the world. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not surprisingly, Asia is in the lead. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 2015, China announced the creation Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the Asia Infrastructure \Nand Investment Bank, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which together with a network\Nof other organizations, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,aims to construct a network\Nof iron and silk roads, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stretching from Shanghai to Lisbon. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as all of this topographical\Nengineering unfolds, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we will likely spend more \Non infrastrucutre Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the nest 40 years,\N Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we will build more infrastructure\Nin the next 40 years,\N Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than we have in the last 4,000 years. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now let's stop and think about it\Nfor a little minute. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Spending so much more\N Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on building the foundations\Nof global society Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rather than on the tools\Nto destroy it Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can have profound consequences. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Connectivity is how we optimize\Nthe distribution Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of people and resources\Naround the world. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is how mankind comes to be more\Nthan just the sum of its parts. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I believe that is what is happening. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Connectivity has a twin megatrend\Nin the the 21st century: Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,planetary urbanization. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cities are the infrastructures\Nthat most define us. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By 2030, more than two thirds\Nof the world's population Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will live in cities. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And these are not mere dots\Non the map, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they are vast archepelagos\Nstretching hundreds of kilomters. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here we are in Vancouver, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the head of the Cascadia Corridor\N Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that stretches south across the US border\Nto Seattle. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The technology powerhouse \Nof SIlicon Valley Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,begins north of San Francisco\Ndown to San Jose Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and across the bay to Oakland. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The sprawl of Los Angeles\Nnow passes San Diego Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,across the Mexican border\Nto Tijuana. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,San Diego and Tijuana\Nnow share an airport terminal Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where you can exit into either country. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Eventually, a high-speed rail network\Nmay connect the entire Pacific spine. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,America's northeastern megalopolis\Nbegins in Boston through New York Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Philadelphia to Washingotn. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It contains more than 50 million people Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and also has plans for a high-speed\Nrail network. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But Asia is where we really see\Nthe magacities coming together. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This continous strip of light\Nfrom Tokyo through Negoya Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to Osaka contains \Nmore than 80 million people, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and most of Japan's economy. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is the world's largest megacity. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For now. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in China, megacity clusters\Nare coming together Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with populations reaching\N100 million people. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Yangtze River Delta\Naround Shanghai Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the Pearl River Delta, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stretching from Hong Kong\Nto ? Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in the middle, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the ? mgacity, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whose geographic footprint\Nis almost the same size Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the country of Austria. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And any number of these\Nmegacity clusters Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has a GDP approaching\N2 trillion dollars, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's almost the same\Nof all of India today. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So imagine if our global diplomatic\Ninstitutions like the G20 Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were to base their membership\Nof economic size Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rather than national representation. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some Chinese megacities may be in\Nand have a seat at the table, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while entire countries,\Nlike Argentina and Indonesia may be out. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Moving to India, whose population\Nwill soon exceed that of China, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it too has a number of megacity clusters, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as the Delhi capital region\Nand Mumbai. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the Middle East, greater Tehran\Nis absorbing Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one third of Iran's population. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most of Egypt's 30 million people Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,live in the corridor between\NCairo and Alexandria. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in the gulf, a necklace\Nof citystates if forming, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from Bahrain to Qatar, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through the United Arab Emirates\Nthrough Muscat in Oman. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then there's Lagos, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Africa's largest city\Nand Nigeria's commerical hub. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It has plans for a rail network\Nthat will make it the anchor Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of a vast Atlantic coastal corridor, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stretching across Benin,\NTogo and Ghana, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to Abidjan, the capital\Nof the Ivory Coast. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But these countries\Nare suburbs of Lagos. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the megacity world, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,countries can be suburbs of cities. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By 2030, we will have as many \Nas 50 such megacity clusters Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the world. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So which map tells you more? Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our traditional map of 200 discret nations\Nthat hang on most of our wallls, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or this map of the 50 megacity clusters? Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And yet, even this is incomplete Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because you cannot understand\Nany individual megacity Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without understanding its connections\Nto the others. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People move to cities to be connected, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and connectivity is \Nwhy these cities thrive. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Any number of them such as Sao Paolo\Nor Istanbul or Moscow Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has a GDP approaching or exceeding\None third of one half Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of their entire national GDP. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But equally importantly, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you cannot calculate any of their\Nindividual value Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without understanding the role\Nof the flows of people, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of finance, of technology Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that enable them to thrive. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Take the Gauteng province\Nof South Africa, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which contains Johannesburg\Nand the capital Pretoria. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It too represents just over\Na third of South Africa's GDP. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Equally importantly, it is home\Nto the offices Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of almost every single multinational\Ncorporation Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that invests directly into South Africa Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and indeed, into the entire\NAfrican continent. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cities want to be part\Nof global value chains. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They want to be part \Nof this global division of labor. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is how cities think. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've never met a mayor\Nwho said to me, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I want my city to be cut off" Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They know that their cities\Nbelong as much Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the global network civilization\Nas to their home countries. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now for many people, urbanization\Ncauses great dismay. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They think cities are wrecking the planet. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But right now, there are more \Nthan Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,200 intercity learning networks thriving. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is as many as the\Nintergovernmental organizations Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we have. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And all of these intercity networks\Nare devoted to one purpose, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mankind's number one priority\Nin the 21st century: Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sustainable urbanization. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is it working? Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's take climate change. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We know that summit after summit\Nin New York and Paris Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is not going to reduce\Ngreenhouse gas emissions. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what we can see is that\Ntransffering technology Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and knowledge and policies\Nbetween cities Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is how we've actually begun\Nto reduce Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the carbon intensity of our economies. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cities are learning from each other. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How to install zero-emissions buildings, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how to deploy electric car-sharing systems. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In major Chinese cities, they're imposing\Nquotas Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the number of cars on the streets. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In many Western cities, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,young people don't even \Nwant to drive anymore. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cities have been part of the problem, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,now they are part of the solution. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Inequality is the other great challenge\N Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to achieving sustainable urbanization. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I travel through megacities\Nfrom end to end, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it takes hours and days, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I experience the tragedy\Nof extreme disparity Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,within the same geography. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And yet, our global stock\Nof financial assets Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has never been larger, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,approaching 300 trillion dollars. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's almost four times\Nthe actual GDP of the world. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have taken on such\Nenormous debts Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,since the financial crisis, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but have we invested them\Nin inclusive growth? Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No, not yet. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Only when we build sufficient,\Naffordable public housing, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when we invest in robust\Ntransportation networks Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to allow people to connect\Nto each other Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,both physically and digitally, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's when our divided cities\Nand societies Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will come to feel whole again. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause) Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that is why infrastructure\Nhas just been included Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the United Nations \NSustainable Development Goals, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it enables all the others. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our political and economic leaders Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are learning that connectivity\Nis not charity, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's an opportunity. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's why our financial community\Nneeds to undestand Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that connectivity is the most\Nimportant asset class of the 21st centiry. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, cities can make the world\Nmore sustainable, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they can make the world\Nmore equitable, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I also believe that connectivity\Nbetween cities Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can make the world\Nmore peaceful. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we look at regions of the world\Nwith dense relations across borders, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we see more trade, more investment, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and more stability. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We all know the sotry of\NEurope after WWII, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where industrial integration\Nkicked off a process Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that gave rise today's peaceful\NEuropean Union. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you can see that Russia,\Nby the way, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the least connected \Nof major powers Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the internaitonla system. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that goes a long way\Ntowards explaining Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tensions today. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Countries that have less stake\Nin the system Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,also have less to loose\Nin disturbing it. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In North America, the lines\Nthat matter most on the map Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are not the US-Canada border\Nor the US-Mexico border, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the dense network of roads\Nand railways and pipelines Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and electricity grids\Nand even water canals Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are forming an integrated\NNorth American union. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,North America does not need\Nmore walls, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it needs more connections. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause) Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the real promise of connectivity\Nis in the post-colonial world. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All of those regions where borders\Nhave historically been Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the most arbitrary Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and where generations of leaders\Nhave had hostile relations with each other, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but now a new group of leaders\Nhas come into power Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and is burying the hatchet. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's take Southeast Asia, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where high-speed rail networks\Nare planned Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to connect Bangkok to Singapore Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and trade corridors from Vietnam\Nto Myanmar. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now this region of 600 million people Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,coordinates its agricultural resources\Nand its Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and its industrial output. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is evolving into what I call\Na Pax Asiana, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a peace among Southeast Asian nations. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A similar phenomenon\Nis underway in East Africa, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where a half dozen countries\Nare investing Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in railways and multimodal corridors Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that landlocked countries\Ncan get their goods to market. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now these countries coordinate\Ntheir utilities Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and their investment policies. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They, too, are evolving\Ninto a Pax Africana. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One region we know that could\Nespecially use this kind of thinking\N Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the Middle East. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As Arab states tragically collapse, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what is left behind but\Nthe ancient cities, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as Cairo, Beirut\Nand Baghdad. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, the nearly 400 million people\Nof the Arab world Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are almost entirely urbanized. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As societies, as cities, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they are either water rich or water poor, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,energy rich or energy poor. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the only way to correct\Nthese mismatches Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is not through more wars\Nand more borders, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but through more connectivity\Nof pipelines and water canals. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sadly, this is not yet the map\Nof the Middle East. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it should be, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a connected Pax Arabia, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,internally integrated and\Nproductively connected Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to its neighbors: Europe, Asia\Nand Africa. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now it may not seem like\Nconnectivity is what we want right now Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,towards the world's most turbulent region. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we know from history \Nthat more connectivity is the only way Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to bring out stability in the long run, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we know that in region after region, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,connectivity is the new reality. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cities and countries are learning\Nto aggregate Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into more peaceful and prosperous wholes. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the real test is going to be Asia. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can connectivity overcome\Nthe patterns of rivarly Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,among the far east. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After all, this is where\NWorld War III Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is supposed to break out. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Since the end of the Cold War,\Na quarter-century ago, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at least 6 major wars have been\Npredicted for this region. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But none have broken out. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Take China and Taiwan. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the 1990s, this was everyone's \Nleading WWIII scenario. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But since that time, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the trade and investment volumes\Nacross the straits Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have become so intense that last November, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,leaders from both sides\Nheld a historic summit Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to discuss eventual peaceful\Nreunification. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And even the election of\Na Nationalist party in Taiwan Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's pro-independence \Nearlier this year Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,does not undermine\Nthis fundamental dynamic. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,China and Japan have an even \Nlonger history of rivalry Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and have been deploying their \Nair forces and navies Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to show their strength\Nin island disputes. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in recent years, Japan\Nhas been making Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,its largest foreign investments\Nin China. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Japanese cars are selling\Nin record numbers there. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And guess where the largest number\Nof foreigners Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,residing in Japan today\Ncomes from? Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You guessed it: China. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,China and India have fought\Na major war Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and have three outstanding\Nborder disputes, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but today India is the second largest\Nshareholder Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the Asia Infrastructure\NInvestment Bank. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Their building a trade corridor\Nstretching from Northeast India Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through Myanmar and Bangladesh\Nto Southern China. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Their trade volume has grown\Nfrom 20 billion dollars a decade ago Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to 80 billion dollars today. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nuclear-armed Indian and Pakistan\Nhave fought three wars Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and continue to dispute Kashmir, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they're also negotiating\Na Most-Favored Nation trade agreement Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and want to complete\Na pipeline Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stretching from Iran \Nthrough Pakistan to India. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And let's talk about Iran. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Wasn't it just two years ago\Nthat war with Iran seemed inevitable? Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Than why is every single major power\Nrushing to do business there today? Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ladies and gentlemen, I cannot\Nguarentee Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that WWIII will not break out. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we can definitely see\Nwhy it hasn't happened yet. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even though Asia is home\N Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the world's fastest growing militaries, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these same countries are also\Ninvesting billions of dollars Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in each other's infrastructure\Nand supply chains. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are more interested\Nin each other's functional geography Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than in their political geography. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that is why their leaders\Nthink twice, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,step back from the brink, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and decide to focus on economic ties\Nover territorial tensions. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So often it seems like the world\Nis falling apart, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but building more connectivity\N Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is how we put Humpty-Dumpty\Nback together again, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,much better than before. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And by wrapping the world\N Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in such seamless physical\Nand digital connectivity, Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we evolve towards a world\Nin which people can rise above Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their geographic contraints. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are the cells and vessels\Npulsing through Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these global connectivity networks. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everyday, hundreds of millions\Nof people go online Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and work with people they've never met. Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,More than one billion people\Ncross borders every year.