WEBVTT 00:00:15.570 --> 00:00:18.330 Space, the final frontier. NOTE Paragraph 00:00:20.370 --> 00:00:23.826 I first heard these words when I was just six years old, 00:00:23.850 --> 00:00:26.106 and I was completely inspired. 00:00:26.130 --> 00:00:28.506 I wanted to explore strange new worlds. 00:00:28.530 --> 00:00:30.026 I wanted to seek out new life. 00:00:30.050 --> 00:00:33.250 I wanted to see everything that the universe had to offer. 00:00:34.330 --> 00:00:38.026 And those dreams, those words, they took me on a journey, 00:00:38.050 --> 00:00:39.506 a journey of discovery, 00:00:39.530 --> 00:00:41.706 through school, through university, 00:00:41.730 --> 00:00:45.170 to do a PhD and finally to become a professional astronomer. 00:00:45.610 --> 00:00:48.026 I learned that the reality was 00:00:48.050 --> 00:00:51.210 I wouldn't be piloting a starship anytime soon. 00:00:52.450 --> 00:00:57.066 But I also learned that the universe is strange, wonderful and vast, 00:00:57.090 --> 00:00:59.890 actually too vast to be explored by spaceship. 00:01:00.730 --> 00:01:04.090 And so I turned my attention to astronomy, to using telescopes. NOTE Paragraph 00:01:04.850 --> 00:01:07.626 Now, I show you before you an image of the night sky. 00:01:07.650 --> 00:01:09.570 You might see it anywhere in the world. 00:01:10.223 --> 00:01:14.010 And all of these stars are part of our local galaxy, the Milky Way. 00:01:14.570 --> 00:01:17.205 If you were to go to a darker part of the sky, 00:01:17.229 --> 00:01:19.523 a nice dark site, perhaps in the desert, 00:01:19.547 --> 00:01:21.988 you might see the center of our Milky Way galaxy 00:01:22.012 --> 00:01:24.646 spread out before you, hundreds of billions of stars. 00:01:25.540 --> 00:01:27.116 And it's a very beautiful image. 00:01:27.140 --> 00:01:28.291 It's colorful. 00:01:28.315 --> 00:01:31.029 And again, this is just a local corner of our universe. 00:01:31.430 --> 00:01:34.522 You can see there's a sort of strange dark dust across it. 00:01:34.546 --> 00:01:36.266 Now, that is local dust 00:01:36.290 --> 00:01:38.946 that's obscuring the light of the stars. 00:01:38.970 --> 00:01:40.546 But we can do a pretty good job. 00:01:40.570 --> 00:01:44.026 Just with our own eyes, we can explore our little corner of the universe. 00:01:44.050 --> 00:01:45.386 It's possible to do better. 00:01:45.410 --> 00:01:49.170 You can use wonderful telescopes like the Hubble Space Telescope. 00:01:49.730 --> 00:01:51.906 Now, astronomers have put together this image. 00:01:51.930 --> 00:01:53.826 It's called the Hubble Deep Field, 00:01:53.850 --> 00:01:58.186 and they've spent hundreds of hours observing just a tiny patch of the sky 00:01:58.210 --> 00:02:00.610 no larger than your thumbnail held at arm's length. 00:02:01.050 --> 00:02:02.306 And in this image 00:02:02.330 --> 00:02:03.986 you can see thousands of galaxies, 00:02:04.010 --> 00:02:07.466 and we know that there must be hundreds of millions, billions of galaxies 00:02:07.490 --> 00:02:08.866 in the entire universe, 00:02:08.890 --> 00:02:11.546 some like our own and some very different. 00:02:11.570 --> 00:02:14.226 So you think, OK, well, I can continue this journey. 00:02:14.250 --> 00:02:16.946 This is easy. I can just use a very powerful telescope 00:02:16.970 --> 00:02:18.770 and just look at the sky, no problem. 00:02:19.290 --> 00:02:22.886 It's actually really missing out if we just do that. 00:02:22.910 --> 00:02:25.646 Now, that's because everything I've talked about so far 00:02:25.670 --> 00:02:29.567 is just using the visible spectrum, just the thing that your eyes can see, 00:02:29.591 --> 00:02:32.951 and that's a tiny, tiny slice of what the universe has to offer us. 00:02:33.925 --> 00:02:38.147 There's also two very important problems with using visible light. NOTE Paragraph 00:02:38.850 --> 00:02:41.726 The first is that dust that I mentioned earlier. 00:02:41.750 --> 00:02:44.686 The dust stops the visible light from getting to us. 00:02:44.710 --> 00:02:49.396 So as we look deeper into the universe, we see less light. 00:02:49.420 --> 00:02:52.836 But there's a really strange problem with using visible light 00:02:52.860 --> 00:02:54.996 in order to try and explore the universe. 00:02:55.020 --> 00:02:57.700 Say you're standing on a corner, a busy street corner. 00:02:58.180 --> 00:02:59.676 There's cars going by. 00:02:59.700 --> 00:03:01.100 An ambulance approaches. 00:03:01.940 --> 00:03:03.316 It has a high-pitched siren. NOTE Paragraph 00:03:03.340 --> 00:03:07.076 (Imitates a siren passing by) NOTE Paragraph 00:03:07.100 --> 00:03:09.436 The siren appeared to change in pitch 00:03:09.460 --> 00:03:11.540 as it moved towards and away from you. 00:03:12.060 --> 00:03:15.940 The ambulance driver did not change the siren just to mess with you. 00:03:16.860 --> 00:03:19.436 That was a product of your perception. 00:03:19.460 --> 00:03:22.196 The sound waves, as the ambulance approached, 00:03:22.220 --> 00:03:23.436 were compressed, 00:03:23.460 --> 00:03:25.396 and they changed higher in pitch. 00:03:25.420 --> 00:03:28.196 As the ambulance receded, the sound waves were stretched, 00:03:28.220 --> 00:03:30.276 and they sounded lower in pitch. 00:03:30.300 --> 00:03:32.300 The same thing happens with light. 00:03:32.860 --> 00:03:35.236 Objects moving towards us, 00:03:35.260 --> 00:03:38.436 their light waves are compressed and they appear bluer. 00:03:38.460 --> 00:03:40.676 Objects moving away from us, 00:03:40.700 --> 00:03:43.356 their light waves are stretched, and they appear redder. 00:03:43.380 --> 00:03:46.260 So we call these effects blueshift and redshift. NOTE Paragraph 00:03:47.260 --> 00:03:49.237 Our universe is expanding, 00:03:49.261 --> 00:03:53.356 so everything is moving away from everything else, 00:03:53.380 --> 00:03:56.060 and that means everything appears to be red. 00:03:56.967 --> 00:04:00.556 And oddly enough, as you look more deeply into the universe, 00:04:00.580 --> 00:04:04.876 more distant objects are moving away further and faster, 00:04:04.900 --> 00:04:06.619 so they appear more red. 00:04:07.340 --> 00:04:10.635 So if I come back to the Hubble Deep Field 00:04:10.659 --> 00:04:13.356 and we were to continue to peer deeply into the universe 00:04:13.380 --> 00:04:14.916 just using the Hubble, 00:04:14.940 --> 00:04:17.636 as we get to a certain distance away, 00:04:17.660 --> 00:04:19.260 everything becomes red, 00:04:20.060 --> 00:04:22.036 and that presents something of a problem. 00:04:22.060 --> 00:04:24.116 Eventually, we get so far away 00:04:24.140 --> 00:04:27.116 everything is shifted into the infrared 00:04:27.140 --> 00:04:28.876 and we can't see anything at all. NOTE Paragraph 00:04:28.900 --> 00:04:30.596 So there must be a way around this. 00:04:30.620 --> 00:04:32.436 Otherwise, I'm limited in my journey. 00:04:32.460 --> 00:04:34.356 I wanted to explore the whole universe, 00:04:34.380 --> 00:04:38.106 not just whatever I can see, you know, before the redshift kicks in. 00:04:38.130 --> 00:04:39.386 There is a technique. 00:04:39.410 --> 00:04:40.786 It's called radio astronomy. 00:04:40.810 --> 00:04:43.146 Astronomers have been using this for decades. 00:04:43.170 --> 00:04:44.466 It's a fantastic technique. 00:04:44.490 --> 00:04:47.986 I show you the Parkes Radio Telescope, affectionately known as "The Dish." 00:04:48.010 --> 00:04:49.386 You may have seen the movie. 00:04:49.410 --> 00:04:50.887 And radio is really brilliant. 00:04:50.911 --> 00:04:53.448 It allows us to peer much more deeply. 00:04:53.472 --> 00:04:55.666 It doesn't get stopped by dust, 00:04:55.690 --> 00:04:57.946 so you can see everything in the universe, 00:04:57.970 --> 00:04:59.826 and redshift is less of a problem 00:04:59.850 --> 00:05:03.050 because we can build receivers that receive across a large band. NOTE Paragraph 00:05:03.570 --> 00:05:07.506 So what does Parkes see when we turn it to the center of the Milky Way? 00:05:07.530 --> 00:05:09.490 We should see something fantastic, right? 00:05:10.130 --> 00:05:13.026 Well, we do see something interesting. 00:05:13.050 --> 00:05:14.706 All that dust has gone. 00:05:14.730 --> 00:05:18.170 As I mentioned, radio goes straight through dust, so not a problem. 00:05:18.810 --> 00:05:20.706 But the view is very different. 00:05:20.730 --> 00:05:24.546 We can see that the center of the Milky Way is aglow, 00:05:24.570 --> 00:05:26.250 and this isn't starlight. 00:05:26.930 --> 00:05:30.066 This is a light called synchrotron radiation, 00:05:30.090 --> 00:05:34.690 and it's formed from electrons spiraling around cosmic magnetic fields. 00:05:35.000 --> 00:05:37.596 The plane is aglow with this light. 00:05:37.620 --> 00:05:40.916 And we can also see strange tufts coming off of it, 00:05:40.940 --> 00:05:43.436 and objects which don't appear to line up 00:05:43.460 --> 00:05:45.780 with anything that we can see with our own eyes. 00:05:46.740 --> 00:05:48.876 But it's hard to really interpret this image, 00:05:48.900 --> 00:05:51.676 because as you can see, it's very low resolution. 00:05:51.700 --> 00:05:53.876 Radio waves have a wavelength that's long, 00:05:53.900 --> 00:05:56.196 and that makes their resolution poorer. 00:05:56.220 --> 00:05:58.186 This image is also black and white, 00:05:58.210 --> 00:06:01.970 so we don't really know what is the color of everything in here. NOTE Paragraph 00:06:02.860 --> 00:06:04.236 Well, fast-forward to today. 00:06:04.260 --> 00:06:05.716 We can build telescopes 00:06:05.740 --> 00:06:08.266 which can get over these problems. 00:06:08.290 --> 00:06:11.626 Now, I'm showing you here an image of the Murchison Radio Observatory, 00:06:11.650 --> 00:06:14.426 a fantastic place to build radio telescopes. 00:06:14.450 --> 00:06:16.746 It's flat, it's dry, 00:06:16.770 --> 00:06:19.746 and most importantly, it's radio quiet: 00:06:19.770 --> 00:06:22.866 no mobile phones, no Wi-Fi, nothing, 00:06:22.890 --> 00:06:25.386 just very, very radio quiet, 00:06:25.410 --> 00:06:28.130 so a perfect place to build a radio telescope. 00:06:29.010 --> 00:06:31.866 The telescope that I've been working on for a few years 00:06:31.890 --> 00:06:33.826 is called the Murchison Widefield Array, 00:06:33.850 --> 00:06:36.866 and I'm going to show you a little time lapse of it being built. 00:06:36.890 --> 00:06:40.146 This is a group of undergraduate and postgraduate students 00:06:40.170 --> 00:06:41.426 located in Perth. 00:06:41.450 --> 00:06:43.043 We call them the Student Army, 00:06:43.067 --> 00:06:45.884 and they volunteered their time to build a radio telescope. 00:06:45.908 --> 00:06:47.548 There's no course credit for this. 00:06:48.300 --> 00:06:51.196 And they're putting together these radio dipoles. 00:06:51.220 --> 00:06:56.180 They just receive at low frequencies, a bit like your FM radio or your TV. 00:06:56.980 --> 00:07:00.076 And here we are deploying them across the desert. 00:07:00.100 --> 00:07:02.516 The final telescope covers 10 square kilometers 00:07:02.540 --> 00:07:04.676 of the Western Australian desert. 00:07:04.700 --> 00:07:07.618 And the interesting thing is, there's no moving parts. 00:07:07.642 --> 00:07:09.899 We just deploy these little antennas 00:07:09.923 --> 00:07:11.780 essentially on chicken mesh. 00:07:11.804 --> 00:07:13.276 It's fairly cheap. 00:07:13.300 --> 00:07:15.276 Cables take the signals 00:07:15.300 --> 00:07:16.935 from the antennas 00:07:16.959 --> 00:07:19.516 and bring them to central processing units. 00:07:19.540 --> 00:07:21.316 And it's the size of this telescope, 00:07:21.340 --> 00:07:23.996 the fact that we've built it over the entire desert 00:07:24.020 --> 00:07:26.820 that gives us a better resolution than Parkes. NOTE Paragraph 00:07:27.460 --> 00:07:30.996 Now, eventually all those cables bring them to a unit 00:07:31.020 --> 00:07:34.556 which sends it off to a supercomputer here in Perth, 00:07:34.580 --> 00:07:35.876 and that's where I come in. NOTE Paragraph 00:07:35.900 --> 00:07:37.051 (Sighs) NOTE Paragraph 00:07:37.075 --> 00:07:38.356 Radio data. 00:07:38.380 --> 00:07:40.396 I have spent the last five years 00:07:40.420 --> 00:07:43.276 working with very difficult, very interesting data 00:07:43.300 --> 00:07:45.276 that no one had really looked at before. 00:07:45.300 --> 00:07:47.436 I've spent a long time calibrating it, 00:07:47.460 --> 00:07:50.676 running millions of CPU hours on supercomputers 00:07:50.700 --> 00:07:52.926 and really trying to understand that data. 00:07:52.950 --> 00:07:54.101 With this data, 00:07:54.125 --> 00:07:58.148 we've performed a survey of the entire southern sky, 00:07:58.172 --> 00:08:03.286 the GaLactic and Extragalactic All-sky MWA Survey, 00:08:03.310 --> 00:08:04.825 or GLEAM, as I call it. NOTE Paragraph 00:08:05.260 --> 00:08:07.155 Imagine you went to the Murchison, 00:08:07.179 --> 00:08:09.075 you camped out underneath the stars 00:08:09.099 --> 00:08:10.716 and you looked towards the south. 00:08:10.740 --> 00:08:12.407 You saw the south's celestial pole, 00:08:12.431 --> 00:08:13.636 the galaxy rising. 00:08:13.660 --> 00:08:16.276 If I fade in the radio light, 00:08:16.300 --> 00:08:18.956 this is what we observe with our survey. 00:08:18.980 --> 00:08:22.036 You can see that the galactic plane is no longer dark with dust. 00:08:22.060 --> 00:08:24.369 It's alight with synchrotron radiation, 00:08:24.393 --> 00:08:25.636 and thousands of dots -- 00:08:25.660 --> 00:08:28.956 our large Magellanic Cloud, our nearest galactic neighbor, 00:08:28.980 --> 00:08:32.196 is orange instead of its more familiar blue-white. NOTE Paragraph 00:08:32.220 --> 00:08:35.596 So there's a lot going on in this. Let's take a closer look. 00:08:35.620 --> 00:08:38.036 If we look back towards the galactic center, 00:08:38.060 --> 00:08:41.276 where we originally saw the Parkes image that I showed you earlier, 00:08:41.300 --> 00:08:43.676 low resolution, black and white, 00:08:43.700 --> 00:08:46.246 and we fade to the GLEAM view, 00:08:46.270 --> 00:08:50.126 you can see the resolution has gone up by a factor of a hundred. 00:08:50.150 --> 00:08:53.006 We now have a color view of the sky, 00:08:53.030 --> 00:08:54.366 a technicolor view. 00:08:54.390 --> 00:08:57.366 Now, it's not a false color view. 00:08:57.390 --> 00:08:59.790 These are real radio colors. 00:09:00.670 --> 00:09:03.486 What I've done is I've colored the lowest frequencies red 00:09:03.510 --> 00:09:05.126 and the highest frequencies blue, 00:09:05.150 --> 00:09:06.726 and the middle ones green. 00:09:06.750 --> 00:09:08.966 And that gives us this rainbow view. 00:09:08.990 --> 00:09:10.846 And this isn't just false color. 00:09:10.870 --> 00:09:13.806 The colors in this image tell us about the physical processes 00:09:13.830 --> 00:09:15.070 going on in the universe. 00:09:15.644 --> 00:09:18.406 So for instance, if you look along the plane of the galaxy, 00:09:18.430 --> 00:09:19.886 it's alight with synchrotron, 00:09:19.910 --> 00:09:22.286 which is mostly reddish orange, 00:09:22.310 --> 00:09:25.430 but if we look very closely, we see little blue dots. 00:09:25.990 --> 00:09:27.566 Now, if we zoom in, 00:09:27.590 --> 00:09:30.126 these blue dots are ionized plasma 00:09:30.150 --> 00:09:31.790 around very bright stars, 00:09:32.350 --> 00:09:35.126 and what happens is that they block the red light, 00:09:35.150 --> 00:09:36.790 so they appear blue. 00:09:37.350 --> 00:09:40.016 And these can tell us about these star-forming regions 00:09:40.040 --> 00:09:41.296 in our galaxy. 00:09:41.320 --> 00:09:42.936 And we just see them immediately. 00:09:42.960 --> 00:09:46.016 We look at the galaxy, and the color tells us that they're there. NOTE Paragraph 00:09:46.040 --> 00:09:47.616 You can see little soap bubbles, 00:09:47.640 --> 00:09:50.834 little circular images around the galactic plane, 00:09:50.858 --> 00:09:52.858 and these are supernova remnants. 00:09:53.580 --> 00:09:55.276 When a star explodes, 00:09:55.300 --> 00:09:57.756 its outer shell is cast off 00:09:57.780 --> 00:10:01.076 and it travels outward into space gathering up material, 00:10:01.100 --> 00:10:03.060 and it produces a little shell. 00:10:03.780 --> 00:10:07.156 It's been a long-standing mystery to astronomers 00:10:07.180 --> 00:10:09.260 where all the supernova remnants are. 00:10:09.940 --> 00:10:14.276 We know that there must be a lot of high-energy electrons in the plane 00:10:14.300 --> 00:10:16.956 to produce the synchrotron radiation that we see, 00:10:16.980 --> 00:10:19.556 and we think they're produced by supernova remnants, 00:10:19.580 --> 00:10:21.356 but there don't seem to be enough. 00:10:21.380 --> 00:10:25.276 Fortunately, GLEAM is really, really good at detecting supernova remnants. NOTE Paragraph 00:10:26.160 --> 00:10:27.416 That's fine. 00:10:27.440 --> 00:10:29.436 We've explored our little local universe, 00:10:29.460 --> 00:10:31.836 but I wanted to go deeper, I wanted to go further. 00:10:31.860 --> 00:10:34.116 I wanted to go beyond the Milky Way. 00:10:34.140 --> 00:10:37.916 Well, as it happens, we can see a very interesting object in the top right, 00:10:37.940 --> 00:10:40.156 and this is a local radio galaxy, 00:10:40.180 --> 00:10:41.420 Centaurus A. 00:10:41.860 --> 00:10:43.011 If we zoom in on this, 00:10:43.035 --> 00:10:46.435 we can see that there are two huge plumes going out into space. 00:10:47.220 --> 00:10:50.116 And if you look right in the center between those two plumes, 00:10:50.140 --> 00:10:52.516 you'll see a galaxy just like our own. 00:10:52.540 --> 00:10:54.996 It's a spiral. It has a dust lane. 00:10:55.020 --> 00:10:56.636 It's a normal galaxy. 00:10:56.660 --> 00:10:59.676 But these jets are only visible in the radio. 00:10:59.700 --> 00:11:02.876 If we looked in the visible, we wouldn't even know they were there, 00:11:02.900 --> 00:11:05.940 and they're thousands of times larger than the host galaxy. NOTE Paragraph 00:11:06.500 --> 00:11:08.900 What's going on? What's producing these jets? 00:11:10.180 --> 00:11:13.716 At the center of every galaxy that we know about 00:11:13.740 --> 00:11:15.996 is a supermassive black hole. 00:11:16.020 --> 00:11:17.509 Now, black holes are invisible. 00:11:18.060 --> 00:11:21.076 All you can see is the deflection of the light around them, 00:11:21.100 --> 00:11:25.396 and occasionally, when a star or a cloud of gas comes into their orbit, 00:11:25.420 --> 00:11:28.156 it is ripped apart by tidal forces, 00:11:28.180 --> 00:11:30.660 forming what we call an accretion disk. 00:11:31.260 --> 00:11:34.476 The accretion disk glows brightly in the x-rays, 00:11:34.500 --> 00:11:38.916 and huge magnetic fields can launch the material into space 00:11:38.940 --> 00:11:40.660 at nearly the speed of light. 00:11:41.053 --> 00:11:43.831 These jets are visible in the radio 00:11:43.855 --> 00:11:46.015 and this is what we pick up in our survey. NOTE Paragraph 00:11:46.660 --> 00:11:49.436 Well, very well, so we've seen one radio galaxy. 00:11:49.460 --> 00:11:51.636 But if you just look at the top of that image, 00:11:51.660 --> 00:11:53.396 you'll see another radio galaxy. 00:11:53.420 --> 00:11:56.660 It's a little bit smaller, and that's just because it's further away. 00:11:57.148 --> 00:11:59.836 OK. Two radio galaxies. 00:11:59.860 --> 00:12:01.334 We can see this. This is fine. 00:12:01.358 --> 00:12:03.095 Well, what about all the other dots? 00:12:03.119 --> 00:12:04.679 Presumably those are just stars. 00:12:05.060 --> 00:12:06.276 They're not. 00:12:06.300 --> 00:12:07.900 They're all radio galaxies. 00:12:08.550 --> 00:12:11.446 Every single one of the dots in this image 00:12:11.470 --> 00:12:13.150 is a distant galaxy, 00:12:13.174 --> 00:12:16.031 millions to billions of light-years away 00:12:16.055 --> 00:12:18.726 with a supermassive black hole at its center 00:12:18.750 --> 00:12:22.190 pushing material into space at nearly the speed of light. 00:12:22.214 --> 00:12:23.713 It is mind-blowing. 00:12:24.850 --> 00:12:28.586 And this survey is even larger than what I've shown here. 00:12:28.610 --> 00:12:31.146 If we zoom out to the full extent of the survey, 00:12:31.170 --> 00:12:34.538 you can see I found 300,000 of these radio galaxies. 00:12:35.140 --> 00:12:37.244 We've discovered all of these galaxies 00:12:37.268 --> 00:12:40.828 right back to the very first supermassive black holes. 00:12:41.680 --> 00:12:44.640 There's something even more in this image. 00:12:45.320 --> 00:12:47.716 I'll take you right back to the dawn of time. 00:12:47.740 --> 00:12:50.896 When the universe formed, it was a big bang, 00:12:50.920 --> 00:12:54.816 which left the universe as a sea of hydrogen, neutral hydrogen. 00:12:54.840 --> 00:12:57.616 And when the very first stars and galaxies switched on, 00:12:57.640 --> 00:12:59.736 they ionized that hydrogen. 00:12:59.760 --> 00:13:03.200 So the universe went from neutral to ionized. 00:13:04.080 --> 00:13:07.256 That imprinted a signal all around us. 00:13:07.280 --> 00:13:09.016 Everywhere, it pervades us, 00:13:09.040 --> 00:13:10.465 like the Force. 00:13:10.489 --> 00:13:11.494 (Laughter) 00:13:11.518 --> 00:13:14.358 Because that happened so long ago, 00:13:14.920 --> 00:13:16.720 the signal was redshifted, 00:13:17.480 --> 00:13:20.776 so now that signal is at very low frequencies. 00:13:20.800 --> 00:13:23.256 It's at the same frequency as my survey, 00:13:23.280 --> 00:13:24.656 but it's so faint. 00:13:24.680 --> 00:13:28.560 It's a billionth the size of any of the objects in my survey. 00:13:29.240 --> 00:13:33.866 So our telescope may not be quite sensitive enough to pick up this signal. 00:13:33.890 --> 00:13:36.386 However, there's a new radio telescope. 00:13:36.410 --> 00:13:38.066 So I can't have a starship, 00:13:38.090 --> 00:13:39.346 but I can hopefully have 00:13:39.370 --> 00:13:42.226 one of the biggest radio telescopes in the world. 00:13:42.250 --> 00:13:45.866 We're building the Square Kilometre Array, a new radio telescope, 00:13:45.890 --> 00:13:48.626 and it's going to be a thousand times bigger than the MWA, 00:13:48.650 --> 00:13:51.866 a thousand times more sensitive, and have an even better resolution. 00:13:51.890 --> 00:13:54.106 So we should find tens of millions of galaxies. 00:13:54.130 --> 00:13:56.466 And perhaps, deep in that signal, 00:13:56.490 --> 00:14:00.666 I will get to look upon the very first stars and galaxies switching on, 00:14:00.690 --> 00:14:03.050 the beginning of time itself. NOTE Paragraph 00:14:03.514 --> 00:14:04.665 Thank you. NOTE Paragraph 00:14:04.689 --> 00:14:11.689 (Applause)