[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.13,0:00:03.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Have you ever been in an argument\Nabout nuclear power?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.58,0:00:06.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have, and we found it\Nfrustrating and confusing,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.54,0:00:09.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so let’s try and get to grips\Nwith this topic.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.01,0:00:18.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It all started in the 1940s.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.25,0:00:21.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After the shock and horror of the war\Nand the use of the atomic bomb,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.24,0:00:24.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nuclear energy promised to be a peaceful\Nspin-off of the new technology,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.91,0:00:26.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,helping the world get back on its feet.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.33,0:00:29.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everyone’s imagination was running wild.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.02,0:00:31.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Would electricity become free?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.05,0:00:34.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Could nuclear power help\Nsettle the Antarctic?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.74,0:00:38.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Would there be nuclear-powered cars,\Nplanes, or houses?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.84,0:00:41.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It seemed that this was just a few\Nyears of hard work away.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.33,0:00:45.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One thing was certain: the future\Nwas atomic.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.32,0:00:49.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just a few years later, there was a sort\Nof atomic age hangover;
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.79,0:00:54.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as it turned out, nuclear power was very\Ncomplicated and very expensive.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.24,0:00:58.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Turning physics into engineering\Nwas easy on paper,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.24,0:01:00.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but hard in real life.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.14,0:01:03.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Also, private companies thought that\Nnuclear power was much too risky
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.80,0:01:08.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as an investment; most of them would much\Nrather stick with gas, coal, and oil.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.63,0:01:10.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there were many people who\Ndidn’t just want to abandon
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.92,0:01:14.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the promise of the atomic age;\Nan exciting new technology,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.12,0:01:16.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the prospect of enormously\Ncheap electricity,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.57,0:01:20.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the prospect of being independent\Nof oil and gas imports,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.07,0:01:24.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and, in some cases, a secret desire to\Npossess atomic weapons
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.24,0:01:27.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,provided a strong motivation\Nto keep going.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.63,0:01:32.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nuclear power’s finest hour finally came\Nin the early 1970s, when
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.28,0:01:36.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,war in the Middle East caused oil prices\Nto skyrocket worldwide.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.44,0:01:40.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, commercial interest and investment\Npicked up at a dazzling pace.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.91,0:01:43.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,More than half of all the nuclear reactors\Nin the world were built
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.96,0:01:46.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between 1970 and 1985.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.57,0:01:49.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But which type of reactor to build,\Ngiven how many different types
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.82,0:01:50.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there were to choose from?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.44,0:01:53.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A surprising underdog candidate\Nwon the day:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.97,0:01:55.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the light water reactor.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.100,0:01:59.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It wasn’t very innovative, and it wasn’t\Ntoo popular with scientists,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.70,0:02:01.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it had some decisive advantages:
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.93,0:02:06.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was there, it worked, and it wasn’t\Nterribly expensive.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.41,0:02:08.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, what does a light water reactor do?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.16,0:02:11.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, the basic principle is shockingly\Nsimple:
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.56,0:02:14.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it heats up water using an artificial\Nchain reaction.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.53,0:02:18.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nuclear fission releases several million\Ntimes more energy
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.66,0:02:20.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than any chemical reaction could.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.75,0:02:24.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Really heavy elements on the brink of\Nstability, like uranium-235,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.41,0:02:26.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,get bombarded with neutrons.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.72,0:02:29.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The neutron is absorbed, but the result\Nis unstable.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.33,0:02:34.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most of the time, it immediately splits\Ninto fast-moving lighter elements,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.11,0:02:38.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some additional free neutrons, and\Nenergy in the form of radiation.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.61,0:02:42.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The radiation heats the surrounding water,\Nwhile the neutrons repeat the process
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.43,0:02:45.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with other atoms, releasing more\Nneutrons and radiation
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.57,0:02:50.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a closely controlled chain reaction,\Nvery different from the fast, destructive
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.24,0:02:52.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,runaway reaction in an atomic bomb.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.04,0:02:57.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In our light water reactor, a moderator\Nis needed to control the neutrons’ energy.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.12,0:03:02.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Simple, ordinary water does the job, which\Nis very practical, since water’s used
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.44,0:03:04.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to drive the turbines anyway.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.33,0:03:07.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The light water reactor became prevalent\Nbecause it’s simple and cheap.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.19,0:03:12.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, it’s neither the safest, most\Nefficient, nor technically elegant
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.18,0:03:13.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nuclear reactor.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.62,0:03:16.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The renewed nuclear hype lasted barely\Na decade, though;
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.85,0:03:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in 1979, the Three Mile Island nuclear\Nplant in Pennsylvania
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.00,0:03:24.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,barely escaped a catastrophe when\Nits core melted.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.31,0:03:28.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1986, the Chernobyl catastrophe\Ndirectly threatened Central Europe
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.56,0:03:32.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a radioactive cloud, and in 2011\Nthe drawn-out Fukushima disaster
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.91,0:03:35.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sparked new discussions and concerns.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.65,0:03:40.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,While in the 1980s 218 new nuclear power\Nreactors went live,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.62,0:03:45.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their number and nuclear’s global share of\Nelectricity production has stagnated
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.66,0:03:47.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,since the end of the ’80s.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.81,0:03:49.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what’s the situation today?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.90,0:03:54.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, nuclear energy meets around 10% of\Nthe world’s energy demand.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.62,0:03:58.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are about 439 nuclear reactors\Nin 31 countries.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.18,0:04:02.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,About 70 new reactors are under\Nconstruction in 2015,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.41,0:04:05.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most of them in countries\Nwhich are growing quickly.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.26,0:04:09.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All in all, 116 new reactors are\Nplanned worldwide.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.77,0:04:14.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most nuclear reactors were built more than\N25 years ago with pretty old technology.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.73,0:04:18.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,More than 80% are various types of\Nlight water reactor.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.83,0:04:23.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, many countries are faced with\Na choice: the expensive replacement of
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.23,0:04:27.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the aging reactors, possibly with more\Nefficient, but less tested models,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.37,0:04:31.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or a move away from nuclear power towards\Nnewer or older technology
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.48,0:04:34.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with different cost and environmental\Nimpacts.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.43,0:04:36.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, should we use nuclear energy?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.43,0:04:40.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The pro and contra arguments will be\Npresented here next week.
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