1 00:00:06,372 --> 00:00:07,964 如果買東西時 2 00:00:07,964 --> 00:00:09,439 你想用一張紙付錢 3 00:00:09,439 --> 00:00:11,374 可能會惹上麻煩 4 00:00:11,374 --> 00:00:13,357 除非那張紙 5 00:00:13,357 --> 00:00:15,335 是一張百元大鈔 6 00:00:15,335 --> 00:00:17,128 但是什麼原因 7 00:00:17,128 --> 00:00:18,832 讓這張鈔票這麼珍貴有趣 8 00:00:18,832 --> 00:00:20,793 又和其他紙張不同呢? 9 00:00:20,793 --> 00:00:23,357 畢竟,鈔票又不能拿來幹嘛 10 00:00:23,357 --> 00:00:25,079 不能吃 11 00:00:25,079 --> 00:00:26,446 不能當作製造材料 12 00:00:26,446 --> 00:00:29,064 拿來燒甚至還違法 13 00:00:29,064 --> 00:00:30,871 到底有什麼了不起的? 14 00:00:30,871 --> 00:00:33,029 當然,答案你大概曉得 15 00:00:33,029 --> 00:00:35,069 百元鈔票是政府印製的 16 00:00:35,069 --> 00:00:37,484 是官方貨幣 17 00:00:37,484 --> 00:00:40,190 但其他紙張不是 18 00:00:40,190 --> 00:00:42,356 但這只是它們具有法律效力的原因 19 00:00:42,356 --> 00:00:45,038 而百元鈔票的價值所在 20 00:00:45,038 --> 00:00:48,035 則是取決於它們數量的多寡 21 00:00:48,035 --> 00:00:50,086 歷史上大多數的貨幣 22 00:00:50,086 --> 00:00:51,496 包括美元 23 00:00:51,496 --> 00:00:53,523 都和有價商品連結 24 00:00:53,523 --> 00:00:55,376 也和流通量相關 25 00:00:55,376 --> 00:00:58,671 端視政府的金銀儲備量而定 26 00:00:58,671 --> 00:01:01,954 但1971年美國捨棄這套制度後 27 00:01:01,954 --> 00:01:05,786 美金就成了所謂的法定貨幣 28 00:01:05,786 --> 00:01:08,221 也就是不與任何外在商品掛鉤 29 00:01:08,221 --> 00:01:11,183 完全憑藉政府政策 30 00:01:11,183 --> 00:01:13,644 來決定貨幣發行量 31 00:01:13,644 --> 00:01:16,606 那是哪個政府單位負責決策? 32 00:01:16,606 --> 00:01:19,596 行政、立法還是司法? 33 00:01:19,596 --> 00:01:22,068 出乎意料的,是以上皆非 34 00:01:22,068 --> 00:01:24,619 事實上,貨幣政策 35 00:01:24,619 --> 00:01:26,825 是由獨立的聯邦準備系統制定 36 00:01:26,825 --> 00:01:28,576 也就是聯準會 37 00:01:28,576 --> 00:01:30,414 其下有十二家區域銀行 38 00:01:30,414 --> 00:01:32,619 散布在美國的各大都市 39 00:01:32,619 --> 00:01:33,954 聯準會委員 40 00:01:33,954 --> 00:01:35,450 由總統任命 41 00:01:35,450 --> 00:01:36,619 經參議院批准 42 00:01:36,619 --> 00:01:38,121 對國會負責 43 00:01:38,121 --> 00:01:41,619 且所有利潤歸美國財政部所有 44 00:01:41,619 --> 00:01:43,499 但為了確保聯準會 45 00:01:43,499 --> 00:01:45,786 不受千變萬化的日常政治影響 46 00:01:45,786 --> 00:01:49,262 沒有任何政府單位有直接控制權 47 00:01:49,262 --> 00:01:50,980 那聯準會怎麼不乾脆 48 00:01:50,980 --> 00:01:52,416 印製無數的百元大鈔 49 00:01:52,416 --> 00:01:53,616 讓大家有錢又開心? 50 00:01:53,616 --> 00:01:56,895 因為,這樣一來鈔票就失去價值了 51 00:01:56,895 --> 00:01:59,020 想想貨幣的用途 52 00:01:59,020 --> 00:02:01,856 就是用來交易商品和服務 53 00:02:01,856 --> 00:02:04,036 如果流通的貨幣總數 54 00:02:04,036 --> 00:02:07,585 增加得比經濟體中的商品和服務價值 55 00:02:07,585 --> 00:02:08,818 還要快 56 00:02:08,818 --> 00:02:10,578 每一張鈔票 57 00:02:10,578 --> 00:02:13,244 所能買到的東西就會變少 58 00:02:13,244 --> 00:02:15,586 這就是通貨膨脹 59 00:02:15,586 --> 00:02:16,676 另一方面 60 00:02:16,676 --> 00:02:18,227 如果貨幣供應量不變 61 00:02:18,227 --> 00:02:20,618 但商品和服務增加 62 00:02:20,618 --> 00:02:22,588 每一分錢的價值就會增加 63 00:02:22,588 --> 00:02:24,841 這過程就叫通貨緊縮 64 00:02:24,841 --> 00:02:26,640 哪一種比較糟糕? 65 00:02:26,640 --> 00:02:27,847 過度通膨 66 00:02:27,847 --> 00:02:29,751 表示現在你口袋裡的錢 67 00:02:29,751 --> 00:02:31,065 明天就會貶值 68 00:02:31,065 --> 00:02:32,931 所以會讓你想立刻花掉 69 00:02:32,931 --> 00:02:34,879 這雖然能刺激商業活動 70 00:02:34,879 --> 00:02:37,037 但也會造成過度消費 71 00:02:37,037 --> 00:02:39,899 或大量囤貨,例如食物和燃料 72 00:02:39,899 --> 00:02:41,644 使得價格攀升 73 00:02:41,644 --> 00:02:45,704 導致供不應求,通膨更加惡化 74 00:02:45,704 --> 00:02:47,666 然而,通貨緊縮 75 00:02:47,666 --> 00:02:49,120 會讓人不願花錢 76 00:02:49,120 --> 00:02:51,033 減少消費支出 77 00:02:51,033 --> 00:02:52,591 造成商業利潤下跌 78 00:02:52,591 --> 00:02:54,078 失業率升高 79 00:02:54,078 --> 00:02:55,954 進一步重挫消費 80 00:02:55,954 --> 00:02:58,251 導致經濟不斷緊縮 81 00:02:58,251 --> 00:02:59,870 所以經濟學家大多認為 82 00:02:59,870 --> 00:03:01,918 兩種情形太嚴重都很危險 83 00:03:01,918 --> 00:03:04,255 不過適度穩定的通膨 84 00:03:04,255 --> 00:03:07,787 對於刺激經濟成長卻是必要的 85 00:03:07,787 --> 00:03:10,258 聯準會透過大量的經濟數據 86 00:03:10,258 --> 00:03:13,621 來決定流通的貨幣數量 87 00:03:13,621 --> 00:03:15,599 這些數據包括過去的通膨率 88 00:03:15,599 --> 00:03:16,904 國際趨勢 89 00:03:16,904 --> 00:03:18,739 以及失業率 90 00:03:18,739 --> 00:03:20,467 就像金髮女孩的故事一樣 91 00:03:20,467 --> 00:03:22,233 他們必須掌握正確的數字 92 00:03:22,233 --> 00:03:24,619 才能刺激經濟並穩定就業 93 00:03:24,619 --> 00:03:27,694 同時避免通膨惡化到失控的程度 94 00:03:27,694 --> 00:03:29,068 聯準會不只決定 95 00:03:29,068 --> 00:03:32,533 你荷包裡那些紙張的價值 96 00:03:32,533 --> 00:03:34,700 還掌握了你得到或保住工作的機會 97 00:03:34,700 --> 00:03:36,402 也就是你賺錢的飯碗