9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Thank you very much 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 When I was a boy, My parents sometimes 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 would take me camping in California. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 We would camp in the beaches, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 in the forests, in the deserts. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 some people think that deserts are 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 empty of life. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 But my parents taught me to see 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 the wild life all around us, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The hawks, the eagles, the tortoises. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 One time when we were staying up at camp, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 We found a baby scorpion with its sting around, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And I remember thinking how cool it was 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 that something could be both so cute 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and also so dangerous. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 After college, I moved to California, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And I started working on a number of 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 environmental campaigns. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 I got involved in hoping to save 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 the state's last ancient redwood forest. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And blocking a proposed radioactive waste 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 repository set for the desert. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And surely after I turned 30, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 I decided that I wanted to dedicate 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 a significant amount of life to solving 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 climate change. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 I was worried that global warming would 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 end up destroying many of the natural 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 environments that people had worked 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 so hard to protect. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 I thought the technical solution were 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 pretty straight forward, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 solar panels on every roof, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 electric cars in the drive way, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 that the main obstacles were political. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And so I hoped to organize a coalition 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 of the countries biggest labor unions 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and biggest environmental groups. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Our proposal was for a 300 billion dollar 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 in renewables. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And the idea was not only we would prevent 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 climate change but, we would also create 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 millions of new jobs in a very fast 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 growing high tech sector. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Our efforts really paid off in 2007, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 when then presidential candidate 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Barack Obama embraced our vision. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And between 2009 and 2015, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 the US invested a 150 billion dollars 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 in renewables and other kinds of clean tac. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 But right away, we started to encounter 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 some problems. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 So first of all, the electricity from 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 solar roof tops in some costs about twice 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 as much as the electricity from solar farms. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And both solar farms and wind farms 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 require a cover of pretty significant 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 amount of land with 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 solar panels and wind turbines, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And also building very big transmission lines 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 to bring all that electricity from the 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 country side into the city. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Both of those things were often very 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 strongly resisted by local communities, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 as well as by conservation biologists who 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 were concerned about the impacts on 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 wild birds species and other animals. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Now, there was a lot of other people 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 working on technical solutions at the time 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 One of the big challenges of course is 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 just the intermediacy of solar and wind. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 They only generate electricity about 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 10 - 30 % of the time during most of the year 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 But, Some of the solutions that were 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 being proposed were to convert hydroelectric 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 dams into gigantic batteries. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The idea was that when the sun was shining 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and the wind was blowing, you would pump 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 the water uphill, stored for later and 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 then when you needed electricity you run 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 it over the turbines. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 In terms of wild life, some of these 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 problems just didn't seem like 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 a significant concern. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 So, when I learned that house cats 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 killed billions of birds every year. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 it put into perspective that hundreds of 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 thousands of birds that are rather killed 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 by wind turbines. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Basically seemed to me at the time that 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 most if not all of the problems of 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 scaling up solar and wind could be solved 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 through more technological innovation. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 But as the years went by, these problems 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 persisted, and in many cases grew worse. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 So, California is a state that is really 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 committed to renewable energy. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 But we still haven't converted many of our 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 hydroelectric dams into big batteries. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Some of the problems are just geographic, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 It is just, you have to have a very 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 particular kind of formation to build 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and do that. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And even in those cases, it's quite 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 expensive to make those conversions. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Other challenges are just that, there is 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 other uses for water like irrigation, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And maybe this is the most significant 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 problem is just that, In California, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The water in our rivers and reservoirs 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 is growing increasingly scarce and 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 unreliable due to climate change. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 In term of the situation of reliability, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 As a consequence of it, we have actually 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 had to stop the electricity coming from 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 the solar farms into the cities because 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 there are just have been too much of it 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 at times, or, We have been starting to 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 pay out neighboring states as Arizona to 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 take that solar electricity, The 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 alternative is to suffer from blowouts of 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 the grid. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And in turns out that, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 when it comes to birds and cats, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Cats don't kill eagles, Eagles kill cats. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 What cats kill are the small common 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 sparrows and jays and robins, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Birds that are not endangered and not at 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 risk of going to extinct. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 What do kill eagles and another big birds 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 like the skite, as well as owls, and condors. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And other threatened endangered species 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 are wind turbines. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 In fact, they are one of the most 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 significant threats to those big birds 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 species that we have. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 We just haven't been introducing the air 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 space with many other objects like we have 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 wind turbines over the last several years. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And in terms of solar, you know, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 building a solar farm is not like building 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 any other kind of farm, you have to clear 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 the whole area of wild life. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 so, this is a picture of one third of 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 one of the biggest solar farms in 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 California called ivanpah. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 In order to build this, they had to clear 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 the whole area of desert tortoises. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 literally, pulling desert tortoises and 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 their babies out of borrows, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 putting them on the back of pickup trucks 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and transporting them to captivity where 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 many of them ended up dying. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And currently, the current estimates are 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 that about 6 thousand birds are 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 killed every year. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Actually, catching on fire above the 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 solar farms and bulging to their death. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Over time, it gradually struck me that, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 there was really no amount of technological 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 innovation that was gonna make the sun 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 shine more regularly or wind blow more 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 reliably. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 In fact, you could make solar panel 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 cheaper, you can make wind turbines bigger 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 But, sunlight and wind are just really 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 dilute fuels, and in order to produce 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 significant amount of electricity, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 you just have to cover a very large land 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 mass with them. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 In other words, all of the major problems 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 with renewables aren't technical, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 They are natural. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Well, dealing with all of this unreliability 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and the big environmental impacts obviously 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 comes that a pretty high economic cost. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 You know, we have been hearing a lot 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 about how solar panels and wind turbines 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 have come down in cost in recent years. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 But that cost has been significantly 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 out waid by just the challenges of 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 immigrating all of that unreliable power 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 on to the grid. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Just take fringe since what happened 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 in California. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 At the period in which solar panels have 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 come down in price very significantly 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and same with the wind. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 We have seen our electricity crisis go up 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 5 times more than the rest of the country 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and it is not unique to us. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 You can see the same phenomenon 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 happen in Germany. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Which is really the world's leader in 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 solar, wind and other renewable technologies 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 their price has increased 50 percent 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 during their big renewable energy push. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Now,You might think.. well 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 dealing with climate changes just gonna 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 require that we all pay more for energy, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 That's what I used to think. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 But, consider the case of France, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 France actually gets twice as much if its 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 electricity from clean zero emissions 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 sources than does Germany. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And yet, France pays half as much.. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 almost half as much for its electricity. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 How can that be? 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 We might have already anticipated the 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 answer, France gets most of its electricity 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 from nuclear power, That's 75 percent 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 in total, and nuclear just ends up being 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 a lot more reliable, generating power, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 for about 90% of the year. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 We see this phenomenon 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 show up at global level. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 So, for example, there has been a natural 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 experiment over the last 40 years, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 or even more than that. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And in terms of the deployment of nuclear 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and the deployment of solar, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 You can see that, at a little bit higher 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 cost, we got about half as much electricity 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 from solar and wind than we 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 did from nuclear. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Well, What does all this 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 mean for going forward. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 I think one of the most significant 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 findings today is this one. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Had Germany spend 580 billion dollars 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 on nuclear instead of renewables? 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 It would already be getting a 100% of its 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 electricity from clean energy sources and 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 all of its transportation energy. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Now I think, you might be wondering and 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 it is quite reasonable to ask, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Is nuclear power safe? 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And what do you do with the waste? 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Well those are very reasonable questions, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Turns out that there has been scientific 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 studies of this going for over 40 years. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 This is just the most recent study that 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 was done by the prestigious british 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 medical journal and says find the nuclear 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 power is the safest. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 It is easy to understand why, according 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 to the world's health organization, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 About 7 million people die annually 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 from air pollution and nuclear 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 plants don't emit that. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 As a result, the climate scientist 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 James Hansen looked out and he calculated 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 that nuclear power has already saved 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 almost 2 million lives today. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Turns out that even wind energy is 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 more deadly than nucleur. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 This is a photograph taken of two 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 workers in the Netherlands. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 shortly before one of them fell to 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 his death to avoid the fire. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And the other one was engulfed in flames. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Now, what about environmental inmpact? 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Well, I think a really easy way to think 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 about it is that uranium fuel which is 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 what we use to power nuclear plants 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 is just really energy dense. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 About the same amount of uranium as this 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Rubik's cube can power all of the energy 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 that you need in your entire life. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 As a consequence, you just don't need that 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 much land in order to produce the 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 significant amount of electricity. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Here we can compare the solar farm I just 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 described ivanpah to California's last 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 nuclear plant diablo canyon. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 It takes 450 times more land to generate 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 the same amount of electricity as 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 it does from nuclear. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 You would need 17 more solar farms like 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 ivanpah in order to generate the same 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 output as diablo canyon and of course, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 it would then be unreliable. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Well, what about the mining and the waste 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and the materials that you put? 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Well, this has been studied pretty closely 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 as well and it just turns out that 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 solar requires 17 times more materials 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 than nuclear plants do. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 In the form of cement, glass, concrete, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 steel and that includes all the fuel used 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 for those nuclear plants. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The consequences that what comes out at 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 the end, since that materials through put 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 is just not a lot of waste from nuclear. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 All of the waste from the Swiss nuclear 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 program fits into this room. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Nuclear waste is actually the only waste 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 from electricity production that safely 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 contained and internalized. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Every other way of making electricity emits 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 the waste into the natural environment 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 either as pollution or as material waste. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 We tend to think of solar panels as clean, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 but the truth is that there is no plan to 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 deal with solar panels at the end of their 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 20 or 25 year life. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 A lot of experts are very concerned that 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 solar panels are just gonna be shipped to 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Poor countries in Africa or Asia with the 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 rest of our electronic wastes frame to be 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 disassembled often exposing people to 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 really high levels of toxic elements 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 including lead, cadmium and chromium. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Elements that... 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Because these elements their toxicity 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 never declines over time. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 I think we have an intuitive sense nuclear 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 is a really powerful strong energy source 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and that sunlight is really dilute and 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 diffuse and weak which is why you have to 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 spread solar collectors and wind collectors 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 over such a large amount of land. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Maybe that's why nobody was surprised when 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 in the recent science fiction remake of 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 blade runner, the film opens a very dark 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 dystopian scene where California deserts 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 have been entirely paved with solar farms. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 All of which I think raises a really 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 uncomfortable question. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 In the effort to try to save the climate, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 are we destroying the environment? 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Well, the interesting thing is that over 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 the last several hundred years, human 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 beings been actually trying to move away 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 from what you considered matter- dense fuels 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 towards energy- dense ones. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 That means really from wood towards coal, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 oil, natural gas and uranium. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 This is a phenomenon that has been going 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 on for a long time. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 poor countries around the world are in the 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 process and still are moving away from wood 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 as their primary energies. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And for the most part, this is a positive thing 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 as you stop using wood as your major 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 source of fuel. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 It allows the forest to grow back, and 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 the wild life to return. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 As you stop burning wood in your home, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 you no longer need to breathe that toxic smoke 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And as you go from coal to natural gas 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and uranium as your main sources of energy 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 it holds up the possibility of basically 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 eliminating air pollution all together. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 There is just this problem with nuclear it 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 has been very popular to move from dirtier 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 to cleaner energy sources from energy 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 diffuse to energy dense sources. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Nuclear is just really unpopular for a 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 bunch of historical reasons. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and as a consequence, in the past I 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and I think of a lot of others have sort 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 of said well, in order to deal with 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 climate change, we are just gonna need 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 all of the different kinds of clean energy 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 that we have. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 the problem is that is just turns out not 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 to be true, you remember I discussed 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 France a little bit ago, France gets most 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 of its electricity from nuclear. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 if France were to try the significantly 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 scale of solar and wind, it would also 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 have to significantly reduce how much 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 electricity it gets from nuclear. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 that's because an order to handle the huge 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 very ability of solar and wind on the grid 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 they would need to burn more natural gas. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 think of it this way, it is just really 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 hard to ramp up and down a nuclear plant 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 they were all pretty familiar with turning 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 the natural gas up and down on our stove 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 a similar process works in managing the 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 grid. of course, cause without saying that 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 oil and gas companies understand this 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 pretty well which is why we have seen them 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 invest millions of dollars in recent years 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 in promoting solar and wind.