[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.69,0:00:26.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When the Industrial Revolution started,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.22,0:00:30.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the amount of carbon sitting\Nunderneath Britain in the form of coal
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.11,0:00:34.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was as big as the amount of carbon\Nsitting under Saudi Arabia
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.31,0:00:35.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the form of oil.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.63,0:00:39.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This carbon powered\Nthe Industrial Revolution,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.19,0:00:40.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it put the "Great" in Great Britain,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.93,0:00:44.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and led to Britain's temporary\Nworld domination.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.28,0:00:51.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then, in 1918,\Ncoal production in Britain peaked,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.23,0:00:52.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and has declined ever since.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.70,0:00:57.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In due course, Britain started using\Noil and gas from the North Sea,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.78,0:00:59.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in the year 2000,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.72,0:01:03.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,oil and gas production\Nfrom the North Sea also peaked,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.24,0:01:05.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they're now on the decline.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.84,0:01:09.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These observations about the finiteness
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.52,0:01:13.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of easily accessible, local,\Nsecure fossil fuels,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.13,0:01:17.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a motivation for saying,\N"Well, what's next?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.44,0:01:20.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is life after fossil fuels\Ngoing to be like?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.05,0:01:23.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Shouldn't we be thinking hard\Nabout how to get off fossil fuels?"
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.54,0:01:26.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another motivation,\Nof course, is climate change.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.01,0:01:29.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when people talk\Nabout life after fossil fuels
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.54,0:01:31.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and climate change action,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.45,0:01:33.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think there's a lot of fluff,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.90,0:01:36.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a lot of greenwash,\Na lot of misleading advertising,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.79,0:01:41.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I feel a duty as a physicist to try\Nto guide people around the claptrap
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.30,0:01:45.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and help people understand the actions\Nthat really make a difference,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.10,0:01:47.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to focus on ideas that do add up.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.61,0:01:51.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me illustrate this
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.21,0:01:54.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with what physicists call\Na back-of-envelope calculation.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.83,0:01:56.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We love back-of-envelope calculations.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.70,0:01:58.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You ask a question,\Nwrite down some numbers,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.79,0:01:59.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and get an answer.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.98,0:02:03.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It may not be very accurate,\Nbut it may make you say, "Hmm."
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.20,0:02:04.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So here's a question:
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.65,0:02:07.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imagine if we said, "Oh yes,\Nwe can get off fossil fuels.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.88,0:02:09.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We'll use biofuels. Problem solved.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.57,0:02:11.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Transport ... We don't need oil anymore."
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.87,0:02:18.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, what if we grew\Nthe biofuels for a road
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.33,0:02:21.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the grass verge\Nat the edge of the road?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.87,0:02:26.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How wide would the verge\Nhave to be for that to work out?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.11,0:02:27.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK, so let's put in some numbers.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.78,0:02:30.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's have our cars go\Nat 60 miles per hour.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.52,0:02:32.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's say they do 30 miles per gallon.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.35,0:02:35.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's the European average for new cars.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.54,0:02:37.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's say the productivity\Nof biofuel plantations
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.89,0:02:40.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is 1,200 liters of biofuel\Nper hectare per year.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.01,0:02:43.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's true of European biofuels.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.95,0:02:47.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And let's imagine the cars are spaced\N80 meters apart from each other,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.52,0:02:49.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they're perpetually\Ngoing along this road.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.72,0:02:51.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The length of the road doesn't matter,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.58,0:02:54.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the longer the road,\Nthe more biofuel plantation.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.33,0:02:55.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What do we do with these numbers?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.95,0:02:59.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Take the first number, divide by the other\Nthree, and get eight kilometers.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.100,0:03:01.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's the answer.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.18,0:03:03.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's how wide the plantation\Nwould have to be,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.56,0:03:05.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,given these assumptions.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.90,0:03:08.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And maybe that makes you say, "Hmm.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.65,0:03:11.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Maybe this isn't going\Nto be quite so easy."
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.83,0:03:14.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it might make you think,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.46,0:03:17.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,perhaps there's an issue to do with areas.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.89,0:03:21.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in this talk, I'd like to talk\Nabout land areas, and ask:
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.81,0:03:23.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is there an issue about areas?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.32,0:03:27.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The answer is going to be yes,\Nbut it depends which country you are in.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.00,0:03:30.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let's start in the United Kingdom,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.06,0:03:32.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,since that's where we are today.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.38,0:03:34.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The energy consumption\Nof the United Kingdom,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.75,0:03:38.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the total energy consumption --\Nnot just transport, but everything --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.16,0:03:40.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I like to quantify it in lightbulbs.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.99,0:03:44.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's as if we've all got\N125 lightbulbs on all the time,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.49,0:03:48.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,125 kilowatt-hours per day per person
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.19,0:03:50.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the energy consumption of the UK.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.29,0:03:54.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So there's 40 lightbulbs'\Nworth for transport,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.08,0:03:55.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,40 lightbulbs' worth for heating,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.75,0:03:58.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and 40 lightbulbs' worth\Nfor making electricity,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.31,0:04:00.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and other things are relatively small,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.24,0:04:02.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,compared to those three big fish.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.90,0:04:05.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's actually a bigger footprint\Nif we take into account
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.66,0:04:09.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the embodied energy in the stuff\Nwe import into our country as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.30,0:04:14.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And 90 percent of this energy, today,\Nstill comes from fossil fuels,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.06,0:04:17.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and 10 percent, only, from other,\Ngreener -- possibly greener -- sources,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.76,0:04:19.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like nuclear power and renewables.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.83,0:04:22.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.14,0:04:23.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's the UK.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.42,0:04:28.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The population density of the UK\Nis 250 people per square kilometer.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.67,0:04:31.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm now going to show you other countries\Nby these same two measures.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.95,0:04:35.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On the vertical axis, I'm going\Nto show you how many lightbulbs --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.11,0:04:37.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what our energy consumption per person is.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.58,0:04:39.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're at 125 lightbulbs per person,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.72,0:04:43.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that little blue dot there\Nis showing you the land area
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.36,0:04:45.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the United Kingdom.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.07,0:04:47.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The population density\Nis on the horizontal axis,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.89,0:04:50.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we're 250 people per square kilometer.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.63,0:04:53.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's add European countries in blue,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.23,0:04:55.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can see there's quite a variety.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.75,0:04:58.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I should emphasize,\Nboth of these axes are logarithmic;
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.85,0:05:01.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as you go from one gray bar\Nto the next gray bar,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.43,0:05:03.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're going up a factor of 10.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.15,0:05:06.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Next, let's add Asia in red,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.51,0:05:08.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Middle East and North Africa in green,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.01,0:05:12.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sub-Saharan Africa in blue,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.52,0:05:15.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,black is South America,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.99,0:05:18.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,purple is Central America,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.58,0:05:22.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then in pukey-yellow,\Nwe have North America,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.41,0:05:24.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Australia and New Zealand.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.05,0:05:27.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can see the great diversity\Nof population densities
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.97,0:05:30.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and of per capita consumptions.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.92,0:05:33.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Countries are different from each other.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.18,0:05:36.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Top left, we have Canada and Australia,\Nwith enormous land areas,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.76,0:05:41.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,very high per capita consumption --\N200 or 300 lightbulbs per person --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.27,0:05:44.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and very low population densities.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.93,0:05:48.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Top right: Bahrain has\Nthe same energy consumption
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.12,0:05:50.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,per person, roughly, as Canada --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.12,0:05:52.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over 300 lightbulbs per person,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.39,0:05:55.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but their population density\Nis a factor of 300 times greater,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.44,0:05:57.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,1,000 people per square kilometer.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.29,0:06:02.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bottom right: Bangladesh has\Nthe same population density as Bahrain,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.19,0:06:05.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but consumes 100 times less per person.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.78,0:06:08.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bottom left: well, there's no one.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.29,0:06:10.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there used to be\Na whole load of people.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.41,0:06:12.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's another message from this diagram.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.38,0:06:15.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've added on little blue tails\Nbehind Sudan, Libya,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.77,0:06:17.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,China, India, Bangladesh.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.31,0:06:19.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's 15 years of progress.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.47,0:06:21.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Where were they 15 years ago,\Nand where are they now?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.01,0:06:23.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the message is,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.19,0:06:26.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most countries are going to the right,\Nand they're going up.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.09,0:06:28.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Up and to the right:\Nbigger population density
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.26,0:06:30.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and higher per capita consumption.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.23,0:06:34.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, we may be off in the top\Nright-hand corner, slightly unusual,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.20,0:06:36.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the United Kingdom accompanied by Germany,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.62,0:06:38.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Japan, South Korea, the Netherlands,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.61,0:06:40.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a bunch of other\Nslightly odd countries,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.100,0:06:45.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but many other countries are coming\Nup and to the right to join us.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.33,0:06:47.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we're a picture, if you like,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.40,0:06:49.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of what the future energy consumption
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.39,0:06:52.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,might be looking\Nlike in other countries, too.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.57,0:06:56.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've also added in this diagram\Nnow some pink lines
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.52,0:06:58.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that go down and to the right.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.43,0:07:02.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those are lines of equal\Npower consumption per unit area,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.29,0:07:04.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which I measure in watts per square meter.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.39,0:07:08.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, for example, the middle line there,\N0.1 watts per square meter,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.26,0:07:12.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the energy consumption\Nper unit area of Saudi Arabia,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.14,0:07:16.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Norway, Mexico in purple,\Nand Bangladesh 15 years ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.34,0:07:20.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Half of the world's population\Nlives in countries
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.55,0:07:22.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are already above that line.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.41,0:07:29.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The United Kingdom is consuming\N1.25 watts per square meter.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.63,0:07:32.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So is Germany, and Japan\Nis consuming a bit more.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.96,0:07:37.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, let's now say why this is relevant.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.91,0:07:39.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why is it relevant?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.32,0:07:42.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, we can measure\Nrenewables in the same units
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.21,0:07:45.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and other forms of power\Nproduction in the same units.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.33,0:07:48.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Renewables is one of the leading ideas
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.10,0:07:52.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for how we could get off\Nour 90 percent fossil-fuel habit.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.40,0:07:53.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So here come some renewables.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.84,0:07:56.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Energy crops deliver\Nhalf a watt per square meter
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.52,0:07:57.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in European climates.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.31,0:08:00.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What does that mean?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.48,0:08:02.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You might have anticipated that result,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.49,0:08:05.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,given what I told you about the biofuel\Nplantation a moment ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.70,0:08:08.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, we consume 1.25 watts\Nper square meter.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.72,0:08:09.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What this means is,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.90,0:08:13.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even if you covered the whole\Nof the United Kingdom with energy crops,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.31,0:08:16.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you couldn't match\Ntoday's energy consumption.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.24,0:08:21.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Wind power produces a bit more --\N2.5 watts per square meter.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.09,0:08:25.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that's only twice as big\Nas 1.25 watts per square meter.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.64,0:08:29.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that means if you wanted, literally,\Nto produce total energy consumption
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.79,0:08:32.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in all forms, on average, from wind farms,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.04,0:08:34.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you need wind farms\Nhalf the area of the UK.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.18,0:08:39.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've got data to back up\Nall these assertions, by the way.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.24,0:08:42.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Next, let's look at solar power.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.72,0:08:44.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Solar panels, when you put them on a roof,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.76,0:08:49.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,deliver about 20 watts\Nper square meter in England.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.50,0:08:52.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you really want to get\Na lot from solar panels,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.91,0:08:55.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you need to adopt the traditional\NBavarian farming method,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.73,0:08:57.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where you leap off the roof,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.11,0:08:59.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and coat the countryside\Nwith solar panels, too.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.64,0:09:02.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Solar parks, because of the gaps\Nbetween the panels, deliver less.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.86,0:09:06.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They deliver about 5 watts\Nper square meter of land area.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.29,0:09:09.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And here's a solar park\Nin Vermont, with real data,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.61,0:09:12.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,delivering 4.2 watts per square meter.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.66,0:09:15.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Remember where we are,\N1.25 watts per square meter,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.59,0:09:18.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wind farms 2.5, solar parks about five.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.50,0:09:22.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So whichever of those renewables you pick,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.95,0:09:26.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the message is, whatever mix\Nof those renewables you're using,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.52,0:09:28.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you want to power the UK on them,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.73,0:09:30.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're going to need\Nto cover something like
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.85,0:09:33.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,20 percent or 25 percent of the country
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.74,0:09:35.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with those renewables.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.75,0:09:39.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm not saying that's a bad idea;\Nwe just need to understand the numbers.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.29,0:09:41.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm absolutely not anti-renewables.\NI love renewables.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.88,0:09:43.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I'm also pro-arithmetic.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.54,0:09:45.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.27,0:09:49.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Concentrating solar power in deserts\Ndelivers larger powers per unit area,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.43,0:09:51.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because you don't have\Nthe problem of clouds.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.80,0:09:55.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, this facility delivers\N14 watts per square meter;
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.03,0:09:56.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this one 10 watts per square meter;
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.76,0:09:59.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this one in Spain,\N5 watts per square meter.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.54,0:10:01.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Being generous\Nto concentrating solar power,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.74,0:10:05.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think it's perfectly credible it could\Ndeliver 20 watts per square meter.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.43,0:10:06.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that's nice.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.62,0:10:09.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of course, Britain\Ndoesn't have any deserts.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.56,0:10:10.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yet.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.74,0:10:12.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.44,0:10:14.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So here's a summary so far:
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.64,0:10:18.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All renewables, much\Nas I love them, are diffuse.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.28,0:10:20.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They all have a small power per unit area,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.35,0:10:22.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we have to live with that fact.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.87,0:10:28.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that means, if you do want renewables\Nto make a substantial difference
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.19,0:10:29.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for a country like the United Kingdom
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.100,0:10:32.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the scale of today's consumption,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.12,0:10:36.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you need to be imagining renewable\Nfacilities that are country-sized.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.54,0:10:37.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not the entire country,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.88,0:10:41.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but a fraction of the country,\Na substantial fraction.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:42.28,0:10:44.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are other options\Nfor generating power as well,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.86,0:10:46.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which don't involve fossil fuels.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.56,0:10:49.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So there's nuclear power,\Nand on this ordinance survey map,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.74,0:10:53.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can see there's a Sizewell B\Ninside a blue square kilometer.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.50,0:10:55.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's one gigawatt in a square kilometer,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.53,0:10:57.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which works out to 1,000 watts\Nper square meter.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.98,0:11:00.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So by this particular metric,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.14,0:11:05.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nuclear power isn't\Nas intrusive as renewables.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.92,0:11:07.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of course, other metrics matter, too,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.94,0:11:10.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and nuclear power has\Nall sorts of popularity problems.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.56,0:11:13.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the same goes for renewables as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.62,0:11:16.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's a photograph of a consultation\Nexercise in full swing
Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.48,0:11:19.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the little town of Penicuik\Njust outside Edinburgh,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.19,0:11:21.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can see the children\Nof Penicuik celebrating
Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.71,0:11:24.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the burning of the effigy of the windmill.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.10,0:11:25.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So --
Dialogue: 0,0:11:25.28,0:11:26.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.36,0:11:27.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People are anti-everything,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.71,0:11:30.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we've got to keep\Nall the options on the table.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.93,0:11:34.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What can a country like the UK\Ndo on the supply side?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.59,0:11:37.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, the options are,\NI'd say, these three:
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.53,0:11:38.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,power renewables,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.74,0:11:42.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and recognizing that they need\Nto be close to country-sized;
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.47,0:11:43.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,other people's renewables,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.74,0:11:45.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we could go back and talk very politely
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.89,0:11:48.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the people in the top left-hand side\Nof the diagram and say,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.95,0:11:51.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Uh, we don't want\Nrenewables in our backyard,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:51.23,0:11:53.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but, um, please could we put\Nthem in yours instead?"
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.85,0:11:55.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's a serious option.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.84,0:11:59.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a way for the world\Nto handle this issue.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.44,0:12:03.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So countries like Australia,\NRussia, Libya, Kazakhstan,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.60,0:12:06.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could be our best friends\Nfor renewable production.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.96,0:12:09.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And a third option is nuclear power.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:10.02,0:12:12.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that's some supply-side options.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:12.26,0:12:15.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In addition to the supply levers\Nthat we can push --
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.57,0:12:17.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and remember, we need large amounts,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:17.63,0:12:21.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because at the moment, we get 90 percent\Nof our energy from fossil fuels --
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.18,0:12:22.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in addition to those levers,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:22.57,0:12:25.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we could talk about other ways\Nof solving this issue.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.64,0:12:29.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Namely, we could reduce demand,\Nand that means reducing population --
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.06,0:12:30.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm not sure how to do that --
Dialogue: 0,0:12:30.90,0:12:33.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or reducing per capita consumption.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:33.74,0:12:36.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let's talk about three more big levers
Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.22,0:12:38.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that could really help\Non the consumption side.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:38.57,0:12:39.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First, transport.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:39.75,0:12:41.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here are the physics principles
Dialogue: 0,0:12:41.32,0:12:44.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that tell you how to reduce\Nthe energy consumption of transport.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:44.39,0:12:46.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People often say,\N"Technology can answer everything.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:46.86,0:12:49.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can make vehicles\Nthat are 100 times more efficient."
Dialogue: 0,0:12:49.66,0:12:51.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's almost true. Let me show you.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:51.67,0:12:54.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The energy consumption\Nof this typical tank here
Dialogue: 0,0:12:54.16,0:12:57.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is 80 kilowatt hours\Nper hundred person kilometers.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:57.61,0:13:01.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's the average European car.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:01.95,0:13:03.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Eighty kilowatt hours.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:03.12,0:13:05.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can we make something 100 times better
Dialogue: 0,0:13:05.23,0:13:07.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by applying the physics\Nprinciples I just listed?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:07.57,0:13:09.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes. Here it is. It's the bicycle.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.24,0:13:11.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's 80 times better\Nin energy consumption,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:11.91,0:13:14.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's powered by biofuel, by Weetabix.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:14.16,0:13:16.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:13:16.32,0:13:18.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there are other options in between,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.21,0:13:20.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because maybe the lady\Nin the tank would say,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:20.36,0:13:23.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"No, that's a lifestyle change.\NDon't change my lifestyle, please."
Dialogue: 0,0:13:23.54,0:13:27.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We could persuade her to take a train,\Nstill a lot more efficient than a car,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:27.21,0:13:28.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but that might be a lifestyle change.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:29.01,0:13:30.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or there's the EcoCAR, top-left.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:30.62,0:13:34.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It comfortably accommodates one teenager\Nand it's shorter than a traffic cone,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:34.38,0:13:36.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's almost as efficient as a bicycle,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:36.44,0:13:39.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as long as you drive it\Nat 15 miles per hour.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:39.90,0:13:42.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In between, perhaps\Nsome more realistic options
Dialogue: 0,0:13:42.15,0:13:45.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the transport lever\Nare electric vehicles,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:45.14,0:13:47.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so electric bikes\Nand electric cars in the middle,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:47.54,0:13:52.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,perhaps four times as energy efficient\Nas the standard petrol-powered tank.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:53.38,0:13:55.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Next, there's the heating lever.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:55.30,0:13:58.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Heating is a third of our energy\Nconsumption in Britain,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:58.82,0:14:00.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and quite a lot of that\Nis going into homes
Dialogue: 0,0:14:00.91,0:14:02.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and other buildings,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:02.32,0:14:04.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,doing space heating and water heating.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:04.32,0:14:06.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So here's a typical crappy British house.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:06.63,0:14:09.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's my house, with a Ferrari out front.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:09.37,0:14:10.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:14:10.46,0:14:11.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What can we do to it?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:11.64,0:14:15.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, the laws of physics\Nare written up there,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:15.32,0:14:20.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which describe how the power\Nconsumption for heating
Dialogue: 0,0:14:20.59,0:14:22.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is driven by the things you can control.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:22.53,0:14:25.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The things you can control\Nare the temperature difference
Dialogue: 0,0:14:25.44,0:14:27.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between the inside and the outside.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:27.15,0:14:29.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's this remarkable technology\Ncalled a thermostat:
Dialogue: 0,0:14:29.79,0:14:31.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you grasp it, rotate it to the left,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:31.55,0:14:34.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and your energy consumption\Nin the home will decrease.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:34.10,0:14:37.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've tried it. It works.\NSome people call it a lifestyle change.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:37.23,0:14:38.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:14:38.34,0:14:41.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can also get the fluff men\Nin to reduce the leakiness
Dialogue: 0,0:14:41.84,0:14:44.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of your building -- put fluff\Nin the walls, fluff in the roof,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:44.83,0:14:46.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a new front door, and so forth.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:48.05,0:14:50.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The sad truth is,\Nthis will save you money.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:50.66,0:14:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's not sad, that's good.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:52.02,0:14:53.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the sad truth is,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:53.23,0:14:56.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it'll only get about 25 percent\Nof the leakiness of your building
Dialogue: 0,0:14:56.45,0:14:59.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you do these things,\Nwhich are good ideas.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:59.17,0:15:02.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you really want to get a bit closer\Nto Swedish building standards
Dialogue: 0,0:15:02.45,0:15:04.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a crappy house like this,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:04.13,0:15:07.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you need to be putting\Nexternal insulation on the building,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:07.60,0:15:09.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as shown by this block of flats in London.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:11.25,0:15:14.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can also deliver heat\Nmore efficiently using heat pumps,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:14.28,0:15:17.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which use a smaller bit\Nof high-grade energy like electricity
Dialogue: 0,0:15:17.78,0:15:20.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to move heat from your garden\Ninto your house.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:21.28,0:15:23.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The third demand-side option\NI want to talk about,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:23.67,0:15:26.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the third way to reduce energy\Nconsumption is: read your meters.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:26.84,0:15:28.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People talk a lot about smart meters,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:28.69,0:15:30.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but you can do it yourself.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:30.06,0:15:31.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Use your own eyes and be smart.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:32.01,0:15:35.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Read your meter, and if you're anything\Nlike me, it'll change your life.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:35.70,0:15:37.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's a graph I made.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:37.16,0:15:39.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was writing a book\Nabout sustainable energy,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:39.32,0:15:40.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a friend asked me,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:40.50,0:15:42.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"How much energy do you use at home?"
Dialogue: 0,0:15:42.34,0:15:44.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was embarrassed; I didn't actually know.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:44.38,0:15:46.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so I started reading\Nthe meter every week.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:46.61,0:15:50.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The old meter readings are shown\Nin the top half of the graph,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:50.42,0:15:52.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then 2007 is shown\Nin green at the bottom.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:52.67,0:15:54.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That was when I was reading\Nthe meter every week.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:55.02,0:15:56.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And my life changed,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:56.21,0:15:59.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because I started doing experiments\Nand seeing what made a difference.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:59.59,0:16:00.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My gas consumption plummeted,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:01.02,0:16:03.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because I started tinkering\Nwith the thermostat
Dialogue: 0,0:16:03.26,0:16:05.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the timing on the heating system,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:05.08,0:16:07.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I knocked more than half\Noff my gas bills.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:07.32,0:16:10.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's a similar story\Nfor my electricity consumption,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:10.23,0:16:13.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where switching off the DVD\Nplayers, the stereos,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:13.81,0:16:16.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the computer peripherals\Nthat were on all the time,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:16.63,0:16:18.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and just switching them on\Nwhen I needed them,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:18.85,0:16:21.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,knocked another third\Noff my electricity bills, too.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:22.74,0:16:24.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we need a plan that adds up.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:24.53,0:16:27.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've described for you six big levers.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:27.15,0:16:28.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need big action,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:28.34,0:16:31.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we get 90 percent\Nof our energy from fossil fuels,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:31.12,0:16:35.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so you need to push hard\Non most, if not all, of these levers.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:35.89,0:16:38.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most of these levers\Nhave popularity problems,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:38.20,0:16:41.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if there is a lever\Nyou don't like the use of,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:41.89,0:16:45.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well, please do bear in mind\Nthat means you need even stronger effort
Dialogue: 0,0:16:45.73,0:16:47.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the other levers.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:48.06,0:16:51.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I'm a strong advocate\Nof having grown-up conversations
Dialogue: 0,0:16:51.23,0:16:53.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are based on numbers and facts.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:53.52,0:16:57.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I want to close with this map\Nthat just visualizes for you
Dialogue: 0,0:16:57.32,0:17:00.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the requirement of land and so forth
Dialogue: 0,0:17:00.88,0:17:03.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in order to get just\N16 lightbulbs per person
Dialogue: 0,0:17:03.96,0:17:06.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from four of the big possible sources.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:07.07,0:17:10.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, if you wanted to get 16 lightbulbs --
Dialogue: 0,0:17:10.26,0:17:14.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,remember, today our total energy\Nconsumption is 125 lightbulbs' worth --
Dialogue: 0,0:17:14.60,0:17:16.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you wanted 16 from wind,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:16.85,0:17:19.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this map visualizes a solution for the UK.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:19.70,0:17:23.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's got 160 wind farms,\Neach 100 square kilometers in size,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:23.88,0:17:27.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that would be a twentyfold increase\Nover today's amount of wind.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:27.79,0:17:30.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nuclear power:\Nto get 16 lightbulbs per person,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:30.72,0:17:33.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you'd need two gigawatts\Nat each of the purple dots on the map.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:33.84,0:17:38.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's a fourfold increase\Nover today's levels of nuclear power.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:38.67,0:17:41.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Biomass: to get 16 lightbulbs per person,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:41.39,0:17:45.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you'd need a land area something\Nlike three and a half Wales' worth,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:46.42,0:17:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,either in our country,\Nor in someone else's country,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:49.03,0:17:51.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,possibly Ireland, possibly somewhere else.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:51.10,0:17:52.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:17:52.20,0:17:53.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And a fourth supply-side option:
Dialogue: 0,0:17:54.01,0:17:56.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,concentrating solar power\Nin other people's deserts.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:57.15,0:17:59.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you wanted to get 16 lightbulbs' worth,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:59.62,0:18:02.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then we're talking\Nabout these eight hexagons
Dialogue: 0,0:18:02.66,0:18:03.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,down at the bottom right.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:03.99,0:18:08.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The total area of those hexagons\Nis two Greater London's worth
Dialogue: 0,0:18:08.24,0:18:10.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of someone else's Sahara,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:10.35,0:18:13.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you'll need power lines\Nall the way across Spain and France
Dialogue: 0,0:18:13.38,0:18:16.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to bring the power\Nfrom the Sahara to Surrey.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:17.20,0:18:18.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:18:18.37,0:18:19.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need a plan that adds up.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:20.90,0:18:23.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need to stop shouting\Nand start talking.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:24.81,0:18:29.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if we can have\Na grown-up conversation,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:29.06,0:18:31.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,make a plan that adds up and get building,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:31.54,0:18:34.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe this low-carbon revolution\Nwill actually be fun.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:34.57,0:18:36.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you very much for listening.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:36.33,0:18:38.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)