[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.03,0:00:10.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1903, the President \Nof the United States
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.75,0:00:15.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,took a three-day camping trip \Nin California’s Yosemite Valley.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.07,0:00:19.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,President Theodore Roosevelt slept \Nin a grove of towering Sequoia trees,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.79,0:00:23.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,camped in a snowstorm, and spent hours \Ntalking around the campfire
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.32,0:00:27.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with his host and guide, \Nconservationist John Muir.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.28,0:00:29.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Roosevelt famously loved the outdoors,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.93,0:00:33.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but Muir had invited him there \Nfor more than just camping:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.34,0:00:35.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yosemite was in danger.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.68,0:00:39.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Though Yosemite became \Nprotected land in 1864,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.52,0:00:43.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the valley was still at risk \Nfor overdevelopment in 1903.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.26,0:00:46.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was at the heart of a decades-old \Nstruggle to set aside land
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.34,0:00:49.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for both preservation and public use—
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.25,0:00:52.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,two goals that were much easier \Nsaid than done.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.77,0:00:57.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The battle over Yosemite began \Nwith the 1849 gold rush,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.38,0:01:02.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when miners surged west, seeking gold \Nin the Sierra Nevada foothills.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.36,0:01:05.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1851, a state-sanctioned militia,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.42,0:01:09.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,drove the Ahwahneechee tribe \Nfrom Yosemite Valley.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.25,0:01:13.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those who managed to return witnessed \Nwhite settlers claiming the land,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.17,0:01:17.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,felling giant sequoias, \Nand building hotels and saloons.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.71,0:01:20.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In response, a small group \Nof concerned Californians
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.89,0:01:25.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lobbied senator John Conness to protect \Nthe valley from private interests.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.68,0:01:29.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1864, Congress passed Conness’ bill,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.39,0:01:33.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,granting the Yosemite Valley \Nto the State of California,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.01,0:01:37.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,marking the first time the U.S. government\Nbrought land under public protection.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.71,0:01:40.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the management of that land remained \Nan open question,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.81,0:01:42.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one that would only become \Nmore complicated
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.92,0:01:46.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as more lands came \Nunder similar protection.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.89,0:01:49.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Seven years later,\Ngeologist Ferdinand Hayden
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.69,0:01:52.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,led an expedition \Nto the Yellowstone Plateau,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.52,0:01:56.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which many Native American tribes used \Nfor ceremonies, hunting, and trade.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.86,0:01:59.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The expedition’s scientists and artists \Nbrought back news
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.89,0:02:02.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of spectacular geysers and hot springs,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.79,0:02:06.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,inspiring widespread support to bring \NYellowstone under government protection—
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.87,0:02:09.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and restrict native people’s \Naccess to the land.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.88,0:02:14.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, unlike Yosemite, Yellowstone \Ncouldn’t be granted to a state—
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.36,0:02:18.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was part of three U.S. territories \Nthat hadn’t become states yet.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.40,0:02:23.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead, Congress brought Yellowstone \Nunder federal stewardship in 1872,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.46,0:02:27.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,creating the world’s first true \NNational Park.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.16,0:02:30.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,During his presidency, \NTeddy Roosevelt was instrumental
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.16,0:02:33.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in expanding the lands \Nunder public protection.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.14,0:02:37.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By 1916, there were \Nfifteen national parks.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.24,0:02:39.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the problem of management \Nremained unsolved,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.99,0:02:43.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and maintenance of the park \Nwas handled haphazardly
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.04,0:02:45.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over multiple government departments.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.72,0:02:49.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Straightforward tasks like building roads \Nand hiring personnel
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.54,0:02:52.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,required inefficient \Nbureaucratic maneuvering.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.92,0:02:56.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,None of the departments had set rules \Nfor conduct in the park,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.04,0:03:00.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so hunters killed park wildlife, \Ncattle overgrazed fields,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.09,0:03:02.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and visitors vandalized landmarks.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.94,0:03:05.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The solution came from Canada,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.38,0:03:08.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which had a highly effective \Ncentralized park service.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.64,0:03:12.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1916, the United States established \Nthe National Park Service
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.62,0:03:14.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,based on this model.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.50,0:03:18.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To this day, the mission for the park \Nservice is comprised of two goals
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.22,0:03:20.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that sometimes conflict:
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.44,0:03:22.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to conserve the parks for the future
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.58,0:03:25.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to allow the public to enjoy them.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.82,0:03:29.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That’s a delicate balancing act: \Nroads, trails, and other infrastructure
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.37,0:03:33.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,make the parks accessible to visitors, \Nbut also alter the landscape,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.02,0:03:36.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while visitors themselves can contribute \Nto pollution, erosion,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.15,0:03:39.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and damage of delicate ecosystems.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.12,0:03:43.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The very history of preservation \Ncan also be at odds with this mission.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.71,0:03:46.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many parks were not, \Nat the time of their founding,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.30,0:03:50.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the uninhabited wilderness that’s become \Nthe standard for their preservation.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.75,0:03:54.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead, many were homes or places \Nof worship for native peoples,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.64,0:03:58.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who lost access to these lands \Nin the name of public use.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.36,0:04:00.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Only recently has \Nthe National Park Service
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.54,0:04:04.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,begun to reckon with this legacy \Nand engage Native Americans
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.02,0:04:05.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in park management.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.95,0:04:09.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Around the world, indigenous communities \Nplay crucial roles
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.31,0:04:12.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in land management and preservation.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.78,0:04:15.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, there are thousands \Nof national parks worldwide,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.99,0:04:21.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and each must balance public use with \Nhistorical and ecological preservation.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.31,0:04:24.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Parks in New Zealand, Iceland, Australia, \Nand South Africa
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.74,0:04:29.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have experienced severe erosion \Nas visitor numbers have skyrocketed.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.31,0:04:32.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some, like Mu Ko Similan National Park \Nin Thailand,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.93,0:04:37.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have closed sections to tourists entirely \Nto allow the ecosystem to recover.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.97,0:04:40.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,National Parks have preserved \Nirreplaceable landscapes
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.87,0:04:43.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for future generations.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.13,0:04:46.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They also force us to reckon \Nwith hard questions:
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.22,0:04:50.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what are our responsibilities \Nto this planet, and to each other?