I'm here to talk about climate change,

but I'm not really an environmentalist.

In fact, I've never really
thought of myself as a nature person.

I have never gone camping,
never gone hiking,

never even owned a pet.

I've lived my whole life in cities,

actually just one city.

And while I like to take trips
to visit nature,

I always thought it was something
that was happening elsewhere,

far away,

with all of modern life
a fortress against its forces.

In other words,

like just about everybody I knew,

I lived my life complacent

and deluded

about the threat from global warming.

Which I took to be happening slowly,

happening at a distance

and representing only a modest threat
to the way that I lived.

In each of these ways,

I was very, very wrong.

Now most people, if they were telling you
about climate change,

will tell you a story about the future.

If I was doing that, I would say,

"According to the UN,
if we don't change course,

by the end of the century,

we're likely to get about four degrees
Celsius of warming."

That would mean, some scientists believe,

twice as much war,

half as much food,

a global GDP possibly 20 percent smaller
than it would be without climate change.

That's an impact that's deeper
than the Great Depression,

and it would be permanent.

But the impacts are actually happening
a lot faster than 2100.

By just 2050, it's estimated,

many of the biggest cities
in South Asia and the Middle East

will be almost literally
unlivably hot in summer.

These are cities that today are
home to 10, 12, 15 million people.

And in just three decades,

you wouldn't be able
to walk around outside in them

without risking heatstroke
or possibly death.

The planet is now
1.1 degrees Celsius warmer

than it was before industrialization.

That may not sound like a lot,

but it actually puts us entirely
outside the window of temperatures

that enclose all of human history.

That means that everything
we have ever known as a species,

the evolution of the human animal,

the development of agriculture,

the development
of rudimentary civilization

and modern civilization
and industrial civilization,

everything we know about ourselves
as biological creatures,

as social creatures,
as political creatures,

all of it is the result
of climate conditions

we have already left behind.

It's like we've landed
on an entirely different planet,

with an entirely different climate.

And we now have to figure out

what of the civilization
that we've brought with us

can endure these new conditions

and what can't.

And things will get worse from here.

Now for a very long time,

we were told that climate change
was a slow saga.

It started with the industrial revolution,

and it had fallen to us

to clean up the mess
left by our grandparents

so our grandchildren
wouldn't be dealing with the results.

It was a story of centuries.

In fact, half of all of the emissions

that have ever been produced
from the burning of fossil fuels

in the entire history of humanity

have been produced
in just the last 30 years.

That's since Al Gore published
his first book on warming.

It's since the UN established
its IPCC climate change body.

We've done more damage since then

than in all the centuries,
all the millennia before.

Now I'm 37 years old,

which means my life contains
this entire story.

When I was born,
the planet's climate seemed stable.

Today,

we are on the brink of catastrophe.

The climate crisis
is not the legacy of our ancestors.

It is the work of a single generation.

Ours.

This may all sound like bad news.

Which it is, really bad news.

But it also contains, I think,

some good news,
at least relatively speaking.

These impacts are terrifyingly large.

But they are also, I think, exhilarating.

Because they are ultimately a reflection

of how much power we have
over the climate.

If we get to those hellish scenarios,

it will be because
we have made them happen,

because we have chosen
to make them happen.

Which means we can choose
to make other scenarios happen, too.

Now that may seem too rosy to believe

and the political obstacles
are in fact enormous.

But it is a simple fact --

the main driver of global warming
is human action:

How much carbon
we put into the atmosphere.

Our hands are on those levers.

And we can write the story
of the planet's climate future ourselves.

Not just can -- but are.

Since inaction is a kind of action,

we'll be writing that story ourselves
whether we like it or not.

This is not just any story,

all of us holding the future
of the planet in our hands.

It's the kind of story
we used to recognize only in mythology

and theology.

A single generation

that has brought the future
of humanity into doubt

now tasked with securing a new future.

So what would that look like?

It could mean solar arrays
barnacling the planet,

really everywhere you looked.

It could mean if we developed
better technology,

we wouldn't even need
to deploy them that broadly,

because it's been estimated
that just a sliver of the Sahara desert

absorbs enough solar power
to provide all the world's energy needs.

But we'd probably need
a new electric grid,

one that doesn't lose
two-thirds of its power to waste heat,

as is today the case in the US.

We could use some more
nuclear power, perhaps,

although it would have to be an entirely
different kind of nuclear power,

because today's technology
simply isn't cost-competitive

with renewable energy
whose costs are falling so rapidly.

We'd need a new kind of plane,

because I don't think
it's particularly practical

to ask the entire world
to give up on air travel,

especially as so much of the global South

is, for the very first time,
able to afford it.

We need planes that won't produce carbon.

We need a new kind of agriculture.

Because we probably can't ask people
to entirely give up on meat and go vegan,

it would mean a new way of raising beef.

Or perhaps an old way,

since we already know
that traditional pasturing practices

can turn cattle farms

from what are called carbon sources,
which produce CO2,

into carbon sinks, which absorb them.

If you prefer a techno solution,

maybe we can grow
some of that mean in the lab.

Probably, we could also feed
some real cattle seaweed,

because that cuts their methane emissions
by as much as 95 or 99 percent.

Probably, we'd have to do
all of these things,

because as with every aspect
of this puzzle,

the problem is simply
too vast and complicated

to solve in any single silver-bullet way.

And no matter how many
solutions we deploy,

we probably won't be able
to decarbonize in time.

That's the terrifying math that we face.

We won't be able to beat climate change,

only live with it and limit it.

And that means we'd probably need

some amount of what are called
negative emissions,

which take carbon
out of the atmosphere as well.

Billions of new trees,
maybe trillions of new trees.

And whole plantations
of carbon-capture machines.

Perhaps an industry
twice or four times the size

of today's oil and gas business

to undo the damage that was done
by those businesses in past decades.

We would need a new kind
of infrastructure,

poured by a different kind of cement,

because today, if cement were a country,

it would be the world's
third biggest emitter.

And China is pouring as much cement
every three years

as the US poured
in the entire 20th century.

We would need to build seawalls and levees

to protect those people
living on the coast,

many of whom are too poor
to build them today,

which is why it must mean an end
to a narrowly nationalistic geopolitics

that allows us to define the suffering
of those living elsewhere in the world

as insignificant,

when we even acknowledge it.

This better future won't be easy.

But the only obstacles are human ones.

That may not be much of a comfort,

if you know what I know
about human brutality and indifference,

but I promise you,
it is better than the alternative.

Science isn't stopping us
from taking action,

and neither is technology.

We have the tools we need today to begin.

Of course, we also have the tools we need
to end global poverty,

epidemic disease

and the abuse of women as well.

Which is why more than new tools,
we need a new politics,

a way of overcoming
all those human obstacles --

our culture, our economics,

our status quo bias,

our disinterest in taking seriously
anything that really scares us.

Our shortsightedness.

Our sense of self-interest.

And the selfishness
of the world's rich and powerful

who have the least incentive
to change anything.

Now, they will suffer too,

but not as much as those with the least,

who have done the least 
to produce warming

and have benefited the least

from the processes that have brought us
to this crisis point

but will be burdened most
in the decades ahead.

A new politics

would make the matter
of managing that burden,

where it falls and how heavily,

the top priority of our time.

No matter what we do,
climate change will transform modern life.

Some amount of warming
is already baked in and is inevitable,

which means probably some amount
of additional suffering is, too.

And even if we take dramatic action

and avoid some of these
truly terrifying worst-case scenarios,

it would mean living
on an entirely different planet.

With a new politics, a new economics,

a new relationship to technology

and a new relationship to nature --

a whole new world.

But a relatively livable one.

Relatively prosperous.

And green.

Why not choose that one?

Thank you.

(Applause)