[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.76,0:00:17.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Does the brain have a sex?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.13,0:00:22.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is obviously a fundamental\Nquestion that everyone asks.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.52,0:00:24.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, according to initial popular belief:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.78,0:00:27.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Women have a brain smaller than men,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.76,0:00:30.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,therefore, they would be \Nless intelligent than men.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.79,0:00:33.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This idea stemmed from the 19th century,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.52,0:00:36.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,during the heyday of craniometry
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.52,0:00:41.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when doctors were interested to find \Nlinks between the size of the skull,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.53,0:00:43.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the weight of the brain and intelligence.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.72,0:00:46.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's important to note \Nthat for most of them
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.16,0:00:50.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was absolutely obvious and natural\Nthat men had a bigger brain than women,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.75,0:00:52.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whites bigger than blacks
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.75,0:00:54.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and managers bigger than workers.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.26,0:00:57.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A big supporter of these theories,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.22,0:00:59.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the French doctor Paul Broca
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.76,0:01:02.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who measured a difference of 150 grams
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.50,0:01:05.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between average weights\Nof men's and women's brains,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.48,0:01:08.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,men's weight was 1.350 kg
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.53,0:01:10.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and women's 1.200 kg.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.23,0:01:14.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1861, Broca stated:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.47,0:01:18.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"We wondered if the smallness\Nof a woman's brain did not solely depend
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.75,0:01:21.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the smallness of her body, \Nnevertheless, one should not forget
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.97,0:01:25.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that women on average \Nare a little less intelligent than men."
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.77,0:01:28.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, anyway,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.76,0:01:32.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this question of link between \Nthe size of the brain and intelligence
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.49,0:01:33.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is not asked anymore,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.78,0:01:37.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the reality is, there is \Nno relation between the two,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.05,0:01:40.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we know it thanks\Nto a certain number of male celebrities,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.20,0:01:42.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not women, who have given \Ntheir brains to science.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.78,0:01:45.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A prominent person\Nlike Anatole France, for example,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.76,0:01:48.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had a brain that weighed one kilogram,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.23,0:01:50.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Tourgueniev had a brain that weighed 2 kg,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.75,0:01:54.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and as for Einstein,\Nhe had a small brain weighing 1.250 kg.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.10,0:01:57.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Meaning, of the same size as women's.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.18,0:02:01.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another popular belief: women are skilled\Nat doing more than one thing at a time
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.26,0:02:04.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the communications\Nbetween their brain's hemispheres
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.43,0:02:06.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are more developed as oppose to men's.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.29,0:02:10.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We know very well, they're multi-tasking.\NThis idea comes from a study
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.53,0:02:13.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,published in 1982,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.07,0:02:15.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on 20 brains conserved in formalin
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.55,0:02:18.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that showed that the corpus callosum,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.26,0:02:20.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's the part surrounded by red,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.23,0:02:23.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the bundle of fibers that connects \Nboth cerebral hemispheres,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.95,0:02:27.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that corpus callosum was thicker\Nfor women than it was for men,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.01,0:02:29.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where perhaps better communication stems.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.19,0:02:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, since 1982, many things have gone by,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.00,0:02:35.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,new technology developed,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.77,0:02:40.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in particular the new techniques\Nof cerebral imagery such as MRI
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.29,0:02:43.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which made it possible\Nfrom then on to live the dream,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.23,0:02:47.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,meaning to study a live brain\Nno more studying a brain in formalin.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.53,0:02:49.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if we gather the collection of studies
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.77,0:02:53.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,made on this corpus callosum \Nsince MRI was invented,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.24,0:02:56.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we realize that there is no difference\Nbetween men and women
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.10,0:02:58.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the thickness of the corpus callosum.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.02,0:02:59.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another popular belief:
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.52,0:03:02.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Women are more capable \Nat learning languages
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.25,0:03:05.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they use both \Nof their hemispheres to speak."
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.06,0:03:06.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's see where this also comes from:
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.88,0:03:10.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this comes from a study\Nthat was published in 1994,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.75,0:03:14.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a study using MRI during a language test,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.53,0:03:17.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it showed that men, taking this test,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.51,0:03:20.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,activated one hemisphere \Nwhereas women used both.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.71,0:03:24.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, this study that was conducted \Non 19 men and women,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.52,0:03:28.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,intrigued numerous researchers who\Nlooked into reproducing these results.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.24,0:03:32.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if we were to gather now\Nthe collection of studies
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.52,0:03:37.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that were published between 1995\Nand 2009, including this one,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.78,0:03:40.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in total, 700 men and women were tested,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.71,0:03:42.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we find that statically speaking,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.77,0:03:45.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there is no difference \Nbetween men and women
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.50,0:03:48.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the distribution of language areas.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.76,0:03:52.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in fact, once a great number\Nof subjects were analyzed,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.51,0:03:56.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the difference between the sexes, \Nfinally, disappeared.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.26,0:03:58.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We will see why.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.24,0:04:01.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Take this example, a study using MRI,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.26,0:04:04.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where we asked the subjects\Nto do a mental calculation
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.44,0:04:07.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they were all successful at doing.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.02,0:04:10.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We could then see\Nthat in the women's group,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.07,0:04:12.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there was actually a great variability
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.82,0:04:15.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the distribution of areas in the brain
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.52,0:04:17.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that were activated \Nduring this calculation.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.71,0:04:21.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This variability was equally \Nfound in the men's group.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.03,0:04:26.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Finally, to come to an even score\Nfor mental calculation,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.08,0:04:30.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,each individual has their own way \Nof activating their brain,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.28,0:04:34.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,corresponding to many different strategies
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.11,0:04:36.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to do mental calculations.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.76,0:04:40.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, consequently, \Nthe variability that we can observe
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.53,0:04:43.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between the individuals of the same sex,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.26,0:04:46.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,equals or exceeds\Nthe variability between the sexes.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.28,0:04:49.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another popular belief:
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.65,0:04:52.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the differences of mental \Naptitudes between the sexes
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.56,0:04:54.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,originates from a biological origin.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.96,0:04:57.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are indeed a certain number of tests
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.42,0:05:00.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where women are known to perform better.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.03,0:05:03.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example tests\Nof visual perception of details,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.77,0:05:05.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as this test here
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.28,0:05:08.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where one must notice two identical houses
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.04,0:05:11.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the women are also better \Nat tests of verbal fluency,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.74,0:05:14.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where a maximum number \Nof words must be said
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.26,0:05:15.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,beginning with the same letter.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.78,0:05:18.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In short, all this is still \Nnot very complicated.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.26,0:05:22.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When it comes to men, they are better,\Nor known to be better anyways,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.81,0:05:27.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at tests involving mental \Nrotation of objects in 3D.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.84,0:05:30.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are equally better \Nat reaching a target.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.98,0:05:35.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, based on the significance\Nof these differences in performance,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.50,0:05:39.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can ask the question:\NAre they inherent or are they acquired?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.50,0:05:42.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, it must be noted \Nthat the differences in question
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.53,0:05:46.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are detectable only in adolescence,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.22,0:05:49.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that they disappear with learning.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.25,0:05:52.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Therefore, we can assume\Nthat education and culture
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.51,0:05:55.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,play an important role \Nin the emergence of these differences.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.74,0:06:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is also another important factor,\Nwhich is the context
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.00,0:06:03.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where these prominent tests are carried.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.50,0:06:08.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's take then this prominent test\Nof mental rotation in 3D,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.23,0:06:11.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where one must say \Nif the objects presented
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.89,0:06:15.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are the same or if they are different.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.02,0:06:17.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If the test is given in a classroom
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.76,0:06:21.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the teacher says \Nthis is a geometry test,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.80,0:06:25.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at that moment,\Nboys will be better than girls.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.32,0:06:30.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if the teacher initially makes\Nan announcement that this is an art test,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.14,0:06:33.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at that moment, boys and girls\Nwill have the same scores.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.47,0:06:35.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, these results are interesting
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.50,0:06:40.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which show how much self-esteem\Nand gender stereotypes
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.58,0:06:43.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,affect the results of the tests.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.42,0:06:48.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another example also is the difference\Nin mathematical performances
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.63,0:06:52.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between boys and girls, \Nin the United States.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.40,0:06:56.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A large-scale statistical survey\Nconducted on 10 million students
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.54,0:06:59.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in 1990, showed, on average,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.52,0:07:03.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,boys were a little better\Nthan girls at math tests,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.24,0:07:05.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and some have interpreted \Nthese results saying
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.91,0:07:09.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it was because girls did not have \Na brain made for math.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.46,0:07:12.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the same survey \Nthat was commissioned in 2008,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.94,0:07:16.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,shows equivalent scores\Nfor boys and girls.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.01,0:07:21.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, for 20 years we had a disappearance\Nof performance differences in math
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.77,0:07:23.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between boys and girls,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.28,0:07:25.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which clearly shows \Nthat it's the education
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.99,0:07:30.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and not the biology that explains \Nthese differences in scores.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.09,0:07:31.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, we will ask the question:
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.89,0:07:34.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"How does education affect the brain?"
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.52,0:07:40.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our human brains are made up \Nof 100 billion neurons
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.05,0:07:42.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are connected to each other
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.01,0:07:47.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thanks to connections\Namounting to many billions.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.04,0:07:51.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now 90% of these connections \Ndevelop after birth.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.54,0:07:56.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's precisely on how these \Nconnections will come to be,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.28,0:07:58.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that these networks \Nof neurons will develop,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.78,0:08:02.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and where education and culture \Nwill play an important part.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.97,0:08:06.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First example: \Nbrains of professional pianists,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.27,0:08:09.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,also applicable for violinists,\NI assure you,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.39,0:08:11.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can observe the MRI, for these people,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.77,0:08:14.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a thickness of the cerebral regions
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.52,0:08:19.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which control the coordination\Nof fingers as well as the hearing.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.02,0:08:21.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, this phenomenon of thickness
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.21,0:08:25.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is due to the connections produced\Nbetween the extra neurons
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.77,0:08:27.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in addition it is proportional
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.80,0:08:32.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the time spent learning\Nthe piano since childhood.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.08,0:08:35.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we use the term cerebral plasticity
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.28,0:08:38.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to describe the brain's ability
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.17,0:08:41.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at shaping up eventually \Nto reflect experience.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.83,0:08:44.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another example of cerebral\Nplasticity in adulthood.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.86,0:08:48.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We take a group\Nof twenty -year-old students
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.16,0:08:50.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we ask them to learn \Nto juggle three balls.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.96,0:08:52.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in just three months,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.44,0:08:55.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we find this phenomenon\Nof the cortex thickening
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.26,0:08:59.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the regions that control\Nthe motor coordination and vision.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.21,0:09:02.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, what's really interesting\Nin this experiment is
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.27,0:09:04.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that if the students\Nstop practice juggling,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.78,0:09:08.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,eventually the regions\Nthat thickened before will shrink.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.96,0:09:11.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, we strongly went ahead\Nwith this experiment
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.83,0:09:15.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with people who are \Na little bit older, in their sixties,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.05,0:09:18.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we find the same phenomenon\Nof thickness as the young ones.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.59,0:09:20.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is still rather reassuring,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.03,0:09:24.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it shows that cerebral plasticity \Npersists with age.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.48,0:09:28.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here we have an example\Nextremely extraordinary
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.26,0:09:30.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of cerebral plasticity.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.05,0:09:34.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A man who is 44 years old, \Nmarried with two kids,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.40,0:09:37.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,living a professional life\Ncompletely normal,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.26,0:09:40.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who suffered from slight \Nweakness in his leg.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.49,0:09:43.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We decided to do an MRI test\Nand surprise surprise,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.77,0:09:48.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we discovered that his skull\Nwas essentially full of liquid
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.50,0:09:51.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and his brain was reduced to a thin layer
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.72,0:09:54.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,flattened along \Nthe inner lining of the skull.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.33,0:09:56.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We then asked questions.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.23,0:10:00.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, it turns out, this person \Nsuffered from hydrocephalus from birth,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.24,0:10:02.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we placed a drain \Nat the base of the skull
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.100,0:10:07.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to discharge the excess liquid,\Nbut the drain was clogged
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.72,0:10:11.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and finally the pressure\Nof the liquid repressed the brain
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.23,0:10:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,along the inner lining of the skull.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.00,0:10:17.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And all this happened without causing \Nany trouble in this patient's life
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.23,0:10:19.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who never suspected anything.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.93,0:10:23.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, now that you know\Neverything on cerebral plasticity,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.75,0:10:26.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in terms of the brain's structure\Nand function
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.90,0:10:29.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is modified in relation\Nto history for each person,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.96,0:10:33.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can now then understand\Nwhy we all have very different brains,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.75,0:10:35.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,regardless of sex.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.22,0:10:37.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, what we do have in common
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.70,0:10:41.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is this cerebral cortex \Ngifted with plasticity
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.04,0:10:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which has greatly developed \Nin the course of evolution
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.00,0:10:48.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and which had to crease in order \Nto fit inside the cranium.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.98,0:10:52.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have here in front of you, \Nto the left, a real brain
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.29,0:10:56.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to the right, a model brain\Nwith the technological means,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.07,0:10:59.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can have fun by unfolding it virtually.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.65,0:11:01.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I will give you this experience.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.88,0:11:06.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here I am unveiling the brain,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.52,0:11:08.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well, the skull, actually.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.71,0:11:11.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am opening the cranium
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.24,0:11:13.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I am unfolding the cerebral cortex
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.31,0:11:17.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which measures 2 m² on 3 mm of thickness,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.23,0:11:21.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's because of this cerebral cortex\Nthat all of us, men and women,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.28,0:11:23.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are able to reason, to think,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.52,0:11:27.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to dream and to imagine\Nthe future of humanity.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.21,0:11:28.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.46,0:11:31.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)