[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.89,0:00:04.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I'm starting us out today\Nwith a historical mystery.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.04,0:00:08.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1957, there were two young women,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.03,0:00:09.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,both in their 20s,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.41,0:00:10.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,both living in the same city,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.92,0:00:13.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,both members of the same political group.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.75,0:00:18.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That year, both decided\Nto commit violent attacks.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.28,0:00:23.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One girl took a gun and approached\Na soldier at a checkpoint.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.30,0:00:29.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The other girl took a bomb\Nand went to a crowded café.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.29,0:00:31.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But here's the thing:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.43,0:00:36.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of the those girls\Nfollowed through with the attack,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.03,0:00:40.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the other turned back.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.30,0:00:42.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what made the difference?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.16,0:00:47.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm a behavioral historian,\Nand I study aggression,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.44,0:00:49.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,moral cognition
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.38,0:00:52.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and decision-making in social movements.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.62,0:00:54.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's a mouthful. (Laughs)
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.64,0:00:57.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, the translation of that is:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.31,0:01:02.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I study the moment an individual\Ndecides to pull the trigger,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.11,0:01:06.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the day-to-day decisions\Nthat led up to that moment
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.77,0:01:12.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the stories that they tell themselves\Nabout why that behavior is justified.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.47,0:01:14.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, this topic --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.75,0:01:17.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's not just scholarly for me.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.44,0:01:19.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's actually a bit personal.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.25,0:01:22.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I grew up in Kootenai County, Idaho,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.64,0:01:24.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this is very important.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.15,0:01:29.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is not the part of Idaho\Nwith potatoes.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.69,0:01:32.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have no potatoes.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.14,0:01:34.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you ask me about potatoes,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.13,0:01:35.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I will find you.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.51,0:01:36.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.75,0:01:40.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This part of Idaho is known\Nfor mountain lakes,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.22,0:01:42.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,horseback riding,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.07,0:01:43.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,skiing.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.68,0:01:46.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unfortunately, starting in the 1980s,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.96,0:01:50.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it also became known\Nas the worldwide headquarters
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.99,0:01:52.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the Aryan Nations.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.35,0:01:56.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every year, members of the local\Nneo-Nazi compound
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.94,0:01:59.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would turn out and march through our town,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.95,0:02:01.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and every year,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.18,0:02:04.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,members of our town\Nwould turn out and protest them.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.55,0:02:08.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, in 2001, I graduated\Nfrom high school,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.42,0:02:12.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I went to college in New York City.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.60,0:02:16.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I arrived in August 2001.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.48,0:02:19.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As many of you probably are aware,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.79,0:02:21.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,three weeks later,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.70,0:02:23.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Twin Towers went down.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.24,0:02:27.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I was shocked.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.50,0:02:30.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was incredibly angry.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.61,0:02:34.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I wanted to do something,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.25,0:02:38.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the only thing that I could think\Nof doing at that time
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.42,0:02:40.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was to study Arabic.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.96,0:02:43.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I will admit,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.14,0:02:49.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was that girl in class\Nthat wanted to know why "they" hate "us."
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.25,0:02:52.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I started studying Arabic\Nfor very wrong reasons.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.26,0:02:55.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But something unexpected happened.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.22,0:02:58.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I got a scholarship to go study in Israel.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.72,0:03:01.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the Idaho girl went to the Middle East.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.56,0:03:06.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And while I was there,\NI met Palestinian Muslims,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.07,0:03:08.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Palestinian Christians,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.12,0:03:09.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Israeli settlers,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.31,0:03:10.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Israeli peace activists.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.50,0:03:16.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what I learned\Nis that every act has an ecology.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.70,0:03:18.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It has a context.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.07,0:03:23.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, since then, I have gone\Naround the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.65,0:03:27.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have studied violent movements,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.59,0:03:32.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have worked with NGOs\Nand ex-combatants in Iraq,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.58,0:03:33.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Syria,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.80,0:03:35.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Vietnam,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.24,0:03:36.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Balkans,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.45,0:03:37.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cuba.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.42,0:03:40.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I earned my PhD in History,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.84,0:03:43.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and now what I do is\NI go to different archives
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.38,0:03:45.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I dig through documents,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.62,0:03:49.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,looking for police confessions,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.28,0:03:51.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,court cases,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.87,0:03:57.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,diaries and manifestos of individuals\Ninvolved in violent attacks.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.11,0:04:00.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, you gather all these documents --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.32,0:04:01.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what do they tell you?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.75,0:04:04.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our brains love causal mysteries,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.94,0:04:06.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it turns out.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.16,0:04:09.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So any time we see an attack on the news,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.13,0:04:11.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we tend to ask one question:
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.59,0:04:12.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.91,0:04:14.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why did that happen?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.43,0:04:17.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, I can tell you I've read\Nthousands of manifestos,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.35,0:04:21.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what you find out is\Nthat they are actually imitative.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.94,0:04:25.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They imitate the political movement\Nthat they're drawing from.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.53,0:04:29.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they actually don't tell us\Na lot about decision-making
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.57,0:04:31.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in that particular case.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.92,0:04:36.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we have to teach ourselves\Nto ask a totally different question.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.57,0:04:40.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead of "Why?" we have to ask "How?"
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.17,0:04:43.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How did individuals produce these attacks,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.10,0:04:48.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and how did their decision-making ecology\Ncontribute to violent behavior?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.78,0:04:53.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's a couple things I've learned\Nfrom asking this kind of question.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.82,0:04:55.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The most important thing is that
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.92,0:04:58.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,political violence is not\Nculturally endemic.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.98,0:05:00.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We create it.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.38,0:05:02.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And whether we realize it or not,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.70,0:05:08.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our day-to-day habits contribute\Nto the creation of violence
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.18,0:05:09.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in our environment.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.76,0:05:14.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So here's a couple of habits\Nthat I've learned contribute to violence.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.32,0:05:19.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the first things that attackers did
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.59,0:05:23.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when preparing themselves\Nfor a violent event
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.42,0:05:27.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was they enclosed themselves\Nin an information bubble.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.14,0:05:29.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've heard of fake news, yeah?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.72,0:05:32.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, this shocked me:
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.12,0:05:35.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,every group that I studied\Nhad some kind of a fake news slogan.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.64,0:05:39.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,French communists\Ncalled it the "putrid press."
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.05,0:05:43.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,French ultranationalists called it\Nthe "sellout press"
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.17,0:05:45.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the "treasonous press."
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.39,0:05:48.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Islamists in Egypt called it\Nthe "depraved news."
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.92,0:05:51.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Egyptian communists called it ...
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.01,0:05:53.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"fake news."
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.29,0:05:57.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So why do groups spend all this time\Ntrying to make these information bubbles?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.82,0:06:00.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The answer is actually really simple.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.72,0:06:05.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We make decisions based on\Nthe information we trust, yeah?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.24,0:06:09.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if we trust bad information,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.11,0:06:12.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're going to make bad decisions.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.11,0:06:15.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another interesting habit\Nthat individuals used
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.12,0:06:18.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when they wanted\Nto produce a violent attack
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.09,0:06:21.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was that they looked at their victim\Nnot as an individual
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.64,0:06:24.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but just as a member of an opposing team.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.01,0:06:26.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now this gets really weird.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.55,0:06:31.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's some fun brain science behind\Nwhy that kind of thinking is effective.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.91,0:06:35.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Say I divide all of you guys\Ninto two teams:
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.46,0:06:36.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,blue team,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.64,0:06:37.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,red team.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.97,0:06:41.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then I ask you to compete\Nin a game against each other.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.46,0:06:45.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, the funny thing is,\Nwithin milliseconds,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.44,0:06:50.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you will actually start experiencing\Npleasure -- pleasure --
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.32,0:06:55.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when something bad happens\Nto members of the other team.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.81,0:06:59.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The funny thing about that is\Nif I ask one of you blue team members
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.92,0:07:01.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to go and join the red team,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.80,0:07:04.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,your brain recalibrates,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.82,0:07:06.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and within milliseconds,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.22,0:07:08.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you will now start experiencing pleasure
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.84,0:07:12.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when bad things happen\Nto members of your old team.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.06,0:07:20.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a really good example\Nof why us-them thinking is so dangerous
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.69,0:07:22.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in our political environment.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.49,0:07:26.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another habit that attackers used\Nto kind of rev themselves up for an attack
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.85,0:07:29.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was they focused on differences.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.24,0:07:32.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In other words, they looked\Nat their victims, and they thought,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.08,0:07:35.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I share nothing in common\Nwith that person.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.24,0:07:37.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are totally different than me."
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.83,0:07:41.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Again, this might sound\Nlike a really simple concept,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.02,0:07:46.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but there's some fascinating science\Nbehind why this works.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.21,0:07:52.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Say I show you guys videos\Nof different-colored hands
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.46,0:07:56.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and sharp pins being driven\Ninto these different-colored hands,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.26,0:07:57.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.36,0:08:00.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you're white,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.24,0:08:05.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the chances are you will experience\Nthe most sympathetic activation,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.98,0:08:07.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the most pain,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.56,0:08:10.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when you see a pin\Ngoing into the white hand.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.05,0:08:15.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you are Latin American, Arab, Black,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.47,0:08:19.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you will probably experience\Nthe most sympathetic activation
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.06,0:08:23.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,watching a pin going into the hand\Nthat looks most like yours.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.85,0:08:30.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The good news is,\Nthat's not biologically fixed.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.74,0:08:32.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is learned behavior.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.25,0:08:37.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which means the more we spend time\Nwith other ethnic communities
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.75,0:08:44.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the more we see them as similar to us\Nand part of our team,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.65,0:08:46.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the more we feel their pain.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.90,0:08:49.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The last habit\Nthat I'm going to talk about
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.48,0:08:54.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is when attackers prepared themselves\Nto go out and do one of these events,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.56,0:08:57.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they focused on certain emotional cues.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.25,0:09:03.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For months, they geared themselves up\Nby focusing on anger cues, for instance.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.14,0:09:05.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I bring this up because\Nit's really popular right now.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.86,0:09:09.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you read blogs or the news,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.57,0:09:13.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you see talk of two concepts\Nfrom laboratory science:
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.57,0:09:16.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,amygdala hijacking\Nand emotional hijacking.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.80,0:09:19.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, amygdala hijacking:
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.40,0:09:23.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's the concept that I show you\Na cue -- say, a gun --
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.51,0:09:27.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and your brain reacts\Nwith an automatic threat response
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.43,0:09:28.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to that cue.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.62,0:09:31.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Emotional hijacking --\Nit's a very similar concept.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.15,0:09:36.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the idea that I show you\Nan anger cue, for instance,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.20,0:09:41.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and your brain will react\Nwith an automatic anger response
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.32,0:09:42.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to that cue.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.67,0:09:46.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think women usually get\Nthis more than men. (Laughs)
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.67,0:09:47.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.70,0:09:51.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That kind of a hijacking narrative\Ngrabs our attention.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.25,0:09:54.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just the word "hijacking"\Ngrabs our attention.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.53,0:09:55.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The thing is,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.70,0:10:00.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most of the time, that's not really\Nhow cues work in real life.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.97,0:10:02.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you study history,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.14,0:10:07.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what you find is that we are bombarded\Nwith hundreds of thousands of cues
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.43,0:10:08.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,every day.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.86,0:10:10.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so what we do is we learn to filter.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.93,0:10:12.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We ignore some cues,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.80,0:10:14.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we pay attention to other cues.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.00,0:10:18.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For political violence,\Nthis becomes really important,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.66,0:10:24.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because what it meant is that attackers\Nusually didn't just see an anger cue
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.59,0:10:26.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and suddenly snap.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.82,0:10:28.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.31,0:10:34.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,politicians, social activists\Nspent weeks, months, years
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.86,0:10:39.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,flooding the environment\Nwith anger cues, for instance,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.90,0:10:41.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and attackers,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.93,0:10:44.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they paid attention to those cues,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.39,0:10:46.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they trusted those cues,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.94,0:10:48.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they focused on them,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.51,0:10:51.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they even memorized those cues.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.14,0:10:57.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All of this just really goes to show\Nhow important it is to study history.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.64,0:11:01.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's one thing to see how cues operate\Nin a laboratory setting.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:01.63,0:11:05.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And those laboratory experiments\Nare incredibly important.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.27,0:11:09.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They give us a lot of new data\Nabout how our bodies work.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.27,0:11:15.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it's also very important to see\Nhow those cues operate in real life.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.54,0:11:22.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what does all this tell us\Nabout political violence?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.91,0:11:27.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Political violence is not\Nculturally endemic.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.98,0:11:33.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is not an automatic, predetermined\Nresponse to environmental stimuli.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.52,0:11:34.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We produce it.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.36,0:11:37.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our everyday habits produce it.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.94,0:11:42.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's go back, actually, to those two\Nwomen that I mentioned at the start.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.94,0:11:49.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first woman had been paying attention\Nto those outrage campaigns,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.54,0:11:50.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so she took a gun
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.99,0:11:53.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and approached a soldier at a checkpoint.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.30,0:11:58.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in that moment,\Nsomething really interesting happened.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:58.93,0:12:01.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She looked at that soldier,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.82,0:12:03.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and she thought to herself,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.18,0:12:08.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"He's the same age as me.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.44,0:12:10.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He looks like me."
Dialogue: 0,0:12:12.72,0:12:15.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And she put down the gun,\Nand she walked away.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.18,0:12:18.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just from that little bit of similarity.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:20.13,0:12:23.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The second girl had\Na totally different outcome.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.53,0:12:28.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She also listened\Nto the outrage campaigns,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.41,0:12:31.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but she surrounded herself\Nwith individuals
Dialogue: 0,0:12:31.42,0:12:33.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who were supportive of violence,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:33.27,0:12:35.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with peers who supported her violence.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.71,0:12:39.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She enclosed herself\Nin an information bubble.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.75,0:12:44.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She focused on certain\Nemotional cues for months.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:44.42,0:12:50.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She taught herself to bypass certain\Ncultural inhibitions against violence.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.04,0:12:51.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She practiced her plan,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:51.81,0:12:54.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she taught herself new habits,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:54.08,0:12:58.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when the time came,\Nshe took her bomb to the café,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:58.22,0:13:00.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and she followed through with that attack.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:03.59,0:13:06.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was not impulse.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:06.90,0:13:08.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was learning.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:10.46,0:13:14.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Polarization in our society\Nis not impulse,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:14.37,0:13:15.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's learning.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:16.39,0:13:19.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every day we are teaching ourselves:
Dialogue: 0,0:13:19.34,0:13:21.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the news we click on,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:21.33,0:13:23.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the emotions that we focus on,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:23.40,0:13:27.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the thoughts that we entertain\Nabout the red team or the blue team.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:28.28,0:13:30.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All of this contributes to learning,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:30.57,0:13:32.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether we realize it or not.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:32.70,0:13:34.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The good news
Dialogue: 0,0:13:35.57,0:13:41.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that while the individuals I study\Nalready made their decisions,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:41.46,0:13:43.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can still change our trajectory.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:45.16,0:13:48.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We might never make\Nthe decisions that they made,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:48.85,0:13:52.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we can stop contributing\Nto violent ecologies.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:53.55,0:13:58.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can get out of whatever\Nnews bubble we're in,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:58.06,0:14:02.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can be more mindful\Nabout the emotional cues
Dialogue: 0,0:14:02.13,0:14:03.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we focus on,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:03.38,0:14:05.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the outrage bait that we click on.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:06.42,0:14:07.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But most importantly,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:07.63,0:14:12.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can stop seeing each other\Nas just members of the red team
Dialogue: 0,0:14:12.15,0:14:13.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the blue team.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:13.96,0:14:19.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because whether we are Christian,\NMuslim, Jewish, atheist,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:19.88,0:14:22.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Democrat or Republican,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:22.39,0:14:23.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're human.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:23.57,0:14:24.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're human beings.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:25.99,0:14:29.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we often share really similar habits.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:30.22,0:14:32.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have differences.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:32.08,0:14:34.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those differences are beautiful,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:34.32,0:14:36.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and those differences are very important.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:36.78,0:14:43.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But our future depends on us\Nbeing able to find common ground
Dialogue: 0,0:14:43.28,0:14:44.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the other side.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:45.78,0:14:49.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's why it is so, so important
Dialogue: 0,0:14:49.14,0:14:51.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for us to retrain our brains
Dialogue: 0,0:14:51.75,0:14:55.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and stop contributing\Nto violent ecologies.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:56.27,0:14:57.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:57.47,0:14:59.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)