[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.00,0:00:02.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♪ (music) ♪
Dialogue: 0,0:00:02.62,0:00:05.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Live from the University of Texas\Nat Austin
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.66,0:00:07.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Liberal Arts Development\NStudio,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.66,0:00:09.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the College of Liberal\NArts, present:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.70,0:00:13.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Introduction to Human Dimensions of\NOrganizations.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.37,0:00:17.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now, here is your professor, \NDoctor Art Markman.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.11,0:00:23.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hey, everybody, it is Monday, it's our\Nfirst Monday together,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.32,0:00:26.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we have folks in the studio again, \Nsay "hello," everybody.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.58,0:00:28.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Students off camera: Hello!
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.12,0:00:30.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Alright, hope you could hear that\Nat home.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.81,0:00:33.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yeah, so I'm excited to be here,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.37,0:00:39.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and hope that the Longhorn loss on \NSaturday didn't drag the weekend
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.04,0:00:41.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,down for too many people.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.31,0:00:46.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, what we're going to do today is we're\Ngonna shift disciplines a little bit.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.25,0:00:49.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, if you think about where we were last\Nclass,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.05,0:00:52.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we were talking about sociology\Nand anthropology,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.35,0:00:57.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we were talking about the kinds of \Nrelationships that people engage in,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.53,0:01:01.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we talked a little bit about the content\Nthere, the four types of relationships,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.60,0:01:05.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we talked about methodology, \Nhow in the world would you study this,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.89,0:01:07.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then we talked about practice,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.53,0:01:10.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is, what is the influence of these\Nkinds of relationships
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.46,0:01:12.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the way that people negotiate\Nwith each other.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.100,0:01:16.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we went through that in the field of\Na social science,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.70,0:01:18.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and now we're gonna shift and
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.09,0:01:19.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're going to move\Nto one of the humanities.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.69,0:01:22.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In particular, we're going to talk about\Nhistory.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.02,0:01:25.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, in fact, history is going to make up\Nseveral of the next lectures.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.46,0:01:28.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So today, we're going to talk about some\Nancient history,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.15,0:01:30.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,going back to ancient Greece.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.40,0:01:33.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then next class, we're going to shift to\Nsomething more modern,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.26,0:01:37.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,go to the 1970's, where we're going to \Ntalk a little bit about Nixon,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.77,0:01:41.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and his ability to open up a relationship\Nwith China,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.06,0:01:45.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then, the following week, actually\Non the following Wednesday,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.06,0:01:49.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're going to have a special guest in \Nclass. An actual, live historian,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.48,0:01:51.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who's going to talk a little bit about\Nwhat it means
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.69,0:01:54.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to do research in history.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.37,0:01:58.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, the focus today and on \NWednesday is going to be
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.07,0:02:03.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the content and practice associated\Nwith these episodes from history.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.54,0:02:07.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then, we'll have one special class\Nwhere we'll talk about methodology
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.93,0:02:08.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in history.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.80,0:02:11.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that's kind of where things are going\Nto be going.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.96,0:02:15.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're going to focus today a little bit\Non the concept of power,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.85,0:02:18.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and how that relates to negotiation.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.21,0:02:20.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we're going to start by thinking\Nabout the concept of power
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.75,0:02:25.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by actually looking at a negotiation back \Nfrom Ancient Greece.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.41,0:02:29.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we're going to talk about what happens\Nwhen you can dictate the terms,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.84,0:02:34.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because you are negotiating from a \Nposition of extreme strength and power.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.90,0:02:37.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We'll focus on the Melian Dialogue,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.25,0:02:41.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which was written as part of the history \Nof the Peloponnesian War
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.25,0:02:44.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by, it was written by Thucydides.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.35,0:02:46.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then we'll actually ask the question: \N
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.41,0:02:49.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, should the powerful folks always\Nwin?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.33,0:02:51.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Should they always get what they want?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.36,0:02:53.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what does that mean?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.04,0:02:56.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that'll actually touch on some of the\Nethical issues associated
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.13,0:02:58.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with using your power.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.14,0:03:00.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And along the way, I'm going to have to \Nshow you a map.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.67,0:03:03.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, there's a cool map utility \Nwe've got here,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.05,0:03:05.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so you're going to get to see me \Nfumble with technology
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.79,0:03:08.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in yet a new way this class.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.54,0:03:11.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, to get started, I want you all to\Nthink for a moment -- in fact,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.59,0:03:14.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm going to give you ten or fifteen\Nseconds to write this down
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.35,0:03:15.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for yourself --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.33,0:03:18.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want you to ask yourself:\NWhat is power?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.55,0:03:22.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So take a moment, and just write\Nthis down.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.36,0:03:26.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you hear about the concept of power,\Nwhat exactly does that mean?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.80,0:03:31.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(pause)
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.76,0:03:33.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This, by the way, is not your quiz,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.62,0:03:37.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that'll come later, this is just\Nsomething to write down.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.70,0:03:41.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And after you've thought a little bit\Nabout the concept of power,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.21,0:03:44.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want you to also think a little bit\Nabout negotation.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.17,0:03:47.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So remember, we talked about this idea of\Nnegotiation being:
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.13,0:03:51.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we've got conflicting goals, we've got two\Nparties or sometimes more parties,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.96,0:03:55.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but let's just think about two\Ndifferent parties working together,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.65,0:03:58.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they have conflicting goals, \Nthey are negotiating in order
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.59,0:04:04.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to try to figure out who's going to get\Nwhat they want in the course
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.15,0:04:06.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of achieving those goals.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.46,0:04:10.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So now I want you to think for a second, \Nhaving written down your
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.57,0:04:12.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,definition of power,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.41,0:04:16.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want you to write down: what does power\Nallow you to do when you're negotiating?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.65,0:04:22.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(pause)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.33,0:04:24.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Take a couple of seconds to do that.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.29,0:04:38.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(pause)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.62,0:04:42.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can even chat with each other about \Nthis on the chat facility, if you want.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.49,0:04:46.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the reason I want you to do this \Nis because whenever we're teaching
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.67,0:04:50.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,anything, one of the things that we're \Ntrying to do is to have you
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.98,0:04:54.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,actually make your own bets on things,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.15,0:04:58.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is, to really think about:\N"Well, what do I know already?"
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.10,0:05:01.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The issue isn't to be right or to wrong.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.83,0:05:05.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's that we want to influence the way\Nthat you're thinking about things
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.08,0:05:08.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so the best way to do that is, for us\Nto pull that up from your memory
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.46,0:05:12.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that it's a concept that active\Nand ready for you to play with.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.53,0:05:15.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then we can manipulate that\Nconcept a little bit.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.82,0:05:17.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So when I ask these kinds of questions,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.41,0:05:21.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's really just to get you thinking\Nabout these kinds of concepts.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.45,0:05:24.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, if we think about the notion\Nof what is power,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.53,0:05:30.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let's actually dive into this by asking: \N"Well, what can you do with power?"
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.54,0:05:35.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, power could be physical strength,\Nbut it need not be physical strength,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.46,0:05:41.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,power can also be, can also involve, \Nhaving control over resources,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.71,0:05:47.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because a lot of what power is all about\Nis the ability to control an outcome.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.66,0:05:51.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, if you think about life, anytime\Nyou engage in an action,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.28,0:05:58.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there is the influence of the \Ncircumstance of what's going on,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.10,0:06:01.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then there's the influence over what\Nyou bring to the table:
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.35,0:06:06.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,your physical attributes, your mental \Nattributes, your resources.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.62,0:06:09.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, think about it like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.04,0:06:13.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To the degree that you can control \Nwhat's going to happen next,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.41,0:06:17.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rather than the circumstances controlling\Nwhat's going to happen next,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.26,0:06:19.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have a degree of power.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.44,0:06:24.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, to the extent that the circumstance\Nis controlling what's going on,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.44,0:06:27.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then the circumstance has the power,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.12,0:06:28.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you really don't.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.86,0:06:33.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, the circumstance could be \Nthe physical situation, right,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.77,0:06:40.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you're caught in a tidal wave, \Nthen it's a physical circumstance
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.22,0:06:42.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that has overpowered you.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.36,0:06:44.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, you might also be\Nin a social environment,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.90,0:06:49.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which someone else has physical\Nstrength, or resources, or something else.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.16,0:06:51.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that gives them the power.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.22,0:06:54.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, to the extent that the situation is \Ngoverning what's going on,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.88,0:06:57.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you are relatively powerless.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.04,0:06:59.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, to the extent that you can actually\Ninfluence what's going to happen,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.93,0:07:01.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have some degree of power.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.88,0:07:07.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, the factors that create that power\Ndepend on the nature of the circumstance.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.15,0:07:12.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you're playing defensive line for the\NLonghorns,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.08,0:07:16.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then it is physical strength that guides\Npower,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.64,0:07:19.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a little bit of mental understanding\Nof what's going on in the game.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.58,0:07:24.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you are negotiating with someone \Nover a business deal,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.01,0:07:26.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then your physical strength may not \Nmatter so much,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.49,0:07:29.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but your economic strength \Nmight matter.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.43,0:07:33.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, of course, as you read in the\NMelian Dialogue,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.12,0:07:37.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we had Athens who was a military\Npower,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.08,0:07:39.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so they had a tremendous amount of\Nmilitary strength that they were
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.100,0:07:44.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bringing to bear, that enabled them to\Ninfluence outcomes.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.00,0:07:48.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, when you have a degree of power,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.17,0:07:51.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of the things that that enables you to\Ndo in a negotiation
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.49,0:07:54.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to begin to control that outcome.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.85,0:08:01.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, in some negotiations, \None side has most or all of the power,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.41,0:08:04.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which case, they have an opportunity\Nto really dictate
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.54,0:08:06.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,everything that's going to go on.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.61,0:08:11.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In many negotiations, of course, each \Nparty has some source of power,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.38,0:08:14.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they will bring to bear on \Nthe negotiation.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.77,0:08:18.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, for example, if you think about\Nlabor negotiations for a second.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.61,0:08:23.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have the employer, \Nwho has a certain amount of power,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.10,0:08:26.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they get to decide how much\Nthey'd like to pay people,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.24,0:08:30.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what resources they're going to bring\Nto that employment situation.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.30,0:08:34.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if you have a labor negotiation,\Nlet's say with a union,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.31,0:08:36.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or some kind of collective bargaining,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.74,0:08:40.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then the employees also have some \Npotential power,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.84,0:08:45.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they might choose not to come\Nto work, or to slow things down at work.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.24,0:08:48.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, each side is exerting it's power \N
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.92,0:08:51.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in order to try to come to\Nsome accommodation,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.87,0:08:57.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because presumably the employer wants\Nto pay as little as possible,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.56,0:09:00.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in order to get the work they want\Nout of people.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.63,0:09:03.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,While the employees would like\Nto make as much as they can.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.83,0:09:06.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, of course, that's a bit of an \Nover-simplification of
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.46,0:09:08.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the way that labor negotiations work,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.55,0:09:10.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but you have a conflict of interest,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.44,0:09:13.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and different sides have different\Namounts of power.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.02,0:09:17.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, in fact, if you think about trying\Nto development a certain amount of power
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.70,0:09:19.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a negotiation context
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.39,0:09:22.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-- one of the reasons that unions\Ndeveloped in the first place --
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.32,0:09:27.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is because when people negotiated as\Nindividuals against a big company
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.63,0:09:31.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's often very difficult for the \Nindividual to have any power at all,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.10,0:09:33.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because if that person chooses not to\Ncome to work,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.82,0:09:37.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there might be plenty of other\Npeople who are willing to come in.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.66,0:09:41.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it is that collection of individuals\Nthat provides more power
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.64,0:09:44.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the folks on the\Nemployment side,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.59,0:09:49.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that gives them a little bit more\Nopportunity to try to control the outcome.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.93,0:09:52.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So again, this concept of power is that:
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.63,0:09:57.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whatever the circumstance is, it is\Nthe ability to have some amount of
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.17,0:09:59.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,control over the situation,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.44,0:10:03.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rather than having the situation and the\Npeople in it having some degree
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.44,0:10:05.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of control over you.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.04,0:10:07.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that's really where we're \Ngoing with this.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.63,0:10:11.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, by the way, as we get into the\NMelian Dialogue,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.14,0:10:14.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what I want you to be thinking about\Nis -- a lot of times we're going to
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.96,0:10:18.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,use terms, and I'm going to seemingly\Nbelabor the point here,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.27,0:10:22.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where I'm going to, you know, \Ndig into what some of these terms mean --
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.47,0:10:26.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and part of the reason for doing that is\Nbecause a lot of times
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.13,0:10:29.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we throw words around without \Nnecessarily really thinking deeply
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.93,0:10:32.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about what influence they have.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.43,0:10:36.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The more that you understand where\Nthese terms come from,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.29,0:10:37.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what they mean,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.51,0:10:41.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the better able you're going to be \Nto manipulate those when
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.07,0:10:43.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're in a situation in which\Nyou have to influence what's happening.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.62,0:10:46.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Alright lets dive into the Melian Dialogue
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.90,0:10:51.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, the Melian Dialogue involves\Nthe island of Melos,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.69,0:10:56.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the Melian Dialogue happened on the\Nisland of Melos between
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.61,0:10:58.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Athens and the Melians.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.35,0:11:04.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this was an invent that was \Nlaid out by Thucydides.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.69,0:11:07.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Thucydides was an ancient Greek \Nhistorian,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.74,0:11:11.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so he was born about 460 BCE
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.98,0:11:15.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-- and remember the years as we get up \Nto the start of the common era
Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.01,0:11:17.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will count downward until we get to zero,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.78,0:11:20.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then we'll move up to the common era\Ndates that,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.75,0:11:24.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're in 2019 now, as I'm taping this --
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.74,0:11:28.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, he was born about 460, \Nand of course oddly enough
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.92,0:11:31.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people didn't really have good birth\Ncertificates back then,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:31.25,0:11:34.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we just know he was born \Nin that vicinity.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.10,0:11:37.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he died sometime after 404.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.68,0:11:40.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was the son of a wealthy Athenian,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.24,0:11:43.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and, of course, if you go back to ancient \NGreece or ancient Rome,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.57,0:11:47.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a lot of what we know about that era\Ntends to be stuff that comes from
Dialogue: 0,0:11:47.52,0:11:49.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people who had some degree of wealth.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.79,0:11:53.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unfortunately, we don't learn a lot\Nabout the people who are
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.08,0:11:55.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sort of the common folks,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.20,0:11:58.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they didn't necessarily have\Naccess to the ability
Dialogue: 0,0:11:58.43,0:12:00.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to write a history of things.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.35,0:12:05.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A lot of what we learn about the daily \Nlife of the more common folks
Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.04,0:12:08.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,during these eras comes from\Narchaeological digs,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:08.71,0:12:11.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which we're able to look at housing\Nand what people ate,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.79,0:12:13.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and things like that.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.09,0:12:15.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There isn't as much of a written record.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.11,0:12:20.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we tend to get records from wealthy\Nfolks and people who
Dialogue: 0,0:12:20.15,0:12:23.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,played significant roles during \Nthat period of history.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.46,0:12:27.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, what we have is Thucydides\Nwho wrote a history of
Dialogue: 0,0:12:27.22,0:12:28.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Peloponnesian War.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.72,0:12:33.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was a general during the war, so \Nplayed a pretty prominent role,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:33.19,0:12:35.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,got that generalship in part because
Dialogue: 0,0:12:35.28,0:12:38.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he was already part of the wealthy\Nclass in Athens.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:38.77,0:12:43.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And after the war was over, he wrote\Na history of the war that
Dialogue: 0,0:12:43.56,0:12:47.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,provides a tremendous amount about\Nwhat we know now about
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.18,0:12:48.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Peloponnesian War.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:49.59,0:12:53.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, what in the world is the \NPeloponnesian War?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:53.06,0:12:56.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, it is a conflict between two\Nnation-states:
Dialogue: 0,0:12:56.15,0:12:58.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Athens and Sparta.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:58.14,0:13:01.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they differed in a variety of ways,\Nand in particular,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:01.89,0:13:06.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they differed sort of politically and\Nin their overall orientation
Dialogue: 0,0:13:06.74,0:13:09.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,towards thinking about life.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.49,0:13:13.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So Sparta was a monarchy, so they\Nhad a king.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.77,0:13:15.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were fairly conservative,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:15.97,0:13:19.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,meaning that they were\Nresistant to cultural change.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:19.19,0:13:23.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They really wanted to keep things\Nrelatively the same as they had been
Dialogue: 0,0:13:23.22,0:13:24.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for many years.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:24.68,0:13:32.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, they represented one pole of\Nsociety in the area around Greece.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:32.81,0:13:34.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then there was Athens.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:34.64,0:13:36.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Athens was a second nation-state.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:36.77,0:13:42.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was a democracy, so there was \Nactually more power given to the people.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:44.18,0:13:47.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, Athens was a much more innovative\Nsociety.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:47.45,0:13:50.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They really were interested in innovation\Nin a variety of ways:
Dialogue: 0,0:13:50.92,0:13:58.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,innovation politically, innovation in\Nterms of invention and technology,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:58.04,0:14:02.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so it was a much more open\Nand free-flowing society.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:02.70,0:14:09.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, you know, often we see conflicts\Nthat occur between groups that are
Dialogue: 0,0:14:09.01,0:14:12.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,relatively more open, and groups that are\Nrelatively more traditional
Dialogue: 0,0:14:12.26,0:14:15.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because that creates a significant \Nconflict of interest.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:15.73,0:14:19.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, at some point, when a conflict \Nof interest breaks down,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:20.22,0:14:22.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so you try to negotiate,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:22.26,0:14:26.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whenever you have, you know,\Na conflict between nation-states,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:26.34,0:14:30.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of the things that happens is you \Noften start by trying to negotiate,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:30.11,0:14:32.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when negotiations break down,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:32.13,0:14:36.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you need some other mode of \Nresolving a conflict.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:36.22,0:14:40.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, of course, in the second-third and\Nthe middle-third of this class,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:40.33,0:14:45.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're going to talk a lot about \Ndifferent modes of conflict resolution.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:45.12,0:14:48.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But one of them we're probably\Nnot going to spend a ton of time on,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:48.53,0:14:50.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is open warfare.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:50.27,0:14:52.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's something that happens\Nbetween nations
Dialogue: 0,0:14:52.62,0:14:54.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where you can't resolve the conflict,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:54.68,0:14:55.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so what do you end up doing?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:55.90,0:14:59.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You end up going to war and bringing \Nyour military strength to bear on this.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:00.17,0:15:06.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the conflict between Sparta and Athens\Nboils over and turns into a war,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:06.47,0:15:10.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Peloponnesian War began in\N431 BCE,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:10.73,0:15:15.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the first phase of the war\Nlasts for ten years.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:15.58,0:15:18.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I want you to think for a moment \Nabout this.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:18.02,0:15:21.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know, when you think about wars \Nin the modern era,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:21.32,0:15:24.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,many of the wars that we hear about\Nare really not that long, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:25.71,0:15:30.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know, World War One, the US \Nis involved in this for three years.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:30.90,0:15:35.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,World War Two, the United States \Nis involved, you know, for five years.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:35.68,0:15:39.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And these are relatively short, and these\Nfeel like long wars to us,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:39.75,0:15:43.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and yet they really were \Nmuch shorter than something
Dialogue: 0,0:15:43.17,0:15:45.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like the Peloponnesian war,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:45.13,0:15:48.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in part, of course, because you don't\Nhave airplanes
Dialogue: 0,0:15:48.38,0:15:50.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can get around the world in a day.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:50.36,0:15:52.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, when someone's going to go to war,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:52.37,0:15:54.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're going to have to sail to \Nget there.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:54.47,0:15:58.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, so, I'll show you a map in a\Nfew moments of the area,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:58.84,0:16:01.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but in order to get from one place\Nto another,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:01.13,0:16:02.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're hopping on a boat.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:02.40,0:16:04.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So everything takes a fair amount of time,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:04.75,0:16:08.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there's a lot of seige warfare,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:08.26,0:16:11.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where you surround a place for a while,\Ntry to starve people out.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:11.74,0:16:14.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, warfare takes place over a long\Nperiod of time.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:14.68,0:16:17.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Peloponnesian War no exception\Nto that.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:17.15,0:16:20.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, the first phase of the war about ten\Nyears long.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:20.71,0:16:24.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's really Athens is the one who's\Nleading here,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:24.43,0:16:28.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're the ones who are having the \Nprimary success.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:28.51,0:16:32.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then, then there was 'half-time', \Nthere was a seven-year truce
Dialogue: 0,0:16:32.87,0:16:35.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where they tried to work things out\Nvia negotiation,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:36.58,0:16:41.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so, and towards the end of \Nthat seven-year truce is when
Dialogue: 0,0:16:41.66,0:16:44.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're going to pick up the story\Nwith the conquest of Melos,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:44.76,0:16:47.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which happened in 416 BCE.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:48.13,0:16:52.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you'll notice that this is really \Ntowards the end of 'half-time',
Dialogue: 0,0:16:52.35,0:16:58.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then the war becomes\Na kind of hot war again,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:58.25,0:17:04.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an open war, starting in \Nlet's see, it's 414.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:04.60,0:17:07.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it lasts another ten years,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:07.09,0:17:10.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the second phase of the war favors\NSparta.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:10.13,0:17:11.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is going to become\Nimportant,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:11.98,0:17:13.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so what I want you to \Nremember here is:
Dialogue: 0,0:17:13.99,0:17:18.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,first half of the war, Athens is largely \Nthe one who's the victor,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:18.58,0:17:20.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then there's the truce,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:20.13,0:17:23.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then in the second phase we're going\Nto see that Sparta ends up \N
Dialogue: 0,0:17:23.24,0:17:27.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,having a better time of it\Nin the second half of the war.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:27.29,0:17:28.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, hold onto that,\N
Dialogue: 0,0:17:28.60,0:17:30.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because that's going to become important\Nas we understand
Dialogue: 0,0:17:30.85,0:17:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the implications of the Melian Dialogue.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:35.14,0:17:37.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Alright, so before we go to the map here,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:37.35,0:17:40.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I just want to tell you a little bit\Nabout the siege of Melos.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:40.86,0:17:43.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, the Siege of Melos, 416 BCE,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:43.50,0:17:46.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's the tail-end of this\Nhalf-time period,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:46.09,0:17:48.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what was called the Peace \Nof Nicias.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:48.38,0:17:50.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Athens wants Melos.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:50.42,0:17:54.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, so just because Athens and\NSparta aren't directly in conflict
Dialogue: 0,0:17:54.55,0:17:58.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,doesn't mean that they're not \Nstrategically trying to do things.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:58.29,0:18:01.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, you know, as we look\Nat the map --
Dialogue: 0,0:18:01.78,0:18:05.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,actually, why don't we go to the map\Nhere, can we do this? Let's see --
Dialogue: 0,0:18:05.82,0:18:09.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hopefully this'll work. If we go to \Nour map -- there we go!
Dialogue: 0,0:18:09.43,0:18:15.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We got Athens up here, so, this blue area\Nhere is the Mediterranean Sea.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:15.86,0:18:18.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, if you think of your world map\Nfor a second,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:18.42,0:18:22.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Mediterranean, you've got southern \NEurope and northern Africa,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:22.98,0:18:25.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you've got a fairly large body of water,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:25.94,0:18:29.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hopefully you've had a chance to look\Nat that, maybe even visited
Dialogue: 0,0:18:29.22,0:18:30.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some of these places.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:30.47,0:18:36.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we look at the map here, Athens is in\Nthe southern part of Greece,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:36.12,0:18:37.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is just a little bit east of where
Dialogue: 0,0:18:37.85,0:18:41.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-- so Greece, of course, a little bit \Neast of where Italy is today,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:41.60,0:18:43.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where modern Italy is --
Dialogue: 0,0:18:43.08,0:18:45.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Greece was one of the real world\Ncenters at this point.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:45.85,0:18:51.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've got Athens, and then Melos is \Nactually way down here.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:51.11,0:18:55.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, if you've actually been to Athens\Nor been to this area of the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:55.35,0:18:58.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you know there's a lot of islands\Naround there and,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:00.89,0:19:04.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these days, kind of a a great place to\Nspend a vacation, but
Dialogue: 0,0:19:04.32,0:19:09.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,basically and Sparta, which is not\Nreally on the map, is sort of up here,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:09.96,0:19:13.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a little bit east of Athens.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:13.25,0:19:17.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so basically, Athens wants \Nto control the seas.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:17.92,0:19:20.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the way that Athens is going to \Ncontrol the seas,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:22.11,0:19:25.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is by having outposts on the\Nvariety of islands
Dialogue: 0,0:19:25.84,0:19:29.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are associated with this area.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:30.13,0:19:34.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, they want to really conquer\Nthe area, or at least,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:34.06,0:19:35.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have control over it.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:35.22,0:19:36.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, I'm drawing here.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:36.54,0:19:42.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they're going to go down to Melos\Nand really try to see what they can do.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:42.23,0:19:46.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what they did was, they packed up \Na force of about three-thousand soldiers,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:46.34,0:19:50.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a pretty significant number of people,\Nparticularly when you realize
Dialogue: 0,0:19:50.86,0:19:53.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you're going to have to \Nbring them on boats from
Dialogue: 0,0:19:53.34,0:19:55.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Athens all the way down to Melos.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:55.41,0:19:59.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And their aim was to bring \Na show of force.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:59.12,0:20:01.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they were showing their \Nmilitary power.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:01.73,0:20:04.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know, Melos is a small place,\Nyou can see it's kind of a
Dialogue: 0,0:20:04.27,0:20:07.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tiny island, not going to have\Nthree-thousand soldiers.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:07.46,0:20:12.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, Athens is bringing a superior\Nmilitary force,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:12.48,0:20:15.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the aim is to negotiate \Nwith the Melians,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:15.85,0:20:18.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's where we pick up the\NMelian Dialogue.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:18.90,0:20:22.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that's kind of setting the stage\Nfor where we are.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:22.97,0:20:24.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Alright, so what's going to happen?
Dialogue: 0,0:20:24.84,0:20:26.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay, the Melian Dialogue.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:26.89,0:20:31.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Athenians come, and they want\Nto present a case
Dialogue: 0,0:20:31.62,0:20:37.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the entire population of Melos, \Nthat's their strategy.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:37.24,0:20:40.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the idea here is several-fold.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:40.45,0:20:43.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first, of course, is that, as I\Nmentioned, Athens is a democracy.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:43.95,0:20:47.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, beacuse they're a democracy,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:47.46,0:20:50.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they believe that people \Nhave the opportunity
Dialogue: 0,0:20:50.14,0:20:51.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to control their destiny,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:51.64,0:20:54.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they want to actually give a presentation \Nto all the people
Dialogue: 0,0:20:54.75,0:20:56.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the hope that the people will vote.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:57.28,0:20:59.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, of course, there's two reasons\Nfor them to want to do this.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:59.87,0:21:02.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One: Is that it's philosophically \N
Dialogue: 0,0:21:02.47,0:21:04.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,related to what it is that they're\Ntrying to accomplish.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:04.65,0:21:09.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But also, honestly, if you're an\Nindividual, and you see
Dialogue: 0,0:21:09.93,0:21:13.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a whole bunch of boats out to sea\Nthat you know are filled
Dialogue: 0,0:21:13.47,0:21:17.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with soldiers, and you're\Nan individual.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:17.50,0:21:20.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Are you really, as you look at this,\Nthinking to yourself:
Dialogue: 0,0:21:20.59,0:21:24.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Yeah, our best strategy is going to \Nbe to stand up to you."
Dialogue: 0,0:21:24.03,0:21:27.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As individuals, you're going to feel quite\Na bit of fear, I think,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:27.51,0:21:28.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in that moment.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:28.82,0:21:32.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, I think that one of the other\Nreasons that the Athenians
Dialogue: 0,0:21:32.09,0:21:34.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wanted to present the case to everyone,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:34.43,0:21:38.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was basically to try and scare the\Ngeneral population,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:38.68,0:21:42.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the hope that these individuals\Nwould decide that
Dialogue: 0,0:21:42.85,0:21:45.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they wanted to just give in to\Nwhatever the Athenians wanted.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:46.65,0:21:49.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, the Melians, they had a \Ndifferent idea.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:49.87,0:21:54.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What they wanted was this negotiation\Nto be done by a small number of leaders.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:54.46,0:21:56.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they wanted the leadership of Melos \N
Dialogue: 0,0:21:56.60,0:21:59.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to sit down with the leadership of \Nthe Athenian delegation,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:59.98,0:22:02.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and for them to hash it out.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:02.63,0:22:04.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there are again two reasons for this.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:04.58,0:22:08.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One: Because from a leadership standpoint,\N
Dialogue: 0,0:22:08.29,0:22:12.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Melos is an independent group. They are\Nan independent island.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:12.77,0:22:16.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are not aligned either with Athens \Nor Sparta,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:16.87,0:22:20.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and their government structure\Ninvolved a fairly small number
Dialogue: 0,0:22:20.19,0:22:21.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of people who governed.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:21.69,0:22:24.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, they wanted their\Ngovernment structure,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:24.50,0:22:28.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the people who had the political power\Nin Melos,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:28.91,0:22:32.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be the ones who actually engaged\Nin that negotiation.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:32.76,0:22:35.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they wanted to do that with \Nthe people from Athens
Dialogue: 0,0:22:35.89,0:22:39.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who were authorized to make a decision.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:39.62,0:22:42.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And part of that, of course, is just that\Nthey wanted a negotiation
Dialogue: 0,0:22:42.22,0:22:45.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that fit with the way that they\Ngoverned their own island.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:45.27,0:22:50.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the other thing is, \Nthe Melians were aware of the fact
Dialogue: 0,0:22:50.10,0:22:53.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the common person on the\Nisland of Melos
Dialogue: 0,0:22:53.62,0:22:59.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,looking out over the sea, and seeing this\Nsuperior military force,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:59.60,0:23:03.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they were aware of the influence\Nthat that was going to have on everyone.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:03.37,0:23:07.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, they wanted to really have a \Nsmaller number of people
Dialogue: 0,0:23:07.81,0:23:14.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,involved in this negotiation who would\Nbe willing to create a force
Dialogue: 0,0:23:14.54,0:23:17.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that might stand up to the Athenians.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:17.65,0:23:21.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, you know, if there's some\Npossibility that you're going to
Dialogue: 0,0:23:21.70,0:23:25.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,end up in a heated battle with\Na superior force,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:25.76,0:23:28.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's going to be very hard to get\Npeople to want to do that
Dialogue: 0,0:23:28.39,0:23:33.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if everyone is involved\Nin that decision,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:33.49,0:23:34.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because many of the people who
Dialogue: 0,0:23:34.95,0:23:36.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are going to make that decision
Dialogue: 0,0:23:36.78,0:23:39.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are not really going to be the ones\Nwho have to go to war.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:39.45,0:23:42.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And many of the ones who see themselves\Nas having to go to war
Dialogue: 0,0:23:42.84,0:23:44.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,against this superior force
Dialogue: 0,0:23:44.68,0:23:49.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are the ones who might actually\Nnot want to vote for that.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:49.46,0:23:52.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, you know, there's a reason why\Nthe Melians might actually want
Dialogue: 0,0:23:52.78,0:23:56.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to bring just their leadership\Nto that situation.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:56.98,0:24:00.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, ultimately the Melians get\Nwhat they want on this.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:00.46,0:24:03.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They actually have the opportunity\Nfor a small number of Melians
Dialogue: 0,0:24:03.48,0:24:09.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to negotiate with the Athenian\Nleadership.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:10.24,0:24:13.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, when they get into this\Nnegotiation,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:13.40,0:24:14.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and, if you've read this,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:14.69,0:24:19.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're getting an overview of that way\Nthat this negotiation went,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:19.09,0:24:24.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what you mind is that Athens is\Nprimarily focused on their power.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:24.45,0:24:28.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After all, they've amassed three-thousand\Nsoldiers on boats
Dialogue: 0,0:24:28.58,0:24:32.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to come and sit off the coast\Nof Melos.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:32.37,0:24:35.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so they, on purpose, have brought
Dialogue: 0,0:24:35.46,0:24:39.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a display of force that should be \Noverwhelming to the Melians,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:39.22,0:24:43.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and their view is that should open\Nand close the negotiation.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:43.59,0:24:46.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, they come in \Nand basically say:
Dialogue: 0,0:24:46.27,0:24:51.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Look, we want to take you over. \NSo come, let us take over
Dialogue: 0,0:24:51.38,0:24:54.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the island of Melos, install our own\Ngovernment here, and
Dialogue: 0,0:24:54.77,0:24:58.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can be now part of the nation-state\Nof Athens."
Dialogue: 0,0:24:58.96,0:25:02.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they really aren't particularly\Ninterested in negotiating
Dialogue: 0,0:25:02.30,0:25:05.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in any other way, because they know\Nthat when push comes to shove,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:05.97,0:25:08.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they can come and take over the island,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:08.42,0:25:11.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if they want to, militarily,\Nand impose their own government.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:11.45,0:25:16.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so they'd rather just have the Melians\Nwillingly invite them onto the island.