History of the Internet
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0:05 - 0:09The internet in the year 2009
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0:09 - 0:13we send e-mails, make calls over the internet,
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0:13 - 0:16and discuss topics we take interest in.
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0:16 - 0:18Even our baking is going virtual.
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0:18 - 0:21But what we take for granted today
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0:21 - 0:25was only a vague idea 50 years ago.
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0:25 - 0:28In order to understand how bit got this far
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0:28 - 0:32lets go back to 1957 when everything began.
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0:32 - 0:37Before 1957 computers only worked one task at a time.
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0:37 - 0:39This was called "Batch Processing".
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0:39 - 0:42Of course this was quite ineffective.
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0:42 - 0:44With computers getting bigger and bigger
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0:44 - 0:47they had to be stored in special cooled rooms
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0:47 - 0:51but then the developers couldn't work directly on the computers any more -
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0:51 - 0:54Specialists had to be called in to connect them.
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0:54 - 0:57Programming at that time meant a lot of manual work
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0:57 - 1:00and the indirect connection to the computers
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1:00 - 1:02led to a lot of bugs wasting time
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1:02 - 1:07and fraying developers' nerves.
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1:07 - 1:10The year 1957 marked a big change.
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1:10 - 1:12A remote connection had to be installed,
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1:12 - 1:16third developers could work directly on the computers.
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1:16 - 1:20At the same time the idea of time sharing came up.
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1:20 - 1:23This is the first concept in computer technology
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1:23 - 1:26to share the processing power of one computer
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1:26 - 1:29with multiple users
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1:32 - 1:36On October 4th 1957 during the Cold War
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1:36 - 1:39the first unmanned satellite, Sputnik I,
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1:39 - 1:41was sent into orbit by Soviet Union
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1:41 - 1:46The fear of "Missile Gap" emerged.
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1:46 - 1:49In order to secure America's lead in technology,
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1:49 - 1:52The US founded the Defense Advanced Research Project Agency
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1:52 - 1:56in February 1958.
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1:56 - 2:00At that time knowledge was only transfered by people.
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2:00 - 2:04The DARPA planed a large scale computer network
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2:04 - 2:06in order to excelerate knowledge transfer
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2:06 - 2:10and avoid doubling up of already existing research.
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2:10 - 2:13This network would become the ARPANET.
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2:13 - 2:16Furthermore three other concepts were to be developed,
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2:16 - 2:18which are fundamental for the history of the internet
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2:18 - 2:23The concepts of a military network by the RAND Corporation in America,
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2:23 - 2:28the commercial network of National Physical Laboratory in England,
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2:28 - 2:33and the scientific network, CYCLADES, in France.
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2:33 - 2:38The scientific, military, and commercial approaches of these concepts
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2:38 - 2:43are the foundations for our modern Internet.
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2:43 - 2:45Let's begin with the ARPANET,
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2:45 - 2:48the most familiar of these networks.
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2:48 - 2:51Its development began in 1966
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2:51 - 2:55Universities were generally quite cautious about sharing their computers.
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2:55 - 2:59Therefore small computers were put in front of the mainframe
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2:59 - 3:02This computer, the Interface Message Processor
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3:02 - 3:05took over control of the network activities,
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3:05 - 3:10while the mainframe was only in charge of the initialization of programs and data files.
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3:10 - 3:14At the same time, the IMP also served as interface for the mainframe.
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3:14 - 3:17Since only the IMPs were inter-connected in the network,
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3:17 - 3:20this was also called IMP subnet.
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3:20 - 3:23For the first connections between the computers,
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3:23 - 3:27the Network Working Group developed the Network Control Protocol
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3:27 - 3:30Later on, the NCP was replaced by the more efficient
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3:30 - 3:33Transmission Control Protocol
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3:33 - 3:38the specific feature of TCP is the verification of the file transfer.
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3:38 - 3:41Let's take a short detour to England.
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3:41 - 3:44Since the NPL network was designed on a commercial basis,
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3:44 - 3:49a lot of users and file transfer were expected.
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3:49 - 3:51In order to avoid congestion of the lines,
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3:51 - 3:55The sent files were divided into smaller packets,
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3:55 - 3:58which were put together again at the receiver.
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3:58 - 4:01Packet-Swiching was born.
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4:06 - 4:10In 1962 American ferret aircraft discovered
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4:10 - 4:12middle and long range missiles in Cuba
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4:12 - 4:16which were able to reach the United States.
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4:16 - 4:19This stoked fear of an atomic conflict.
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4:19 - 4:25At that time information systems had a centralized network architecture,
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4:25 - 4:28To avoid breakdown during an attack,
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4:28 - 4:32a de-centralized network architecture had to be developed,
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4:32 - 4:38which in case of loss of node would still be operative.
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4:38 - 4:41Communication still used to work through the radio waves
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4:41 - 4:47that would be of course problems in case of an atomic attack
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4:47 - 4:48The ionosphere would be affected
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4:48 - 4:52and long-wave radio waves wouldn't work any more.
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4:52 - 4:54Therefore they had to use direct waves
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4:54 - 4:58,which, however, don't have a long range
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4:58 - 5:02A better solution was the model of a distributed network.
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5:02 - 5:07Thus long distances could be covered with a minimum of interference.
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5:07 - 5:12Another milestone followed with the develoment of the French network, CYCLADES.
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5:12 - 5:15Since CYCLADES had a far smaller budget than ARPANET,
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5:15 - 5:18and thus also fewer nodes,
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5:18 - 5:22the focus was layed on communication with other networks.
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5:22 - 5:27In this way the term "inter-net" was born.
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5:27 - 5:33Moreover, CYCLADES' concept went further than ARPA's and the NPL's.
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5:33 - 5:36During communication between sender and receiver,
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5:36 - 5:39the computers were not to intervene anymore,
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5:39 - 5:42but simply serve as a transfer node.
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5:42 - 5:47CYCLADES' protocol went through all machines using a physical layer
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5:47 - 5:49that was implemented into the hardware,
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5:49 - 5:54providing a direct connection with the receiver and end-to-end structure.
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5:54 - 6:00Inspired by the CYCLADES network and driven by the incompatibility between the networks
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6:00 - 6:04their connection gained importance everywhere.
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6:04 - 6:08The phone companies developed the x.25 protocol
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6:08 - 6:11which enabled communication through their servers
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6:11 - 6:16in exchange for monthly basic charge of cost
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6:16 - 6:23DARPA's Transmission Control Protocol was to connect the computers through gateways
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6:23 - 6:27and the International Organization for Standardization
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6:27 - 6:30designed the OSI reference model
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6:30 - 6:33The innovation of OSI was the attempt to
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6:33 - 6:36standardize the network from its ends
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6:36 - 6:40and the channel's division into separated layers.
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6:40 - 6:45Finally the TCP assimiliated the preferences of the OSI reference model
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6:45 - 6:49and gave way to the TCP/IP protocol -
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6:49 - 6:53a standard which guaranteed compatibility between networks
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6:53 - 6:57and finally merged them, creating the INTERNET
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6:57 - 7:03By February 28th 1990, the ARPANET hardware was removed,
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7:03 - 7:07but the internet was up and running.
- Title:
- History of the Internet
- Description:
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"History of the Internet" is an animated documentary explaining the inventions from time-sharing to filesharing, from Arpanet to Internet.
The history is told using the PICOL icons on www.picol.org. You can already download a pre-release of all picol icons on http://blog.picol.org/downloads/icons/You can see the credits and additional information on this movie on
http://www.lonja.de/the-history-of-the-internet/ - Video Language:
- English
voxplural edited English subtitles for History of the Internet | ||
voxplural edited English subtitles for History of the Internet | ||
zolaist edited English subtitles for History of the Internet | ||
zolaist edited English subtitles for History of the Internet | ||
zolaist edited English subtitles for History of the Internet | ||
zolaist edited English subtitles for History of the Internet | ||
zolaist added a translation |