WEBVTT 00:00:04.996 --> 00:00:09.079 The internet in the year 2009 00:00:09.079 --> 00:00:12.701 we send e-mails, make calls over the internet, 00:00:12.701 --> 00:00:15.506 and discuss topics we take interest in. 00:00:15.506 --> 00:00:18.324 Even our baking is going virtual. 00:00:18.324 --> 00:00:20.968 But what we take for granted today 00:00:20.968 --> 00:00:24.869 was only a vague idea 50 years ago. 00:00:24.869 --> 00:00:27.655 In order to understand how bit got this far 00:00:27.655 --> 00:00:31.809 lets go back to 1957 when everything began. 00:00:31.809 --> 00:00:37.222 Before 1957 computers only worked one task at a time. 00:00:37.222 --> 00:00:39.004 This was called "Batch Processing". 00:00:39.004 --> 00:00:42.048 Of course this was quite ineffective. 00:00:42.048 --> 00:00:44.299 With computers getting bigger and bigger 00:00:44.299 --> 00:00:47.287 they had to be stored in special cooled rooms 00:00:47.287 --> 00:00:51.000 but then the developers couldn't work directly on the computers any more - 00:00:51.000 --> 00:00:53.940 Specialists had to be called in to connect them. 00:00:53.940 --> 00:00:57.377 Programming at that time meant a lot of manual work 00:00:57.377 --> 00:00:59.915 and the indirect connection to the computers 00:00:59.915 --> 00:01:02.332 led to a lot of bugs wasting time 00:01:02.332 --> 00:01:06.708 and fraying developers' nerves. 00:01:06.708 --> 00:01:09.915 The year 1957 marked a big change. 00:01:09.915 --> 00:01:12.437 A remote connection had to be installed, 00:01:12.437 --> 00:01:16.276 third developers could work directly on the computers. 00:01:16.276 --> 00:01:19.853 At the same time the idea of time sharing came up. 00:01:19.853 --> 00:01:23.244 This is the first concept in computer technology 00:01:23.244 --> 00:01:26.279 to share the processing power of one computer 00:01:26.279 --> 00:01:28.936 with multiple users 00:01:32.059 --> 00:01:35.985 On October 4th 1957 during the Cold War 00:01:35.985 --> 00:01:38.880 the first unmanned satellite, Sputnik I, 00:01:38.880 --> 00:01:41.280 was sent into orbit by Soviet Union 00:01:41.280 --> 00:01:45.880 The fear of "Missile Gap" emerged. 00:01:45.880 --> 00:01:48.762 In order to secure America's lead in technology, 00:01:48.762 --> 00:01:52.280 The US founded the Defense Advanced Research Project Agency 00:01:52.280 --> 00:01:56.037 in February 1958. 00:01:56.037 --> 00:01:59.722 At that time knowledge was only transfered by people. 00:01:59.722 --> 00:02:03.560 The DARPA planed a large scale computer network 00:02:03.560 --> 00:02:06.240 in order to excelerate knowledge transfer 00:02:06.240 --> 00:02:10.125 and avoid doubling up of already existing research. 00:02:10.125 --> 00:02:12.929 This network would become the ARPANET. 00:02:12.929 --> 00:02:15.960 Furthermore three other concepts were to be developed, 00:02:15.960 --> 00:02:18.480 which are fundamental for the history of the internet 00:02:18.480 --> 00:02:23.000 The concepts of a military network by the RAND Corporation in America, 00:02:23.000 --> 00:02:28.167 the commercial network of National Physical Laboratory in England, 00:02:28.167 --> 00:02:32.840 and the scientific network, CYCLADES, in France. 00:02:32.840 --> 00:02:38.160 The scientific, military, and commercial approaches of these concepts 00:02:38.160 --> 00:02:43.271 are the foundations for our modern Internet. 00:02:43.271 --> 00:02:45.074 Let's begin with the ARPANET, 00:02:45.074 --> 00:02:47.560 the most familiar of these networks. 00:02:47.560 --> 00:02:50.554 Its development began in 1966 00:02:50.554 --> 00:02:55.080 Universities were generally quite cautious about sharing their computers. 00:02:55.080 --> 00:02:58.618 Therefore small computers were put in front of the mainframe 00:02:58.618 --> 00:03:01.766 This computer, the Interface Message Processor 00:03:01.766 --> 00:03:04.599 took over control of the network activities, 00:03:04.599 --> 00:03:09.939 while the mainframe was only in charge of the initialization of programs and data files. 00:03:09.939 --> 00:03:14.480 At the same time, the IMP also served as interface for the mainframe. 00:03:14.480 --> 00:03:17.323 Since only the IMPs were inter-connected in the network, 00:03:17.323 --> 00:03:20.342 this was also called IMP subnet. 00:03:20.342 --> 00:03:22.840 For the first connections between the computers, 00:03:22.840 --> 00:03:27.258 the Network Working Group developed the Network Control Protocol 00:03:27.258 --> 00:03:30.492 Later on, the NCP was replaced by the more efficient 00:03:30.492 --> 00:03:33.040 Transmission Control Protocol 00:03:33.040 --> 00:03:37.566 the specific feature of TCP is the verification of the file transfer. 00:03:37.566 --> 00:03:40.689 Let's take a short detour to England. 00:03:40.689 --> 00:03:44.258 Since the NPL network was designed on a commercial basis, 00:03:44.258 --> 00:03:48.935 a lot of users and file transfer were expected. 00:03:48.935 --> 00:03:51.480 In order to avoid congestion of the lines, 00:03:51.480 --> 00:03:55.080 The sent files were divided into smaller packets, 00:03:55.080 --> 00:03:58.097 which were put together again at the receiver. 00:03:58.097 --> 00:04:01.320 Packet-Swiching was born. 00:04:06.074 --> 00:04:09.775 In 1962 American ferret aircraft discovered 00:04:09.775 --> 00:04:12.240 middle and long range missiles in Cuba 00:04:12.240 --> 00:04:15.560 which were able to reach the United States. 00:04:15.560 --> 00:04:19.120 This stoked fear of an atomic conflict. 00:04:19.120 --> 00:04:24.652 At that time information systems had a centralized network architecture, 00:04:24.652 --> 00:04:27.880 To avoid breakdown during an attack, 00:04:27.880 --> 00:04:32.184 a de-centralized network architecture had to be developed, 00:04:32.184 --> 00:04:37.560 which in case of loss of node would still be operative. 00:04:37.560 --> 00:04:41.480 Communication still used to work through the radio waves 00:04:41.480 --> 00:04:46.880 that would be of course problems in case of an atomic attack 00:04:46.880 --> 00:04:48.415 The ionosphere would be affected 00:04:48.415 --> 00:04:51.552 and long-wave radio waves wouldn't work any more. 00:04:51.552 --> 00:04:54.197 Therefore they had to use direct waves 00:04:54.197 --> 00:04:58.480 ,which, however, don't have a long range 00:04:58.480 --> 00:05:02.068 A better solution was the model of a distributed network. 00:05:02.068 --> 00:05:06.680 Thus long distances could be covered with a minimum of interference. 00:05:06.680 --> 00:05:11.634 Another milestone followed with the develoment of the French network, CYCLADES. 00:05:11.634 --> 00:05:15.443 Since CYCLADES had a far smaller budget than ARPANET, 00:05:15.443 --> 00:05:17.904 and thus also fewer nodes, 00:05:17.904 --> 00:05:21.898 the focus was layed on communication with other networks. 00:05:21.898 --> 00:05:27.007 In this way the term "inter-net" was born. 00:05:27.007 --> 00:05:33.137 Moreover, CYCLADES' concept went further than ARPA's and the NPL's. 00:05:33.137 --> 00:05:36.341 During communication between sender and receiver, 00:05:36.341 --> 00:05:39.174 the computers were not to intervene anymore, 00:05:39.174 --> 00:05:42.053 but simply serve as a transfer node. 00:05:42.053 --> 00:05:46.651 CYCLADES' protocol went through all machines using a physical layer 00:05:46.651 --> 00:05:48.667 that was implemented into the hardware, 00:05:48.667 --> 00:05:54.081 providing a direct connection with the receiver and end-to-end structure. 00:05:54.081 --> 00:05:59.951 Inspired by the CYCLADES network and driven by the incompatibility between the networks 00:05:59.951 --> 00:06:04.383 their connection gained importance everywhere. 00:06:04.383 --> 00:06:07.920 The phone companies developed the x.25 protocol 00:06:07.920 --> 00:06:10.660 which enabled communication through their servers 00:06:10.660 --> 00:06:15.942 in exchange for monthly basic charge of cost 00:06:15.942 --> 00:06:23.374 DARPA's Transmission Control Protocol was to connect the computers through gateways 00:06:23.374 --> 00:06:27.053 and the International Organization for Standardization 00:06:27.053 --> 00:06:29.933 designed the OSI reference model 00:06:29.933 --> 00:06:33.369 The innovation of OSI was the attempt to 00:06:33.369 --> 00:06:35.784 standardize the network from its ends 00:06:35.784 --> 00:06:40.057 and the channel's division into separated layers. 00:06:40.057 --> 00:06:45.258 Finally the TCP assimiliated the preferences of the OSI reference model 00:06:45.258 --> 00:06:48.555 and gave way to the TCP/IP protocol - 00:06:48.555 --> 00:06:52.874 a standard which guaranteed compatibility between networks 00:06:52.874 --> 00:06:57.286 and finally merged them, creating the INTERNET 00:06:57.286 --> 00:07:02.673 By February 28th 1990, the ARPANET hardware was removed, 00:07:02.673 --> 00:07:07.270 but the internet was up and running.