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The internet in the year 2009

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we send e-mails, make calls over the internet,

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and discuss topics we take interest in.

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Even our baking is going virtual.

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But what we take for granted today

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was only a vague idea 50 years ago.

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In order to understand how bit got this far

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lets go back to 1957 when everything began.

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Before 1957 computers only worked one task at a time.

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This was called "Batch Processing".

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Of course this was quite ineffective.

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With computers getting bigger and bigger

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they had to be stored in special cooled rooms

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but then the developers couldn't work directly on the computers any more -

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Specialists had to be called in to connect them.

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Programming at that time meant a lot of manual work

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and the indirect connection to the computers

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led to a lot of bugs wasting time

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and fraying developers' nerves.

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The year 1957 marked a big change.

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A remote connection had to be installed,

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third developers could work directly on the computers.

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At the same time the idea of time sharing came up.

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This is the first concept in computer technology

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to share the processing power of one computer

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with multiple users

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On October 4th 1957 during the Cold War

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the first unmanned satellite, Sputnik I,

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was sent into orbit by Soviet Union

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The fear of "Missile Gap" emerged.

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In order to secure America's lead in technology,

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The US founded the Defense Advanced Research Project Agency

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in February 1958.

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At that time knowledge was only transfered by people.

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The DARPA planed a large scale computer network

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in order to excelerate knowledge transfer

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and avoid doubling up of already existing research.

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This network would become the ARPANET.

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Furthermore three other concepts were to be developed,

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which are fundamental for the history of the internet

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The concepts of a military network by the RAND Corporation in America,

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the commercial network of National Physical Laboratory in England,

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and the scientific network, CYCLADES, in France.

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The scientific, military, and commercial approaches of these concepts

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are the foundations for our modern Internet.

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Let's begin with the ARPANET,

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the most familiar of these networks.

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Its development began in 1966

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Universities were generally quite cautious about sharing their computers.

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Therefore small computers were put in front of the mainframe

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This computer, the Interface Message Processor

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took over control of the network activities,

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while the mainframe was only in charge of the initialization of programs and data files.

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At the same time, the IMP also served as interface for the mainframe.

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Since only the IMPs were inter-connected in the network,

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this was also called IMP subnet.

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For the first connections between the computers,

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the Network Working Group developed the Network Control Protocol

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Later on, the NCP was replaced by the more efficient

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Transmission Control Protocol

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the specific feature of TCP is the verification of the file transfer.

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Let's take a short detour to England.

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Since the NPL network was designed on a commercial basis,

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a lot of users and file transfer were expected.

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In order to avoid congestion of the lines,

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The sent files were divided into smaller packets,

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which were put together again at the receiver.

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Packet-Swiching was born.

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In 1962 American ferret aircraft discovered

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middle and long range missiles in Cuba

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which were able to reach the United States.

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This stoked fear of an atomic conflict.

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At that time information systems had a centralized network architecture,

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To avoid breakdown during an attack,

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a de-centralized network architecture had to be developed,

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which in case of loss of node would still be operative.

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Communication still used to work through the radio waves

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that would be of course problems in case of an atomic attack

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The ionosphere would be affected

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and long-wave radio waves wouldn't work any more.

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Therefore they had to use direct waves

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,which, however, don't have a long range

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A better solution was the model of a distributed network.

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Thus long distances could be covered with a minimum of interference.

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Another milestone followed with the develoment of the French network, CYCLADES.

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Since CYCLADES had a far smaller budget than ARPANET,

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and thus also fewer nodes,

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the focus was layed on communication with other networks.

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In this way the term "inter-net" was born.

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Moreover, CYCLADES' concept went further than ARPA's and the NPL's.

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During communication between sender and receiver,

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the computers were not to intervene anymore,

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but simply serve as a transfer node.

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CYCLADES' protocol went through all machines using a physical layer

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that was implemented into the hardware,

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providing a direct connection with the receiver and end-to-end structure.

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Inspired by the CYCLADES network and driven by the incompatibility between the networks

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their connection gained importance everywhere.

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The phone companies developed the x.25 protocol

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which enabled communication through their servers

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in exchange for monthly basic charge of cost

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DARPA's Transmission Control Protocol was to connect the computers through gateways

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and the International Organization for Standardization

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designed the OSI reference model

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The innovation of OSI was the attempt to

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standardize the network from its ends

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and the channel's division into separated layers.

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Finally the TCP assimiliated the preferences of the OSI reference model

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and gave way to the TCP/IP protocol -

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a standard which guaranteed compatibility between networks

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and finally merged them, creating the INTERNET

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By February 28th 1990, the ARPANET hardware was removed,

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but the internet was up and running.