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Hallo! Willkommen zu Read Science
in Zusammenarbeit mit Scientific American.
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Mein Name ist Joanne Manaster
und ich blogge bei Scientific American.
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Mein Cohost Jeff Shaumeyer und ich
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sprechen gerne hin und wieder
mit wissenschaftlichen Autoren,
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die großartige Bücher, Blogs
oder Fernsehbeiträge produzieren.
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Heute ist unser Gast David Quammen,
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ein Autor und Journalist,
der 15 Bücher geschrieben hat,
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12 davon Sachbücher.
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Dazu gehören "Song of the Dodo",
"The Reluctant Mr. Darwin",
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und das aktuellste Werk "Spillover",
eine wissenschaftliches Geschichtsbuch,
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in dem es um Einflüsse durch Menschen
bei neu auftretenden Krankheiten geht,
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insbesondere Viruskrankheiten.
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Es wird von sieben nationalen
und internationalen Preisen gelistet.
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David hat auch einige hundert
kurze Sachtexte verfasst,
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darunter Fachartikel, Essays
und Kolumnen, die überall erscheinen,
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wo wir es gewohnt sind von
guten Wissenschaftsautoren,
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darunter Harper's, Outside,
National Geographic, Esquire,
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The Atlantic oder Rolling Stone.
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Gelegentlich schreibt er Kolumnen
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oder Buchrezensionen
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für die New York Times.
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Er wurde mit einem Academy Award geehrt
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von der Amercian Academy
of Arts and Letters.
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Den National Magazine Award
hat er dreimal erhalten.
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und ist ein regelmäßiger Autor
für den National Geographic,
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für den er often reist,
meist an wilde und entlegene Orte.
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Im Moment ist er in Bozeman, Montana.
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Falls Sie den Weather Channel schauen,
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kennen Sie vielleicht seine Sendung
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"The Virus Hunters",
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basierend auf seinem Buch "Spillover"
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und den Geschichten darin.
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Also, willkommen, David!
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(David) Danke, Joanne.
Es freut mich hier zu sein.
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Hi Jeff, schön teilnehmen zu dürfen.
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(Jeff) Es ist mir eine echte Freude
mit dir sprechen zu dürfen, David.
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Ich möchte nicht,
dass du dich alt fühlst,
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aber ich habe deine Bücher
schon gelesen als ich drei war.
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Ich habe nochmal nachgeschaut
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und ich habe alle deine Bücher gelesen
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und ich weiß sie alle zu schätzen.
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Gerade habe ich "Spillover" angefangen,
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das genieße ich also im Moment.
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Ich habe eine Anekdote
über eine persönliche Verbindung,
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falls Joanne mich später erinnert.
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Da wir über dein Buch,
"Spillover", sprechen wollen
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und über die Mini-Serie "The Virus Hunters"
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auf dem Weather Channel
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möchte ich es dir einfach machen
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und erstmal über die Idee von spillover,
dem Übertragungseffekt, sprechen.
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und was es bedeutet.
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Was bedeutet Zoonose,
ein neues Wort für alle,
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und warum ist es wichtig?
So haben wir etwas Kontext
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für die Dinge, die wir besprechen wollen.
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(David) Ja, das sind die
grundlegenden Begriffe
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für das ganze Thema.
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In meinem Buch geht es
um zoonotische Krankheiten.
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Ganz einfach definiert, ist eine Zoonose
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eine Erkrankung von Tieren,
die auf Menschen übertragbar ist.
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Das kann durch einen Virus, Bakterien
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eine Pilz, Prionen,
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oder durch einen Wurm passieren.
Was gibt es noch?
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Protozooen und Protisten.
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All diese Dinge, die Menschen
und Tiere infizieren können.
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Zoonosen sind also tierische Krankheiten,
die auf Menschen übertragbar sind
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und wenn Symptome oder Probleme auftreten,
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sobald der Virus oder
der Erreger übertragen ist
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nennen wir das eine zoonotische Krankheit.
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Die meisten Infektionskrankheiten,
also etwa 60% je nachdem wo man nachliest,
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die bei Menschen bekannt sind,
sind zoonotische Krankheiten
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basierend auf der strengsten
und aktuellesten Definition.
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Wenn man länger zurück geht,
könnte man argumentieren,
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dass alle menschlichen
Infektionskrankheiten
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zoonatischer Natur sind, da wir
eine relativ junge Spezies sind.
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Unsere älteren Krankheiten müssen
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ursprünglich auch irgendwo herkommen.
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In dem Buch geht es um die Übertragung,
den spillover, infektiöser Wirkstoffe
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von nicht-menschlichen Tieren auf Menschen,
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die manchmal furchtbare Krankheiten,
grauenhafte Pandemien
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und in den letzten Jahren
anscheinend einen Anstieg
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neu auftretender Krankheiten verursachen.
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(Jeff) Du hattest ein lange Liste,
ich kann sie nicht auswendig,
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mit allen Krankheiten, die in letzter Zeit
in den Nachrichten waren,
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so wie SARS, Ebola und HIV
und die Liste ist noch viel länger.
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Alle diese Krankheiten sind zoonotisch.
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(David) Das ist richtig.
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Die Grippen sind alle zoonotisch.
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Alle Grippen kommen letztendlich
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von wilden Wasservögeln.
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Es gibt kleinere, unbekannte Infektionen
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wie den Nepovirus,
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oder den Hendra-Virus, die von Tieren
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auf Menschen übertragen werden
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und die in geringem Maße
Todesfälle verursachen,
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diese aber auf sehr dramatische Weise.
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431
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467
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469
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470
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471
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472
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473
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476
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477
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478
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480
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481
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482
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488
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489
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490
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491
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492
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494
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501
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502
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504
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505
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506
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507
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508
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509
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510
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511
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512
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513
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514
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517
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520
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522
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523
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524
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525
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526
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527
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528
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529
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530
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531
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532
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533
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534
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535
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536
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537
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538
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539
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540
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541
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542
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543
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544
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545
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546
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547
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548
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549
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550
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551
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552
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553
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554
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555
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557
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558
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559
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564
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565
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566
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567
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568
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569
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570
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571
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572
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573
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574
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575
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576
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577
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578
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579
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580
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581
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582
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583
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584
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585
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586
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587
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588
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589
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590
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591
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592
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593
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594
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597
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598
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599
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600
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601
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602
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603
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604
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605
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606
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607
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608
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609
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610
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611
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612
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613
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614
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615
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616
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617
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618
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619
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620
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621
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622
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623
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624
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625
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626
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627
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628
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629
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630
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631
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632
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633
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634
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635
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636
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637
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638
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639
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640
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641
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642
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643
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644
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645
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646
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647
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648
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649
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650
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651
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652
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653
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654
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655
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656
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657
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658
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659
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660
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661
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662
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663
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664
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665
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666
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667
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668
00:43:15,689 --> 00:43:19,470
669
00:43:19,470 --> 00:43:23,216
670
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671
00:43:26,223 --> 00:43:30,229
672
00:43:30,229 --> 00:43:33,449
673
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674
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675
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676
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677
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678
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679
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680
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681
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682
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683
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684
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685
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686
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687
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688
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689
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690
00:44:37,858 --> 00:44:41,301
691
00:44:41,301 --> 00:44:45,254
692
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693
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694
00:44:55,630 --> 00:44:58,965
695
00:44:58,965 --> 00:45:06,328
696
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697
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698
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699
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700
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701
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702
00:45:34,939 --> 00:45:39,072
703
00:45:39,072 --> 00:45:43,090
704
00:45:43,090 --> 00:45:48,824
705
00:45:48,824 --> 00:45:59,814
706
00:45:59,814 --> 00:46:03,176
707
00:46:03,176 --> 00:46:08,949
708
00:46:08,949 --> 00:46:13,224
709
00:46:13,224 --> 00:46:16,576
710
00:46:16,576 --> 00:46:23,165
711
00:46:23,165 --> 00:46:28,218
712
00:46:28,218 --> 00:46:31,648
713
00:46:31,648 --> 00:46:37,807
714
00:46:37,807 --> 00:46:40,276
715
00:46:40,276 --> 00:46:43,276
716
00:46:43,276 --> 00:46:49,890
717
00:46:49,890 --> 00:46:53,533
718
00:46:53,533 --> 00:46:57,428
719
00:46:57,428 --> 00:47:01,399
720
00:47:01,399 --> 00:47:05,238
721
00:47:05,238 --> 00:47:10,129
722
00:47:10,129 --> 00:47:14,368
723
00:47:14,368 --> 00:47:17,173
724
00:47:17,173 --> 00:47:19,905
725
00:47:19,905 --> 00:47:23,451
726
00:47:23,451 --> 00:47:26,741
727
00:47:26,741 --> 00:47:32,585
728
00:47:32,585 --> 00:47:37,598
729
00:47:37,598 --> 00:47:43,449
730
00:47:43,449 --> 00:47:47,413
731
00:47:47,413 --> 00:47:48,781
732
00:47:48,781 --> 00:47:54,113
733
00:47:54,113 --> 00:48:03,195
734
00:48:03,195 --> 00:48:08,340
735
00:48:08,340 --> 00:48:15,502
736
00:48:15,502 --> 00:48:17,483
737
00:48:17,483 --> 00:48:21,606
738
00:48:21,606 --> 00:48:25,000
739
00:48:25,000 --> 00:48:28,825
740
00:48:28,825 --> 00:48:31,198
741
00:48:31,198 --> 00:48:33,584
742
00:48:33,584 --> 00:48:38,876
743
00:48:38,876 --> 00:48:40,644
744
00:48:40,644 --> 00:48:45,580
745
00:48:45,580 --> 00:48:47,704
746
00:48:47,704 --> 00:48:51,520
747
00:48:51,520 --> 00:48:58,003
748
00:48:58,003 --> 00:49:04,880
749
00:49:04,880 --> 00:49:08,003
750
00:49:08,003 --> 00:49:12,815
751
00:49:12,815 --> 00:49:16,141
752
00:49:16,141 --> 00:49:18,879
753
00:49:18,879 --> 00:49:21,758
754
00:49:21,758 --> 00:49:25,205
755
00:49:25,205 --> 00:49:30,214
756
00:49:30,214 --> 00:49:33,153
757
00:49:33,153 --> 00:49:37,087
758
00:49:37,087 --> 00:49:39,981
759
00:49:39,981 --> 00:49:42,699
760
00:49:42,699 --> 00:49:45,141
761
00:49:45,141 --> 00:49:48,009
762
00:49:48,009 --> 00:49:49,506
763
00:49:49,506 --> 00:49:56,722
764
00:49:56,722 --> 00:50:01,342
765
00:50:01,342 --> 00:50:05,428
766
00:50:05,428 --> 00:50:10,126
767
00:50:10,126 --> 00:50:13,844
768
00:50:13,844 --> 00:50:17,302
769
00:50:17,302 --> 00:50:19,503
770
00:50:19,503 --> 00:50:22,865
771
00:50:22,865 --> 00:50:26,463
772
00:50:26,463 --> 00:50:29,790
773
00:50:29,790 --> 00:50:32,963
774
00:50:32,963 --> 00:50:37,743
775
00:50:37,743 --> 00:50:40,678
776
00:50:40,678 --> 00:50:43,967
777
00:50:43,967 --> 00:50:47,660
778
00:50:47,660 --> 00:50:53,527
779
00:50:53,527 --> 00:50:56,060
780
00:50:56,060 --> 00:50:58,111
781
00:50:58,111 --> 00:51:02,629
782
00:51:02,629 --> 00:51:05,406
783
00:51:05,406 --> 00:51:07,501
784
00:51:07,501 --> 00:51:10,592
785
00:51:10,592 --> 00:51:13,681
786
00:51:13,681 --> 00:51:15,958
787
00:51:15,958 --> 00:51:19,309
788
00:51:19,309 --> 00:51:23,294
789
00:51:23,294 --> 00:51:31,792
790
00:51:31,792 --> 00:51:36,596
791
00:51:36,596 --> 00:51:41,007
792
00:51:41,007 --> 00:51:46,488
793
00:51:46,488 --> 00:51:51,347
794
00:51:51,347 --> 00:51:55,567
795
00:51:55,567 --> 00:52:00,116
796
00:52:00,116 --> 00:52:05,437
797
00:52:05,437 --> 00:52:08,938
798
00:52:08,938 --> 00:52:11,940
799
00:52:11,940 --> 00:52:15,660
800
00:52:15,660 --> 00:52:17,740
801
00:52:17,740 --> 00:52:22,986
802
00:52:22,986 --> 00:52:27,518
803
00:52:27,518 --> 00:52:33,256
804
00:52:33,256 --> 00:52:37,711
805
00:52:37,711 --> 00:52:41,806
806
00:52:41,806 --> 00:52:46,570
807
00:52:46,570 --> 00:52:52,807
808
00:52:52,807 --> 00:52:56,286
809
00:52:56,286 --> 00:52:57,451
810
00:52:57,451 --> 00:53:01,762
811
00:53:01,762 --> 00:53:04,184
812
00:53:04,184 --> 00:53:06,945
813
00:53:06,945 --> 00:53:10,149
814
00:53:10,149 --> 00:53:11,750