[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.43,0:00:07.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The California condor was pushed \Nto the brink of extinction
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.56,0:00:10.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when there were only 22 birds \Nleft in the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.75,0:00:12.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imagine that!
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.06,0:00:13.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,22.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.24,0:00:16.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was because of pressures \Nput on by human activities.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.22,0:00:21.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The condor dates back to the Pleistocene.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.51,0:00:25.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So some of the animals that have been\Ntalked about today that lived in the day:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.32,0:00:31.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Harlan's giant sloth, the American \Nmastodon, the saber-toothed cat.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.26,0:00:33.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The condor lived among those.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.38,0:00:35.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can you imagine?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.26,0:00:38.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it was the only one of them \Nto survive to today.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.19,0:00:43.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After 10,000 years, fossil records show
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.04,0:00:45.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it was in upstate New York \Nand northern Florida.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.82,0:00:49.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then as European settlers \Npushed across the country,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.87,0:00:53.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,its last stronghold\Nwas from Vancouver to Baja Mexico.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.10,0:00:55.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The condor is unique.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.74,0:00:59.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the largest flying bird \Nin North America
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.29,0:01:03.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a nine-and-a-half foot wingspan -\Nthat's two feet more than this.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.80,0:01:06.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It lives more than 60 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.24,0:01:09.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As a K-select species,\Nit has a slow reproductive rate.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.89,0:01:13.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's sexually mature \Nabout five to six years.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.28,0:01:15.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After those 10,000 years,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.50,0:01:19.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in 1987, there was a great debate.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.31,0:01:22.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The condor was declining \Nat such a rapid rate,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.86,0:01:25.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there was fear of losing it \Nto extinction.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.38,0:01:29.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was from contaminants in the wild,\Nsuch as lead and DDT,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.88,0:01:35.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and electrocutions and collisions \Nwith power lines and power polls.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.41,0:01:38.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On one hand, a group\Nof people were saying,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.82,0:01:41.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Let the species die in dignity."
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.80,0:01:43.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On the other hand,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.58,0:01:47.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a group of people saying this\Nwas not a naturally occurring extinction,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.79,0:01:50.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that we had\Na responsibility to intervene.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.73,0:01:55.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So after lawsuits and debates, \Nthe U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.36,0:01:58.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,took the bold step \Nof safeguarding the condor
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.14,0:02:02.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while some of these issues were being \Nresolved by placing the remaining birds
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.11,0:02:05.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the San Diego Zoo Safari Park \Nin Los Angeles Zoo.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.17,0:02:08.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After 10,000 years,\Nthe condor was extinct in the wild.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.26,0:02:12.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, you can imagine the weight\Non those two zoos
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.59,0:02:15.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with given these birds to care for
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.85,0:02:18.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and making sure they didn't go\Nextinct on our watch.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.81,0:02:22.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We had to draw on a variety of resources.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.78,0:02:26.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We had to use what I call\N"Conservation innovation,"
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.92,0:02:30.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,literally writing the book\Nas we were trying to save the species.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.31,0:02:35.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We had to draw on our own experience \Nworking with closely related species
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.06,0:02:38.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like the Andean condor \Nand other avian species.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.08,0:02:43.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we had to quickly assemble \Na variety of resources and science.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.15,0:02:48.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We had to design and construct breeding\Ncenters like this one at the safari park.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.80,0:02:52.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a series of aviaries \Nwith nest chambers associated with it.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.88,0:02:57.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There were folks who said we would never\Nbe able to breed this species in a zoo.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.25,0:03:00.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The entire goal was always\Nto release the bird back into the wild.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.82,0:03:05.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we had to take certain steps \Nas we progressed towards that.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.09,0:03:08.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We had to even design in the facility, \Nyou can see in this slide,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.38,0:03:11.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[concertina] wire on the top \Nof the perimeter fence.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.95,0:03:17.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The reason for that is the debate \Nwas so contentious about condors
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.35,0:03:19.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that people were threatening to break in
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.72,0:03:22.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and release the condors\Nback into harm's way.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.42,0:03:25.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can remember spending a few nights\Nmyself out at the park,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.39,0:03:27.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,making sure that didn't happen.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.32,0:03:33.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We had to employ techniques \Nlike double-clutching.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.96,0:03:38.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the wild, a condor raises \None chick every two years.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.62,0:03:42.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But by using this technique \Nof double-clutching,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.25,0:03:44.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we removed the first egg
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.22,0:03:46.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and placed it safely in an incubator
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.49,0:03:48.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then hatched it.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.07,0:03:51.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That allowed the parents to raise \Nwhat's called a replacement egg.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.52,0:03:53.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in that same two-year period,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.42,0:03:56.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we were able to produce four chicks\Ninstead of just one.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.22,0:04:00.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, we were concerned\Nabout the birds imprinting.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.03,0:04:02.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Again, the goal of releasing them\Nback into the wild.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.89,0:04:04.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so we developed hand puppets.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.87,0:04:09.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And just to the side on that hand puppet\Nis one of our dedicated keeper staff,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.29,0:04:12.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,working round the clock\Nto feed and care for that chick.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.45,0:04:14.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That puppet became its lifeline:
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.72,0:04:16.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It fed the chick,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.30,0:04:17.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it socialized with the chick,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.69,0:04:19.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it played with the chick.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.51,0:04:23.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At some point in that chick's life, \Nit is placed in an area
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.32,0:04:26.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where it had the chance to look out \Nthrough a portal and see other condors,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.95,0:04:30.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that it starts to understand \Nwhat it's going to be.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.28,0:04:34.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,During this process - that's about \Nsix months from the time it's hatched
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.89,0:04:36.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until the time it's fledged.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.62,0:04:38.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And sometimes when we fledge them
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.20,0:04:40.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if they're not fledging\Nwith their parents,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.20,0:04:41.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're fledging them with mentors.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.89,0:04:45.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Again the goal of reestablishing \Nthe species in the wild.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.45,0:04:52.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In our labs at the San Diego Zoo, \NCenter for Conservation Research,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.69,0:04:56.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we had to make sure that we addressed\Nthe issues of genetics.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.50,0:05:01.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When the population was just at 22 birds, \Nevery individual was mapped genetically,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.58,0:05:04.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we knew the relatedness to each other.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.47,0:05:07.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was paramount when you're dealing \Nwith such a small population
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.66,0:05:10.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we know the effects\Nof inbreeding with other species.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.91,0:05:16.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Once those identifiers were made, \Nthen we took computer models,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.06,0:05:18.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we put all that data in there.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.23,0:05:22.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then from there, \Nthe parents were determined.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.97,0:05:26.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now fortunately, condors \Nare very user-friendly this way.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.17,0:05:30.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When we put just two birds together, \Njust based on data and not behavior,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.30,0:05:33.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most times they reproduced.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.58,0:05:34.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was imperative.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.03,0:05:36.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Also in those same labs,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.57,0:05:38.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the first time,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.19,0:05:44.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a process was developed to determine \Nthe gender of birds using DNA.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.85,0:05:48.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was from membranes \Nleft in the hatched eggs.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.94,0:05:50.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was really important for us also
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.95,0:05:53.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as we started to establish \Nthose new pairings
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.19,0:05:58.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we were able to put them together\Nat the appropriate ages
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.90,0:06:01.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because otherwise we'd have\Nto wait five or six years
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.37,0:06:04.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be sexually mature \Nto know what genders they were.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.12,0:06:08.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Also, in genetically managing\Nthe population, we had to make sure
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.20,0:06:10.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that as we established \Nnew breeding centers,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.34,0:06:12.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we started to put birds back out
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.51,0:06:16.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into various release sites\Nin California, Arizona and Baja, Mexico,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.96,0:06:18.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we wanted to replicate the genes,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.82,0:06:21.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so in the event there\Nwas a catastrophic event
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.68,0:06:27.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like a wild fire or a disease outbreak, \Nwe had safeguarded all the genetic lines.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.95,0:06:32.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, some of the known factors\Nthat I mentioned with causing
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.94,0:06:36.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the demise and decline of condors\Nwas the collision with power lines
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.73,0:06:38.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and roosting on power structures.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.35,0:06:41.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now you ask, "Roosting on a power \Nstructure, a lot of birds do that?"
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.63,0:06:46.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But with a nine-and-a-half foot wingspan, \Nthey would touch wires and transformers,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.10,0:06:48.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and electrocute themselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.04,0:06:49.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we used a technique,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.15,0:06:52.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,working with a local utility company \Nto receive power poles.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.28,0:06:58.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These mock power poles, we would then \Nwire to deliver a mild electric charge.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.36,0:07:02.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Condors are a very bright species,\Nvery inquisitive.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.32,0:07:05.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bright enough to know that if it landed\Non one of those power poles
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.47,0:07:09.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and received a shock once or twice, \Nthey would stop that behavior.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.35,0:07:13.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That behavior modification directly \Ntranslated to what happened in the field.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.86,0:07:16.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When we released condors \Nback into the wild,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.82,0:07:21.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they stopped roosting on some of those\Nareas that had been hazardous to them.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.74,0:07:25.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, they still flew\Ninto some power lines,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.14,0:07:28.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the reason for that\Nis when you evolve like a condor,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.08,0:07:30.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you make your living\Nby riding thermals,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.86,0:07:34.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you don't need to look ahead \Nwhen you're a thousand feet in the air.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.49,0:07:37.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when you came up \Nto a ridgeline riding a thermal
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.70,0:07:40.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there was a power line, \Nit would create these collisions.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.60,0:07:43.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the utility companies,\Nonce they realized that,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.07,0:07:46.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,started to bury their power lines\Nin those key areas.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.60,0:07:51.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, in a program like this\Nthat's been going on for thirty years,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.78,0:07:53.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some of these factors you can anticipate,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.73,0:07:54.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some you can't.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.82,0:07:56.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No one could've predicted
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.34,0:08:00.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that West Nile virus would arrive\Nin the United States in 1999,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.94,0:08:03.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and quickly sweep across the country,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.55,0:08:08.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,taking with it human life,\Nas well as a lot of avian species.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.53,0:08:13.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the condors were not immune.\NWe lost condors to West Nile virus.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.27,0:08:17.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the Center for Disease Control\Ndeveloped a vaccine that we used
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.04,0:08:22.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that required us to vaccinate\Nevery condor in the population.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.27,0:08:24.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Easy to say, but more difficult to do
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.52,0:08:28.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when you've got birds in the wild\Nas well as in the breeding centers.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.13,0:08:32.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And once they're vaccinated, then\Nthey have to receive a booster every year.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.12,0:08:37.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rather monumental thing that we have \Nto do but to safeguard the population.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.73,0:08:41.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, one of the things \Nthat we also learned
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.74,0:08:46.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the environment that we're putting\Ncondors back into was fairly dirty.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.90,0:08:48.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we underestimated that.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.71,0:08:50.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is what we call microtrash.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.65,0:08:55.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's items that people leave behind\Nwhen they're out enjoying nature.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.42,0:09:00.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's bottle caps and pieces of glass\Nand plastic and electrical devices.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.56,0:09:04.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you can see by this radiograph\Nthat microtrash in the body of a condor.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.23,0:09:07.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It requires surgery to remove it.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.64,0:09:10.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For the parents, \Nthey ingest this microtrash.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.15,0:09:14.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're not completely certain why,\Nbut the theory is that condors,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.23,0:09:19.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,during certain times, take in small\Npieces of bone for calcium,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.52,0:09:22.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,particularly when females\Nare getting ready to lay an egg.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.90,0:09:26.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That behavior seems to have drifted \Nto picking up these small pieces
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.13,0:09:29.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of what they believe are bone,\Nand it's actually microtrash.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.00,0:09:35.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, condors serve an\Nimportant ecological niche.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.42,0:09:37.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're a scavenging species.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.21,0:09:42.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why that's important is because\Nthey clean up the environment
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.22,0:09:43.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when an animal dies.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.76,0:09:46.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They go down and feed on those carcasses.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.51,0:09:51.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Growing in those carcasses\Nare toxins like botulism and anthrax.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.97,0:09:55.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those are harmful to us; they're certainly\Nharmful to other species of wildlife.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.99,0:10:01.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And condors are immune to these\Ntypes of toxins, and so they clean it up.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.34,0:10:06.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in that behavior, \Nthey're indiscriminate feeders
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.17,0:10:07.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when they're feeding on a carcass.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.85,0:10:11.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're ingesting tissue and organ,\Nand small pieces of bone.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.02,0:10:15.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And sometimes they ingest lead -\Nlead from sport hunting.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.79,0:10:19.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I have to tell you that hunters\Nhave been on this planet
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.57,0:10:21.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,since the dawn of man.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.73,0:10:26.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the hunting community generates\N8 billion dollars a year for conservation.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.19,0:10:30.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's important that programs\Nlike that are sustainable.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.79,0:10:34.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But as condors ingest this lead, \Nit's toxic to them,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.78,0:10:36.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as it is to other life forms.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.39,0:10:43.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a radiograph of a piece of lead\Nthat was taken out of a condor.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.24,0:10:49.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, some of our greatest\Nconservationists, I have to say,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.46,0:10:54.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people like John James Audubon, President\NTheodore Roosevelt, were avid hunters,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.58,0:10:56.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they were more passionate\Nconservationists.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.98,0:11:01.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it isn't a issue of sport hunting;\Nit's an issue of toxin in an environment.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.13,0:11:04.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And one of the ways\Nthat it is is through lead.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.72,0:11:09.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've had lead in other products.\NWe've had lead in paint.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.46,0:11:13.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we found out that children\Nmouthing on their toys,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.21,0:11:14.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,chewing on their cribs,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.46,0:11:16.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were ingesting lead through paint.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.33,0:11:20.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it was removed from that product.\NIt was removed from gasoline.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.53,0:11:24.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Lead was even removed from shotgun shells\Nand replaced with steel
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.06,0:11:26.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it was causing\Nproblems with waterfowl.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.15,0:11:31.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we have the ability to make adjustments\Nin programs like this
Dialogue: 0,0:11:31.04,0:11:33.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as it affects wildlife and humans.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.99,0:11:36.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, in a program like this,\Nwe also have to anticipate
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.61,0:11:39.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what the next challenge might be.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.65,0:11:44.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I have to say that with wind turbines\Ncoming into United States,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:44.30,0:11:49.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it is a good green initiative to reduce\Nour consumption of fossil fuels.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.23,0:11:53.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And wind energy\Nis one of those alternatives.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.47,0:11:56.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And to date, there's never been\Na condor taken by a turbine.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.53,0:12:01.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But turbines have affected\Nother raptors like eagles and hawks.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.96,0:12:04.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so we're working\Nwith utility companies,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.56,0:12:05.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these wind energy companies,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.90,0:12:10.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to develop techniques\Nto reduce the threat.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:10.60,0:12:14.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One way to do that is looking at condors\Nand how they utilize their habitat
Dialogue: 0,0:12:14.32,0:12:16.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through spatial ecology.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.26,0:12:20.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's not just looking at how condors fly\Nnorth, south, east and west,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:20.72,0:12:23.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but how they fly in that\Nthird dimension, in elevation,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:24.09,0:12:29.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and working with companies to see\Nif they're willing to adjust the field,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.21,0:12:31.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,based on a condor's activity
Dialogue: 0,0:12:32.16,0:12:36.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and understanding why condors\Nuse the habitat that they use.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.22,0:12:38.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's part of the research\Nthat's going on.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:39.40,0:12:41.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another way that we're working\Nwith utility companies
Dialogue: 0,0:12:41.96,0:12:44.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is early detection systems.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:45.00,0:12:48.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Condors outfitted with devices\Nthat would send a signal
Dialogue: 0,0:12:48.88,0:12:51.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as they proceeded\Ntowards a turbine field -
Dialogue: 0,0:12:51.71,0:12:54.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one that's existing \Nor one that's in planning.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:54.23,0:12:57.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What that would allow\Nthose energy companies to do
Dialogue: 0,0:12:57.24,0:13:02.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is turn down or turn off those turbines\Nas those condors were flying through.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:02.75,0:13:06.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In a program like this,\Nit is imperative to have collaboration
Dialogue: 0,0:13:06.89,0:13:10.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from so many different people\Nand organizations.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:10.42,0:13:12.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No one entity can do it by themselves,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:12.88,0:13:17.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but collectively it's,\Nas we've seen, possible.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:19.16,0:13:20.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So where are we today?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:20.99,0:13:24.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We started with 22 condors\Nleft in the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:24.65,0:13:27.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now we have more than 400,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:28.08,0:13:31.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more than half of those flying free
Dialogue: 0,0:13:31.20,0:13:35.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the skies of California,\NArizona and Baja, Mexico.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:36.14,0:13:38.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The program has gone full cycle.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:38.56,0:13:42.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whereas you can see, there's\Nan egg in the wild that's about to hatch.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:42.27,0:13:44.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That dark spot\Non that egg is a "pip" site.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:44.81,0:13:47.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is a chick about to emerge.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:47.55,0:13:51.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the picture on the bottom right shows\Na chick that hatched in the wild.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:51.60,0:13:56.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Birds that were raised in zoos\Nand breeding centers and released
Dialogue: 0,0:13:56.56,0:14:00.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are now carrying out the life cycle\Nthemselves in the wild.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:02.78,0:14:05.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So people ask me all the time, "Why?"
Dialogue: 0,0:14:05.44,0:14:06.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we've heard this today,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:06.74,0:14:12.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Why spend so much resource\Nand so much energy to save a species?"
Dialogue: 0,0:14:14.75,0:14:20.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you look at these species like condors\Nand pandas and elephant and tiger,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:21.52,0:14:25.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we share the same environments\Naround this planet as they do.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:25.55,0:14:27.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We live in the same places.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:27.99,0:14:32.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you look at them as environmental\Nindicators, they're telling us
Dialogue: 0,0:14:32.15,0:14:35.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how healthy the environment is\Nthat we share with them.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:35.51,0:14:38.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we've got to do\Nis listen to what they're saying
Dialogue: 0,0:14:38.48,0:14:40.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have the ability to affect change.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:40.28,0:14:41.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've seen that.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:41.95,0:14:44.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've had the ability\Nto affect change around the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:44.79,0:14:47.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We just have to make sure\Nthat we continue those efforts
Dialogue: 0,0:14:47.69,0:14:49.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it is all possible.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:49.91,0:14:51.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:51.19,0:14:54.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)