WEBVTT
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Supported By:
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Supported By:
Protocol Labs
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Protocol Labs
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Protocol Labs
What does our future hold?
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Everything has its wonders, even darkness and silence...
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Everything has its wonders, even darkness and silence...
- Helen Keller
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What does the future look like?
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How will the universe meet its end?
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We may never be truly certain.
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But science has begun to paint a stunning picture of how the future might unfold.
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Let's take a journey to the end of time.
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We will travel through time exponentially, doubling our speed every 5 seconds.
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The vision of the future will surely evolve
as we probe for more clues. But one thing is clear:
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The universe has only just begun.
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2019
[Anthrpocene era]
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2020
[Anthrpocene era]
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2021
[Anthrpocene era]
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2021
The Holocene has ended.
[Anthrpocene era]
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2021
The Holocene has ended.
[Anthrpocene era]
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2022
The Holocene has ended.
[Anthrpocene era]
00:00:50.583 --> 00:00:51.319
2023
The Holocene has ended.
[Anthrpocene era]
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2023
[Anthrpocene era]
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What we do now,
00:00:52.234 --> 00:00:52.484
What we do now,
00:00:52.484 --> 00:00:52.974
What we do now,
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What we do now,
00:00:53.715 --> 00:00:55.245
and in the next few years,
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will profoundly affect
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the next few thousand years.
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The only conditions modern humans
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have ever known so far, are changing.
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And changing fast.
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Nothing stays the same on this planet.
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Everything changes.
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The Earth is going into one of these jumps
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The Earth is going into one of these jumps
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and you don't know what is going
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to be on the other side of those jumps.
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The Earth is always jumping.
[Earth's magnetic field flips]
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[Earth's magnetic field flips]
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[Comet Hale-Bopp returns]
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[Drastic sea level rise]
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Things move on this planet
[Drastic sea level rise]
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Things are not still!
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Everything is turning.
[30 meter asteroid impact]
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[30 meter asteroid impact]
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[Antares goes supernova]
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[Sahara becomes tropical]
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[Constellations begin to wander]
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[Voyager I passes nearby star]
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[Interglacial period ends]
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[Supervolcano eruption]
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[New Hawaiian island appears]
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[New island chains]
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[Apollo footprints fade]
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[Betelgeuse goes supernova]
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[Stone monuments erode]
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[Deadly gamma ray burst]
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[Mars moon becomes a ring]
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[Saturn's rings vanish]
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[Antarctica melts]
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[Major asteroid impact]
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[New supercontinent]
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[Sun increases luminosity]
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As it begins to run out of fuel,
[Sun increases luminosity]
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As it begins to run out of fuel,
[Photosynthesis ceases]
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the sun won't simply fade away to nothing.
[Photosynthesis ceases]
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the sun won't simply fade away to nothing.
[All plant life dies]
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[All plant life dies]
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[Oceans evaporate]
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Its core will collapse,
[Oceans evaporate]
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[Oceans evaporate]
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and the extra heat this generates
[Oceans evaporate]
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will cause its outer layers to expand.
[Oceans evaporate]
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will cause its outer layers to expand.
[All life dies]
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[All life dies]
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[Sun expands]
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[Sun becomes red giant]
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[Earth destroyed by the dying Sun]
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[Sun becomes a White Dwarf]
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The sun is now dead.
[Sun becomes a White Dwarf]
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Its remains slowly cooling
[Sun becomes a White Dwarf]
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in the freezing temperatures of deep space.
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The fate of the sun is the same as for all stars.
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One day, they must all eventually die,
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and the cosmos will be plunged
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into eternal night.
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All stars eventually will run out of fuel.
[Stars begin to die off]
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[Stars begin to die off]
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The temperature of the universe drops.
[Stars begin to die off]
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[Stars begin to die off]
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Stars, one by one,
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in the night sky,
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will turn off.
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And there will be no more new stars
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created.
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And so the universe will end
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not with a bang,
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but with the whimper.
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And not in fire,
[Last Red Dwarf stars die]
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[Last Red Dwarf stars die]
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but in ice.
[Last Red Dwarf stars die]
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[Last Red Dwarf stars die]
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[Degenerate era]
"With the death of the last sun, the age of starlight comes to an end."
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[Degenerate era]
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[Degenerate era]
"The universe becomes a cosmic boneyard, strewn with remnants of dead stars."
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"The universe becomes a cosmic boneyard, strewn with remnants of dead stars."
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"Our Sun becomes a White Dwarf - a hot, dense, shrunken stellar corpse."
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With no fuel left to burn,
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a white dwarf's faint glow
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comes from the last residual heat
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from its extinguished furnace.
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Looking at it from where the earth is now,
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it would only generate the same amount of light
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as the full moon
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on a clear night.
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The faint glow of white dwarfs
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will provide the only illumination
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in a dark and empty void
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littered with dead stars
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and black holes.
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In some ways it's kind of a ghost universe
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it's the corpses,
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the zombie stars,
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that will take us into the future.
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"Over time, gravity ejects dead stars and planets from their galaxies, sending them out into the freezing void."
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"By chance, some Brown Dwarfs collide and form accidental new stars."
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"Colliding neutron stars puncture the darkness with ultra bright supernova."
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[Neutron star collision]
Colliding neutron stars puncture the darkness with ultra bright supernova."
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[Neutron star collision]
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"Any surviving life forms may find refuge around aging White Dwarfs."
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"But in time, even the White Dwarfs will fade and die."
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A black dwarf will be the final fate of those last stars
[Stars become Black Dwarfs]
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White dwarfs that have become so cold,
[Stars become Black Dwarfs]
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that they barely emit any more heat or light.
00:07:27.513 --> 00:07:29.234
Black dwarfs are dark,
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dense,
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decaying balls of degenerate matter.
00:07:34.274 --> 00:07:37.223
Little more than the ashes of stars,
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their constituent atoms are so severely crushed
00:07:41.983 --> 00:07:44.523
that black dwarfs are a million times
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denser than our sun.
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Stars take so long to reach this point
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we believe there are currently
00:07:59.125 --> 00:08:02.705
no black dwarfs in the universe.
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"Any matter that fails to escape its galaxy
is sucked into a supermassive black hole at the center."
00:08:17.036 --> 00:08:26.344
[Black holes swallow stray matter]
00:08:26.344 --> 00:08:31.497
[Black holes swallow stray matter]
"Long dormant black holes flare up in a blaze of glory."
00:08:51.678 --> 00:08:59.498
[Degenerate era]
"The rotational energy of black holes becomes the last reliable source of power for any exotic future civilizations."
00:09:05.261 --> 00:09:07.211
We have a pace of life that's based
00:09:07.211 --> 00:09:09.246
on the energy available to us now.
00:09:10.492 --> 00:09:12.252
You could imagine living,
00:09:12.252 --> 00:09:13.742
conscious systems,
00:09:13.742 --> 00:09:15.842
which have a very different pace and therefore,
00:09:15.952 --> 00:09:17.602
can extend out, at least,
00:09:17.602 --> 00:09:19.916
a lot farther than you'd imagine otherwise.
00:09:21.511 --> 00:09:23.689
You could have a living system where if,
00:09:23.689 --> 00:09:26.419
it had a thought every 10 trillion years,
00:09:26.419 --> 00:09:27.924
that would seem normal.
00:09:30.759 --> 00:09:31.507
Ever if
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our life dies out, one could imagine
00:09:34.847 --> 00:09:37.737
at some time arbitrarily far in the future,
00:09:37.737 --> 00:09:41.147
a fluctuation occurs which allows intelligent life
00:09:41.147 --> 00:09:43.227
to exist again, for a little while.
00:09:44.491 --> 00:09:47.501
So you might have islands in time of intelligence.
00:09:56.346 --> 00:10:04.156
"As the expansion of the universe accelerates, it
begins to spread matter apart faster than the speed of light."
[Expansion of spacetime]
00:10:04.156 --> 00:10:05.505
[Expansion of spacetime]
00:10:05.505 --> 00:10:07.230
"By this point, distant galaxies and stars are receding do fast that their light has become undetectable."
[Expansion of spacetime]
00:10:07.230 --> 00:10:13.159
"By this point, distant galaxies and stars are receding do fast that their light has become undetectable."
00:10:14.510 --> 00:10:21.860
"The secrets of the cosmos are locked away forever."
00:10:25.266 --> 00:10:28.250
"Current theories predict that atoms themselves will begin to decay, destroying all remaining matter in the universe."
00:10:28.250 --> 00:10:33.080
[Proton decay]
"Current theories predict that atoms themselves will begin to decay, destroying all remaining matter in the universe."
00:10:33.080 --> 00:10:33.380
[Proton decay]
00:10:34.538 --> 00:10:37.268
A proton, one of the fundamental building blocks
00:10:37.268 --> 00:10:39.758
of atomic matter, what makes us up,
00:10:39.778 --> 00:10:42.158
can just spontaneously fall apart.
00:10:44.256 --> 00:10:47.236
Any material that evades the pull of a black hole
00:10:47.266 --> 00:10:51.186
eventually dies away as its protons disintegrate.
00:10:58.419 --> 00:11:06.789
"Proton decay is still unproven - and so this chapter of the future could look very different in light of new discoveries."
00:11:17.985 --> 00:11:20.497
The matter inside black dwarf's,
00:11:20.527 --> 00:11:22.767
the last matter in the universe,
00:11:23.248 --> 00:11:25.782
will eventually evaporate away,
00:11:25.822 --> 00:11:29.478
and be carried off into the void as radiation
00:11:29.508 --> 00:11:34.608
leaving absolutely nothing behind.
00:11:34.641 --> 00:11:42.234
[Black hole era]
00:11:42.234 --> 00:11:44.554
With the black dwarfs gone,
[Black hole era]
00:11:44.554 --> 00:11:48.244
there won't be a single atom of matter left.
[Black hole era]
00:11:48.244 --> 00:11:48.494
[Black hole era]
00:11:51.729 --> 00:11:55.219
All that will remain of our once-rich cosmos
00:11:55.269 --> 00:11:58.619
will be particles of light and black holes.
00:12:06.861 --> 00:12:09.751
"The Black Hole Era begins."
00:12:11.870 --> 00:12:16.990
"No planets, no stars, no lingering stellar remnants for life to cling to."
00:12:20.530 --> 00:12:26.240
"Yet even now, time has only begun to tick."
00:12:28.610 --> 00:12:31.750
"On the scale of a human lifetime, the universe has just emerged from the womb."
00:12:35.972 --> 00:12:42.492
"Cold, dark, and empty - this is how the cosmos will spend most of its life."
00:12:47.114 --> 00:12:56.354
"Our universe gives life only a brief moment to shine - a haven in time, safe from its fiery birth and icy death."
00:12:56.748 --> 00:12:59.988
The arrow of time creates a bright window
00:12:59.988 --> 00:13:02.258
in the universe's adolescence
00:13:02.258 --> 00:13:04.468
during which life is possible.
00:13:08.008 --> 00:13:11.238
But it's a window that doesn't stay open for long.
00:13:14.999 --> 00:13:18.759
As a fraction of the lifespan of the universe,
00:13:18.759 --> 00:13:20.759
as measured from its beginning
00:13:20.759 --> 00:13:23.479
to the evaporation of the last black hole,
00:13:23.759 --> 00:13:24.745
life,
00:13:24.745 --> 00:13:25.729
life, as we know it,
00:13:25.729 --> 00:13:27.349
life, as we know it, is only possible for
00:13:27.349 --> 00:13:27.749
one
(10^(0))
00:13:27.749 --> 00:13:28.756
one thousandth
(10^(-3))
00:13:28.756 --> 00:13:29.226
one thousandth of a
(10^(-3))
00:13:29.226 --> 00:13:29.716
one thousandth of a billion
(10^(-12))
00:13:29.716 --> 00:13:30.186
one thousandth of a billion billion
(10^(-21))
00:13:30.186 --> 00:13:30.746
one thousandth of a billion billion billionth
(10^(-30))
00:13:30.746 --> 00:13:31.256
one thousandth of a billion billion billionth,
billion
(10^(-39))
00:13:31.256 --> 00:13:31.756
one thousandth of a billion billion billionth,
billion billion
(10^(-48))
00:13:31.756 --> 00:13:32.320
one thousandth of a billion billion billionth,
billion billion billionth
(10^(-57))
00:13:32.320 --> 00:13:32.750
one thousandth of a billion billion billionth,
billion billion billionth billion
(10^(-66))
00:13:32.750 --> 00:13:33.522
one thousandth of a billion billion billionth,
billion billion billionth billion billion
(10^(-75))
00:13:33.522 --> 00:13:34.632
one thousandth of a billion billion billionth,
billion billion billion billion billion billionth,
(10^(-84))
00:13:34.632 --> 00:13:36.476
one thousandth of a billion billion billionth,
billion billion billion billion billion billionth, of a percent.
(10^(-84)%)
00:13:44.766 --> 00:13:45.766
Black holes become
00:13:45.766 --> 00:13:48.256
the fundamental building block of the universe.
00:13:52.517 --> 00:13:53.987
A galaxy will basically be
00:13:53.987 --> 00:13:55.777
a supermassive black hole in the center,
00:13:55.777 --> 00:13:57.787
with smaller black holes orbiting it.
00:14:01.743 --> 00:14:06.763
Zombie galaxies filled with black holes continue to evolve.
00:14:10.263 --> 00:14:11.784
They'll eat each other, and they'll get bigger,
00:14:11.784 --> 00:14:12.764
and maybe they'll fall into
00:14:12.764 --> 00:14:14.964
the supermassive black hole and it'll get bigger.
00:14:15.014 --> 00:14:17.754
The universe will still be an exciting, dynamic place.
00:14:17.754 --> 00:14:20.254
it's just that the time scales we're talking about
00:14:20.254 --> 00:14:22.024
are now trillions of years,
00:14:22.024 --> 00:14:24.504
instead of thousands or millions of years.
00:14:29.891 --> 00:14:35.951
[Black home mergers]
"In this far flung age, black hole mergers become the main event."
00:14:38.602 --> 00:14:45.282
"Some grow to enormous sizes, possibly trillions of times the mass of our sun."
00:14:49.395 --> 00:14:55.475
"When they merge, they send out powerful gravity waves that resonate throughout the universe."
00:14:56.243 --> 00:15:01.500
Black holes can bang on space-time like mallets on a drum.
00:15:08.761 --> 00:15:11.501
And have a very characteristic song,
00:15:17.737 --> 00:15:21.037
Imagine two black holes that have lived a long life together
00:15:22.009 --> 00:15:24.505
At the end of their lives they're going around each other,
00:15:24.505 --> 00:15:28.275
crossing thousands of kilometers in a fraction of a second.
00:15:32.232 --> 00:15:33.202
As they do so,
00:15:33.202 --> 00:15:36.522
they leave behind in their wake a ringing of space
00:15:36.522 --> 00:15:38.762
an actual wave on space-time.
00:15:53.256 --> 00:15:56.496
Space squeezes and stretches as it emanates out
00:15:56.496 --> 00:15:59.006
from these black holes banging on the universe.
00:16:02.988 --> 00:16:04.918
Those are the gravitational waves
00:16:04.918 --> 00:16:07.518
and are literally the sounds of space ringing
00:16:07.518 --> 00:16:09.478
and they will travel out from these black holes
00:16:09.478 --> 00:16:13.758
at the speed of light as they ring down and coalesce into one,
00:16:13.758 --> 00:16:16.358
spinning, quiet, black hole.
00:16:20.993 --> 00:16:22.983
If you were standing near enough,
00:16:23.013 --> 00:16:24.953
your ear would resonate
00:16:25.163 --> 00:16:27.503
with the squeezing and stretching of space,
00:16:27.533 --> 00:16:29.743
you would literally hear the sound.
00:16:38.994 --> 00:16:41.224
Imagine a lighter black hole
00:16:41.224 --> 00:16:43.114
falling into a very heavy black hole.
00:16:43.224 --> 00:16:44.954
The sound you're hearing
00:16:44.954 --> 00:16:46.984
is a light black hole banging
00:16:46.984 --> 00:16:49.584
on space each time it gets close.
00:16:58.007 --> 00:17:01.497
As it falls in, it gets faster, and it gets louder.
00:17:22.745 --> 00:17:25.745
Scientists used to think black holes were immortal,
00:17:25.765 --> 00:17:28.225
but even these will one day die.
00:17:29.270 --> 00:17:32.990
Now we're talking about time scales of unimaginable length
00:17:32.990 --> 00:17:35.230
quadrillions of years into the future.
00:17:35.977 --> 00:17:36.997
On that time scale,
00:17:36.997 --> 00:17:40.237
even the black holes begin to evaporate.
00:17:44.355 --> 00:17:46.509
[Hawking radiation]
00:17:47.245 --> 00:17:49.515
[Hawking radiation]
00:17:50.018 --> 00:17:52.008
[Hawking radiation]
00:17:52.008 --> 00:17:52.258
[Hawking radiation]
According to quantum mechanics,
00:17:52.258 --> 00:17:53.388
According to quantum mechanics,
00:17:53.388 --> 00:17:54.488
[Hawking radiation]
According to quantum mechanics,
00:17:54.488 --> 00:17:54.978
space is filled with virtual particles
00:17:54.978 --> 00:17:56.748
[Hawking radiation]
space is filled with virtual particles
00:17:56.748 --> 00:17:57.498
space is filled with virtual particles
00:17:57.498 --> 00:17:59.754
[Hawking radiation]
and antiparticles that are constantly materializing in pairs,
00:17:59.754 --> 00:18:01.238
and antiparticles that are constantly materializing in pairs,
00:18:01.238 --> 00:18:02.718
[Hawking radiation]
and antiparticles that are constantly materializing in pairs,
00:18:02.718 --> 00:18:03.498
[Hawking radiation]
separating, coming together again,
00:18:03.498 --> 00:18:04.744
separating, coming together again,
00:18:04.744 --> 00:18:06.164
[Hawking radiation]
separating, coming together again,
00:18:06.164 --> 00:18:06.741
[Hawking radiation]
and annihilating each other.
00:18:06.741 --> 00:18:07.281
and annihilating each other.
00:18:07.281 --> 00:18:08.281
[Hawking radiation]
and annihilating each other.
00:18:09.508 --> 00:18:11.228
[Hawking radiation]
00:18:12.986 --> 00:18:15.506
[Hawking radiation]
In the presence of a black hole,
00:18:15.766 --> 00:18:16.636
one member of a pair of
00:18:16.636 --> 00:18:17.437
[Hawking radiation]
one member of a pair of
00:18:17.437 --> 00:18:18.746
[Hawking radiation]
virtual particles may fall into the hole,
00:18:18.746 --> 00:18:19.756
virtual particles may fall into the hole,
00:18:19.756 --> 00:18:20.246
[Hawking radiation]
virtual particles may fall into the hole,
00:18:20.246 --> 00:18:20.496
virtual particles may fall into the hole,
00:18:20.985 --> 00:18:22.376
leaving the other member
00:18:22.376 --> 00:18:24.009
without a partner with which to annihilate.
00:18:24.009 --> 00:18:24.499
[Hawking radiation]
without a partner with which to annihilate.
00:18:24.499 --> 00:18:25.499
without a partner with which to annihilate.
00:18:27.264 --> 00:18:27.744
[Hawking radiation]
The forsaken particle appears to be radiation
00:18:27.744 --> 00:18:29.994
The forsaken particle appears to be radiation
00:18:29.994 --> 00:18:30.504
[Hawking radiation]
The forsaken particle appears to be radiation
00:18:30.504 --> 00:18:31.274
The forsaken particle appears to be radiation
00:18:31.274 --> 00:18:32.974
emitted by the black hole.
00:18:32.974 --> 00:18:33.514
[Hawking radiation]
emitted by the black hole.
00:18:34.278 --> 00:18:34.758
[Hawking radiation]
00:18:35.241 --> 00:18:35.778
[Hawking radiation]
00:18:36.503 --> 00:18:37.493
And so, black holes are not eternal.
00:18:37.493 --> 00:18:41.033
And so, black holes are not eternal.
[Black hole evaporation]
00:18:43.233 --> 00:18:47.233
They evaporate away at an increasing rate,
00:18:47.233 --> 00:18:51.523
until they vanish in a gigantic explosion.
00:18:57.500 --> 00:19:01.747
Quantum mechanics has allowed particles and radiation
[Black holes begin to die]
00:19:01.747 --> 00:19:04.758
to escape from the ultimate prison -
00:19:04.918 --> 00:19:06.498
A black hole.
00:19:06.871 --> 00:19:13.091
"Black holes begin to evaporate away, erasing the last large-scale structures in the universe."
00:19:14.754 --> 00:19:18.754
"As they die, they light up the darkness one by one."
00:20:00.057 --> 00:20:00.307
"As the black holes slowly die off, the universe continues to expand, driven by a mysterious force we don't yet understand."
00:20:00.307 --> 00:20:08.767
[Dark Energy inflates the universe]
"As the black holes slowly die off, the universe continues to expand, driven by a mysterious force we don't yet understand."
00:20:11.896 --> 00:20:17.726
"This is the frontier of human knowledge - a frontier ripe for exploration and discovery."
00:20:17.726 --> 00:20:20.044
Philosophers and poets have asked the question,
00:20:20.044 --> 00:20:22.254
"Will the world end in fire or ice?"
00:20:23.487 --> 00:20:26.247
We can now give an answer.
00:20:28.233 --> 00:20:30.733
The latest evidence shows that the universe
00:20:30.733 --> 00:20:31.753
is not slowing down,
00:20:31.753 --> 00:20:34.273
but it's speeding up out of control.
00:20:35.242 --> 00:20:38.022
And the universe, we think, will die in ice
00:20:38.996 --> 00:20:41.516
trillions upon trillions of years from now.
00:20:45.273 --> 00:20:47.753
Empty space itself has energy.
00:20:47.753 --> 00:20:50.013
In every little cubic centimeter of space,
00:20:50.013 --> 00:20:51.503
whether or not there's stuff,
00:20:51.503 --> 00:20:52.755
whether or not there's particles,
00:20:52.755 --> 00:20:54.255
matter, radiation, whatever...
00:20:54.255 --> 00:20:57.255
there is still energy, even in the space itself.
00:21:00.484 --> 00:21:02.424
And this energy, according to Einstein,
00:21:02.424 --> 00:21:04.724
exerts a push on the universe.
00:21:07.009 --> 00:21:09.959
What is the weird stuff that's accelerating the universe?
00:21:10.499 --> 00:21:12.489
We call it 'Dark energy'.
00:21:14.749 --> 00:21:18.219
And this stuff is the dominant stuff of the universe
00:21:18.259 --> 00:21:20.989
almost 3/4 of the matter-energy content
00:21:20.989 --> 00:21:23.499
of the universe is this dark energy
00:21:23.529 --> 00:21:25.749
and we don't know what it is.
00:21:29.718 --> 00:21:32.194
Dark energy, unlike matter or radiation,
00:21:32.234 --> 00:21:35.214
does not dilute away, as the universe expands.
00:21:36.504 --> 00:21:38.724
This has crucial implications
00:21:38.754 --> 00:21:41.733
for what the universe is going to do in the future.
00:21:43.253 --> 00:21:45.473
So, what will be the future of the universe?
00:21:47.753 --> 00:21:51.023
Well, if the dark energy remains dominant and repulsive,
00:21:52.233 --> 00:21:54.783
the universe will expand forever.
00:22:00.508 --> 00:22:03.508
Faster and faster and faster with time -
00:22:04.233 --> 00:22:06.233
A runaway universe.
00:22:08.268 --> 00:22:11.018
70% of the energy of the universe
00:22:11.078 --> 00:22:15.738
resides in empty space and we don't understand why.
00:22:17.511 --> 00:22:19.751
But we do know what will happen.
00:22:21.254 --> 00:22:23.754
If that energy continues to be there,
00:22:23.814 --> 00:22:27.244
the universe will become cold and dark and empty.
00:22:30.002 --> 00:22:32.021
That's the future as it might be.
00:22:33.006 --> 00:22:34.496
We don't know because
00:22:34.536 --> 00:22:37.246
we don't yet understand the nature of dark energy.
00:22:37.276 --> 00:22:37.967
until we do,
00:22:38.017 --> 00:22:39.517
we won't know the future,
00:22:39.557 --> 00:22:41.737
we won't even understand our own origins
00:22:41.778 --> 00:22:43.247
and that's why we want to know
00:22:43.247 --> 00:22:45.237
and study this subject.
00:22:47.096 --> 00:22:54.226
"Discovering the true nature of dark energy could change our vision of the future dramatically."
00:22:55.889 --> 00:23:02.899
"If it somehow weakens over time, the universe could collapse under gravity - a 'big crunch'."
00:23:04.098 --> 00:23:10.228
"Given a boost, it could tear the universe apart at the seams - a 'big rip'."
00:23:12.487 --> 00:23:22.017
[Black hole era]
"Physicists increasingly suspect that there may be multiple universes beyond our own, each with their own unique laws of physics."
00:23:25.074 --> 00:23:33.744
"Some would harbor the right conditions for life. Others could collapse or be ripped apart."
00:23:35.372 --> 00:23:41.592
"Others sill could be far more exotic than anything we could imagine."
00:23:46.065 --> 00:23:51.875
"New pieces to this puzzle are out there somewhere, waiting to be found."
00:23:52.584 --> 00:23:54.474
The forecast does seem to be for
00:23:54.474 --> 00:23:58.274
an ever-colder, ever-emptier universe.
00:24:02.980 --> 00:24:04.720
But then of course we have to ask,
00:24:04.720 --> 00:24:08.000
"Could that end lead to a new beginning?"
00:24:10.488 --> 00:24:13.488
And there are ideas, whereby what actually is the end
00:24:13.488 --> 00:24:15.328
of our universe, could in some sense,
00:24:15.328 --> 00:24:17.488
lead to the beginning of a new one.
00:24:23.088 --> 00:24:29.628
"Some speculate that there may be a way to escape our universe before entropy erases everything."
00:24:32.064 --> 00:24:38.054
"We could create simulated virtual universes, or with enough energy, create another one just like our own."
00:24:43.507 --> 00:24:44.967
We've worked out the mathematics,
00:24:44.967 --> 00:24:45.747
the equations,
00:24:45.747 --> 00:24:46.739
they seem to say that
00:24:46.739 --> 00:24:48.759
if you have an atom smasher,
00:24:48.759 --> 00:24:50.749
that can constrict tremendous
00:24:50.749 --> 00:24:52.994
amounts of energy at a single point,
00:24:52.994 --> 00:24:55.514
you can perhaps open up a gateway -
00:24:55.514 --> 00:24:56.574
A 'Baby universe'
00:25:02.740 --> 00:25:06.250
Facing the death of everything there is
00:25:06.250 --> 00:25:09.970
this perhaps is their only possibility of escape.
00:25:11.727 --> 00:25:15.007
And this also raises a very intriguing possibility,
00:25:15.007 --> 00:25:16.777
sheer pure speculation of course,
00:25:17.017 --> 00:25:20.767
that perhaps any universe that has intelligent life in it,
00:25:20.847 --> 00:25:23.742
will create baby universes, will create 'Lifeboats',
00:25:23.792 --> 00:25:25.940
and will proliferate child universes.
00:25:25.940 --> 00:25:27.600
and will proliferate child universes.
[Last Black Hole evaporates]
00:25:27.600 --> 00:25:29.742
[Last Black Hole evaporates]
00:25:29.742 --> 00:25:33.502
So an evolution may take place among universes,
[Last Black Hole evaporates]
00:25:33.502 --> 00:25:34.502
in the multiverse.
[Last Black Hole evaporates]
00:25:34.762 --> 00:25:38.732
Survival of the fittest may take place.
00:25:38.732 --> 00:25:42.252
So those universes which do not have intelligent life are 'Infertile',
00:25:42.252 --> 00:25:43.472
they have no children.
00:25:43.752 --> 00:25:45.392
But those universes that have
00:25:45.392 --> 00:25:47.772
mild temperatures, stars like ours,
00:25:47.772 --> 00:25:50.982
would create civilizations that could open up child universes
00:25:50.982 --> 00:25:54.242
and they would then proliferate.
00:25:59.249 --> 00:26:05.819
"If there is no way to escape the universe, then entropy will march on, destroying the last remaining supermassive black holes."
00:26:08.969 --> 00:26:13.319
"As the last one explodes and dies, it bathes the universe in light one last time."
00:26:13.319 --> 00:26:15.789
[Black Hole era]
"As the last one explodes and dies, it bathes the universe in light one last time."
00:26:15.789 --> 00:26:16.629
[Last Black Hole evaporates]
"As the last one explodes and dies, it bathes the universe in light one last time."
00:27:11.492 --> 00:27:11.523
THE END.
00:27:24.476 --> 00:27:27.746
After an unimaginable length of time,
00:27:27.831 --> 00:27:30.966
even the black holes will have evaporated,
00:27:31.036 --> 00:27:32.762
and the universe will be
00:27:32.832 --> 00:27:35.976
nothing but a sea of photons
00:27:36.056 --> 00:27:38.996
gradually tending towards the same temperature
00:27:39.056 --> 00:27:41.878
as the expansion of the universe cools them
00:27:41.918 --> 00:27:43.488
towards absolute zero.
00:27:57.489 --> 00:27:59.249
Once the very last remnants
00:27:59.289 --> 00:28:01.239
of the very last stars
00:28:01.289 --> 00:28:04.239
have finally decayed away to nothing,
00:28:04.289 --> 00:28:07.169
and everything reaches the same temperature,
00:28:07.239 --> 00:28:11.495
the story of the universe finally comes to an end.
00:28:12.365 --> 00:28:14.885
"TIME BECOMES MEANINGLESS"
00:28:14.885 --> 00:28:16.955
For the first time in its life,
"TIME BECOMES MEANINGLESS"
00:28:16.955 --> 00:28:20.505
the universe will be permanent and unchanging.
"TIME BECOMES MEANINGLESS"
00:28:20.505 --> 00:28:21.305
"TIME BECOMES MEANINGLESS"
00:28:21.305 --> 00:28:24.055
Entropy finally stops increasing,
"TIME BECOMES MEANINGLESS"
00:28:24.055 --> 00:28:27.975
because the cosmos cannot get any more disordered.
"TIME BECOMES MEANINGLESS"
00:28:27.975 --> 00:28:28.655
"TIME BECOMES MEANINGLESS"
00:28:28.655 --> 00:28:28.780
Nothing happens,
"TIME BECOMES MEANINGLESS"
00:28:28.780 --> 00:28:28.905
Nothing happens,
"TIME BECOMES MEANINGLESS
00:28:28.905 --> 00:28:29.030
Nothing happens,
"TIME BECOMES MEANINGLESS,
00:28:29.030 --> 00:28:29.155
Nothing happens,
"TIME BECOMES MEANINGLESS,
00:28:29.155 --> 00:28:29.280
Nothing happens,
"TIME BECOMES MEANINGLESS, F
00:28:29.280 --> 00:28:29.405
Nothing happens,
"TIME BECOMES MEANINGLESS, FO
00:28:29.405 --> 00:28:29.530
Nothing happens,
"TIME BECOMES MEANINGLESS, FOR
00:28:29.530 --> 00:28:29.655
Nothing happens,
"TIME BECOMES MEANINGLESS, FORE
00:28:29.655 --> 00:28:29.780
Nothing happens,
"TIME BECOMES MEANINGLESS, FOREV
00:28:29.780 --> 00:28:29.905
Nothing happens,
"TIME BECOMES MEANINGLESS, FOREVE
00:28:29.905 --> 00:28:30.030
Nothing happens,
"TIME BECOMES MEANINGLESS, FOREVER
00:28:30.030 --> 00:28:30.405
Nothing happens,
"TIME BECOMES MEANINGLESS, FOREVER.
00:28:30.405 --> 00:28:32.115
and it keeps not happening,
"TIME BECOMES MEANINGLESS, FOREVER.
00:28:32.115 --> 00:28:33.005
"TIME BECOMES MEANINGLESS, FOREVER.
00:28:33.005 --> 00:28:33.785
"TIME BECOMES MEANINGLESS, FOREVER."
00:28:33.785 --> 00:28:35.304
"TIME BECOMES MEANINGLESS, FOREVER."
00:28:37.234 --> 00:28:45.084
"Everything has its wonders, even darkness and silence...
...and I learn, whatever state I may be in, therein to be content."
- Helen Keller
00:28:47.792 --> 00:28:51.962
CRAFTED BY MELODYSHEEP
00:28:53.360 --> 00:28:53.974
Supported by:
00:28:53.974 --> 00:28:55.909
Supported by:
Protocol Labs
00:28:55.909 --> 00:28:56.333
Protocol Labs
00:28:56.333 --> 00:28:56.893
Protocol Labs
What will you discover?
00:28:56.893 --> 00:28:58.602
Protocol Labs
What will you discover?
How will you change the future?
00:28:58.602 --> 00:28:58.992
What will you discover?
How will you change the future?
00:28:59.504 --> 00:29:00.504
Featuring the voices of:
00:29:00.504 --> 00:29:00.754
Featuring the voices of:
David Attenborough
00:29:00.754 --> 00:29:01.004
Featuring the voices of:
Craig Childs
00:29:01.004 --> 00:29:01.254
Featuring the voices of:
Brian Cox
00:29:01.254 --> 00:29:01.504
Featuring the voices of:
Neil Degrasse Tyson
00:29:01.504 --> 00:29:01.754
Featuring the voices of:
Michelle Thaller
00:29:01.754 --> 00:29:02.004
Featuring the voices of:
Lawrence Krauss
00:29:02.004 --> 00:29:02.254
Featuring the voices of:
Michio Kaku
00:29:02.254 --> 00:29:02.504
Featuring the voices of:
Mike Rowe
00:29:02.504 --> 00:29:02.754
Featuring the voices of:
Phil Plait
00:29:02.754 --> 00:29:03.004
Featuring the voices of:
Janna Levin
00:29:03.004 --> 00:29:03.254
Featuring the voices of:
Stephen Hawking
00:29:03.254 --> 00:29:03.504
Featuring the voices of:
Sean Carroll
00:29:03.504 --> 00:29:03.754
Featuring the voices of:
Alex Filippenko
00:29:03.754 --> 00:29:04.544
Featuring the voices of:
Martin Rees
00:29:05.599 --> 00:29:09.629
Thanks to:
Juan Benet & my supporters on Patreon
Patreon.com/melodysheep
00:29:11.082 --> 00:29:13.612
MELODYSHEEP.COM | @MUSICALSCIENCE
00:29:15.061 --> 00:29:16.456
For Ash