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Forget about "good as gold".
Today it's going to get evil.

2
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But who or what is evil at all?

3
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The devil?

4
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The Illuminati?

5
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The mother-in-law?

6
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Usually evil stands for 
morally wrong decisions,

7
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a basic power influencing
the history of the world

8
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and being the opponent of good.

9
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Meaning: where there is light, 
there is also shadow.

10
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Of course! God against the devil,
the West against the terrorists,

11
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Aspirin against a headache ...

12
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But let's go back to 
the individual human being.

13
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Who actually defines 
what is “morally wrong”?

14
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Depending on one's ethic position, 
definitons differ significantly.

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According to Bible critic 
Benedict de Spinoza, evil is everything

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that blocks the self-assertion 
of an individual.

17
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So it's a force from outside

18
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that prevents us humans
from developing freely.

19
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According to Kant, evil is 
an essential part of human nature,

20
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since humans are not only
equipped with reason,

21
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but also with "empirical",
entirely worldly needs.

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So the inclination to the "dark side"-

23
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has always been a part of us?

24
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His fellow Enlightenment thinker
Rousseau sees things differently.

25
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For him, humans are born good.

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Only living in the community is what
poisons them, makes them evil.

27
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So, are we actually born evil,
or is it society that makes us evil?

28
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Nietzsche threw all of this overboard,

29
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declared "good" to be "bad",

30
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and "evil" simply to be a construct 
of Christian "slave morality.”

31
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Leibniz thoroughly examined evil.

32
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He separated it into three categories.

33
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First the malum physicum:

34
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pain, loss, loneliness, poverty...

35
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things you wouldn’t even 
wish on your worst enemy.

36
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Then Leibniz described 
the malum metaphysicum:

37
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small imperfections, breaking points
built in by a divine hand.

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According to Leibniz, man himself 
can only be evil in one way -

39
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through the malum morale, the moral evil.

40
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The sin which you commit, 
when you turn away from God.

41
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In the 20th century, 
existential philosopher Karl Jaspers

42
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also divided evil within man 
into three categories.

43
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First: urges of any kind.

44
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Second: lacking will to do good.

45
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And third: the will to do evil.

46
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That is indeed interesting!

47
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Haven’t we always been 
more fascinated by Darth Vader

48
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than by Luke Skywalker
clad in shabby eco-linen?!

49
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Regardless of your religious or 
ideological point of view -

50
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"pure" evil: killing, stealing, lying

51
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is what is bad for
the individual and society.

52
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Yet it seems that we need evil.

53
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Good and evil are
in a dualistic relationship.

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One cannot exist without the other.

55
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Otherwise, Ozzy Osborne
would just be a doddering father,

56
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and every Hollywood film 
would begin with the happy-end

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and plod along without antagonists.

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We need evil as an antithesis

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in order to find our way 
in the world of ethics.