[Script Info] Title: [Events] Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.62,0:00:03.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I study rumors. Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.92,0:00:05.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not tabloid gossip Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.33,0:00:08.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the kind of rumors\Nthat are making stock markets crash -- Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.88,0:00:10.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or soar -- Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.46,0:00:13.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the kind of rumors\Nthat affect your health ... Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.38,0:00:15.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the world's health. Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.17,0:00:17.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like eating a lot of garlic Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.67,0:00:18.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or drinking a lot of water Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.00,0:00:21.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is going to help\Nprotect us from coronavirus -- Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.00,0:00:23.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if only. Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.17,0:00:26.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rumors have a bad reputation. Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.79,0:00:28.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're seen as not fact, Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.71,0:00:30.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wrong, Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.50,0:00:32.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or "just a rumor." Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.12,0:00:35.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I've studied rumors for years, Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.62,0:00:39.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and one thing I've learned\Nis that they all have a story, Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.46,0:00:41.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and often, an important story. Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.00,0:00:48.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the most moving or alarming\Nrumor episodes that I investigated Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.17,0:00:50.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was in northern Nigeria. Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.58,0:00:54.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was working with UNICEF's\NGlobal Immunization programme. Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.79,0:00:58.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it wasn't the rumors themselves\Nthat I found so alarming; Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.88,0:01:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was the global impact of those rumors. Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.92,0:01:04.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The rumors were suspecting Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.75,0:01:09.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the polio vaccine\Nwas actually a contraceptive. Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.25,0:01:12.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was controlling populations -- Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.17,0:01:15.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or maybe it caused AIDS. Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.04,0:01:20.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No, no, maybe it's the CIA\Nspying on them or counting them. Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.38,0:01:26.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, why else would they have people\Nknocking on their door again and again Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.29,0:01:29.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the same polio vaccine? Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.46,0:01:32.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When children were dying of measles, Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.46,0:01:35.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no one was coming with measles vaccines. Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.67,0:01:40.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This wasn't about getting the facts right. Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.79,0:01:42.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was about trust. Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.92,0:01:45.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was about broken trust. Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.33,0:01:47.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why so much distrust? Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.79,0:01:51.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It wasn't the mothers who were\Nparticularly distrusting, actually. Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.71,0:01:53.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was the local leaders, Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.62,0:01:55.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the religious leaders, Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.25,0:01:57.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the local political leaders. Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.21,0:02:00.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was the governor of the state of Kano Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.42,0:02:02.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who decided to boycott Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.25,0:02:06.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the entire polio eradication\Neffort in that state ... Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.96,0:02:09.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for 11 months. Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.00,0:02:12.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why such distrust? Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.46,0:02:14.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, it was 2003. Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.96,0:02:18.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was two years after 9/11. Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.50,0:02:21.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they were convinced that the West, Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.83,0:02:24.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and particularly the United States, Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.04,0:02:26.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was at war with Muslims. Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.17,0:02:28.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they knew that the West, Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.50,0:02:30.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and particularly the United States, Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.83,0:02:32.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was a huge supporter -- Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.46,0:02:33.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and funder -- Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.88,0:02:36.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the global polio\Neradication initiative. Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.96,0:02:38.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They had their reasoning. Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.67,0:02:42.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That lack of trust, Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.54,0:02:46.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that "just a rumor or two" Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.04,0:02:52.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cost the polio eradication program\N500 million dollars Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.21,0:02:53.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to reset the clock, Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.88,0:02:57.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to regain the progress lost\Nduring those 11 months Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.00,0:02:59.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and beyond. Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.42,0:03:05.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Nigerian strain of the polio virus\Ntraveled to over 20 countries, Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.54,0:03:07.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as far as Indonesia. Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.67,0:03:10.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The cost of a rumor. Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.71,0:03:15.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Nigeria episode was one\Nof many episodes that I investigated Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.00,0:03:17.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when I was with UNICEF Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.38,0:03:21.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and earned the title of the "director\Nof UNICEF's fire department." Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.79,0:03:23.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughs) Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.88,0:03:28.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We -- at that point I realized\NI never really had enough time. Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.17,0:03:32.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was too busy putting out the fires,\Nand not enough time to understand Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.33,0:03:36.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what was driving\Nnot just the individual episodes, Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.38,0:03:41.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but why was there an epidemic\Nof these happening around the world. Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.12,0:03:44.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I left UNICEF and went back to research -- Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.92,0:03:47.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,applied research -- Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.04,0:03:53.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I set up in 2010 what I called\Nthe Vaccine Confidence Project Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.00,0:03:58.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the London School of Hygiene\Nand Tropical Medicine. Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.12,0:04:01.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I convened anthropologists,\Nepidemiologists, Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.29,0:04:02.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,psychologists, Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.96,0:04:05.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,digital media specialists Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.00,0:04:08.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and mathematical modelers. Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.38,0:04:10.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We set ourselves the task Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.75,0:04:15.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to investigate historic episodes of rumors Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.21,0:04:17.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and their impacts, Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.04,0:04:20.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from trying to figure out\Nwhat were the early signals, Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.00,0:04:22.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what were the amplifying factors Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.00,0:04:24.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the impacts, Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.62,0:04:26.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how did they get traction, Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.46,0:04:30.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we could start to understand\Nwhat we should be looking for, Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.38,0:04:31.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how we could help governments Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.96,0:04:36.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and immunization programs\Nbe more alert and responsive Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.00,0:04:39.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to early signals of problems. Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.00,0:04:42.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was an early warning system. Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.62,0:04:47.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 2015, we developed\Na vaccine confidence index. Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.33,0:04:53.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a survey trying to investigate\Nto what extent do people agree Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.58,0:04:56.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or disagree that vaccines are important, Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.71,0:04:59.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're safe, they're effective -- Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.04,0:05:00.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they work -- Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.38,0:05:03.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and somehow they're compatible\Nwith my religious beliefs. Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.79,0:05:08.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've run this with over hundreds\Nof thousands of people around the world, Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.42,0:05:13.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,trying to get our finger on the pulse\Nof confidence and trust, Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.67,0:05:19.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also, more importantly, looking\Nat when that trust goes up or down, Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.79,0:05:23.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we want to see\Nwhen it starts to decline, Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.38,0:05:25.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's the time to jump in, Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.75,0:05:30.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to get there before there's a crisis\Nlike the Nigerian one. Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.50,0:05:36.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We also set up 24-7 media and social media\Nmonitoring around the world -- Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.75,0:05:38.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,multilanguage -- Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.42,0:05:42.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,listening for what's going on\Nin vaccine conversations, Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.79,0:05:46.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,trying to pick up early concerns\Nor changes in sentiment Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.71,0:05:49.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we should be paying attention to. Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.17,0:05:54.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've created an ecosystem\Nof different types of information Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.08,0:05:55.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to try to understand: Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.92,0:06:00.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what are the public thinking\Nand how can we engage? Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.25,0:06:01.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We look for early signals. Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.62,0:06:02.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When we find one, Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.00,0:06:06.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have a global network of collaborators\Nin a number of countries Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.83,0:06:09.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who have more local\Nintelligence in that setting Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.71,0:06:11.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to try to understand -- Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.50,0:06:13.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is this signal misinformation, Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.62,0:06:16.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or is something brewing\Nthat we should know about? Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.42,0:06:19.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In London, we have a bigger picture. Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.29,0:06:23.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We watch the swarms of rumors\Nnot just traveling locally Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.54,0:06:25.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but jumping countries. Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.33,0:06:29.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've seen them jump\Nfrom Japan over to Columbia, Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.12,0:06:31.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through Europe and around. Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.17,0:06:32.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They move. Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.46,0:06:35.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We live in a hyperconnected environment. Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.96,0:06:38.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the things\Nthat we found fascinating, Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.92,0:06:41.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we've learned\Na lot in the last 10 years -- Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.25,0:06:43.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is our 10th anniversary, Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.67,0:06:46.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this didn't start yesterday,\Nthis rumor problem -- Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.67,0:06:48.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and one of the things we've learned Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.50,0:06:50.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is in our global monitoring, Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.92,0:06:55.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that Europe is the most\Nskeptical region in the world. Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.29,0:06:57.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,France won the prize, actually. Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.50,0:06:58.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter) Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.58,0:06:59.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By far. Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.00,0:07:04.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And actually some of those rumors\Nhave traveled to other parts of the world. Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.08,0:07:07.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we were trying to understand Europe. Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.12,0:07:08.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hmm. Why Europe? Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.67,0:07:11.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I thought the US was really -- Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.08,0:07:12.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had some of the most skepticism, Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.92,0:07:15.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but boy, I was wrong. Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.38,0:07:18.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And a political scientist,\Na colleague we work with, Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.46,0:07:20.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Jon Kennedy, Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.08,0:07:24.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he took our data\Nfrom 28 European countries Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.25,0:07:25.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he looked at it Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.54,0:07:28.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and correlated it\Nwith political opinion polling. Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.17,0:07:30.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what did he find? Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.96,0:07:37.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He found that people who are most likely\Nto vote for a populist party Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.12,0:07:40.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,also were the ones most likely\Nto strongly disagree Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.71,0:07:44.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that vaccines were important,\Nsafe or effective. Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.29,0:07:45.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What did we learn? Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.96,0:07:51.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Vaccines cannot escape\Nthe political and social turbulence Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.08,0:07:52.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that surrounds it. Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.54,0:07:57.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Scientists were unprepared\Nfor this tsunami of doubt Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.96,0:08:00.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and questions and distrust. Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.71,0:08:06.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What -- why are vaccines\Nso ripe for resistance? Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.12,0:08:08.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, we identified a number of things, Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.12,0:08:09.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but one: Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.42,0:08:11.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're highly mediated by government Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.92,0:08:17.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that requires, regulates\Nand sometimes recommends vaccines -- Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.83,0:08:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or often recommends\Nand sometimes requires. Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.04,0:08:24.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Big business makes vaccines, Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.46,0:08:27.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and neither institution,\Ngovernment or big business, Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.83,0:08:30.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are high in the trust ranks these days. Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.00,0:08:34.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then there's scientists\Nwho discover and develop vaccines, Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.96,0:08:36.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they're pretty elite Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.67,0:08:39.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and not accessible to the general public, Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.38,0:08:41.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at least the language they speak. Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.58,0:08:48.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Third, we're in a hyperconnected\Nenvironment with social media these days, Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.21,0:08:50.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and people can share\Ntheir unfettered views, Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.00,0:08:55.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,concerns, anxieties and worries Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.17,0:08:58.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and find a lot of people\Nthat think the way they do, Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.54,0:09:04.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and think maybe their worries\Nare worth paying attention to. Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.88,0:09:06.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And finally, Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.21,0:09:11.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,vaccines touch every single\Nlife on the planet. Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.04,0:09:13.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What other health intervention, Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.46,0:09:15.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,besides water, Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.71,0:09:18.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,touches every single life? Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.88,0:09:21.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if you're looking\Nfor something to disrupt, Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.92,0:09:23.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's a perfect stage. Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.71,0:09:29.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Perhaps that's one of the reasons\Nthat we need to pay more attention Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.42,0:09:32.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and rebuild our trust in issues. Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.00,0:09:36.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People are asking all kinds of questions. Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.46,0:09:38.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're asking, Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.08,0:09:39.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,why are vaccines -- Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.00,0:09:44.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and these are the kinds of things\Nwe're hearing in our social media -- Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.04,0:09:50.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,why can't my child have\Na personalized vaccination schedule? Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.04,0:09:52.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's the wisdom of so many vaccines? Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.92,0:09:57.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What about all those ingredients\Nand preservatives? Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.67,0:09:59.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are not crazy people, Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.83,0:10:02.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're not uneducated; Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.12,0:10:04.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're actually worried mothers. Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.21,0:10:10.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But some of them have come to me\Nand said, "We feel ignored, Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.46,0:10:13.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we feel judged if we ask a question, Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.62,0:10:15.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we even feel demonized Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.46,0:10:18.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that maybe we're part of some\Nantivaccine group." Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.79,0:10:22.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we have some listening to do. Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.54,0:10:25.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And maybe that's why last year, Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.04,0:10:27.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there was research that found Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.12,0:10:31.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that in six months in 2019, Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.33,0:10:34.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,online -- Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.67,0:10:35.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this was with hundreds -- Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.00,0:10:40.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,100 million different users\Non social media -- Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.12,0:10:45.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,although the numbers of individuals\Nwho expressed in their online groups, Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.88,0:10:47.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they were positive, Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.42,0:10:48.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as groups, Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.88,0:10:51.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the ones who were the most negative Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.38,0:10:55.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were recruiting\Nthe conversations in the middle Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.17,0:10:59.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that were undecided about whether\Nthey wanted to get vaccines. Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.54,0:11:00.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The highly negative -- Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.96,0:11:03.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what we might call\Nthe antivaccine groups -- Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.58,0:11:06.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were recruiting the undecided Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.50,0:11:11.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at a rate 500 percent faster Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.25,0:11:13.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than the provaccine groups. Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.92,0:11:16.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,500 percent faster. Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.54,0:11:18.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were more nimble,\Nthey were responsive Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.00,0:11:20.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they were listening. Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.71,0:11:24.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most people believe that vaccines are good Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.12,0:11:26.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they believe in their importance. Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.46,0:11:29.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that belief is under attack. Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.33,0:11:33.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need to build in\Nmore opportunities for conversation. Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.83,0:11:35.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there are ways to do it. Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.54,0:11:38.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not easy for some\Nhealth professionals Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.38,0:11:42.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to have conversations\Nwhere their authority is questioned. Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.29,0:11:44.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's uncomfortable. Dialogue: 0,0:11:44.17,0:11:48.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they're just too busy\Nto listen to all these questions. Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.17,0:11:50.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we need to do something about that Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.25,0:11:54.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we're losing\Na lot of concerned parents Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.21,0:11:57.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that just want a conversation. Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.21,0:12:01.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We should get volunteers\Ntrained to sit in waiting rooms, Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.58,0:12:03.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be on hotlines, Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.54,0:12:05.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to have online chat forums, Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.96,0:12:08.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to have chat boxes. Dialogue: 0,0:12:08.08,0:12:11.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In younger kids,\Nwith younger kids in school, Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.33,0:12:13.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,teach them about immune systems Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.75,0:12:15.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and teach them that actually, Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.50,0:12:17.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you know that vaccine\Nyour little brother got? Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.00,0:12:23.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, it just inspired\Nyour natural immune system. Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.38,0:12:25.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a great thing and this is why. Dialogue: 0,0:12:27.33,0:12:29.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need to build that confidence; Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.17,0:12:30.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we need to listen. Dialogue: 0,0:12:32.42,0:12:35.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Despite all this questioning -- Dialogue: 0,0:12:35.17,0:12:36.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there's a lot of it -- Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.54,0:12:39.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I hear probably more\Nthan a lot of people -- Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.79,0:12:42.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am an optimist. Dialogue: 0,0:12:42.33,0:12:46.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And my optimism\Nis with a younger generation. Dialogue: 0,0:12:46.92,0:12:52.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The younger generation\Nwho actually now are becoming very aware Dialogue: 0,0:12:52.62,0:12:54.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the risks of social media, Dialogue: 0,0:12:54.96,0:12:56.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the false news, Dialogue: 0,0:12:56.75,0:12:58.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the false identities, Dialogue: 0,0:12:59.71,0:13:02.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they're starting to embrace science. Dialogue: 0,0:13:02.62,0:13:08.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And some of them are a group of children\Nwhose mothers refused to vaccinate them. Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.75,0:13:13.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Last spring of 2019, Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.25,0:13:16.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,18-year-old Ethan Lindenberger Dialogue: 0,0:13:16.79,0:13:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,went on Reddit and put out a post. Dialogue: 0,0:13:21.75,0:13:24.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"My mother doesn't believe in vaccines. Dialogue: 0,0:13:24.62,0:13:27.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She's really worried they cause autism. Dialogue: 0,0:13:27.29,0:13:29.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, she strongly believes that. Dialogue: 0,0:13:29.96,0:13:31.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I'm 18. Dialogue: 0,0:13:31.75,0:13:33.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm a senior in high school. Dialogue: 0,0:13:33.62,0:13:36.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can drive a car, I can vote Dialogue: 0,0:13:36.17,0:13:38.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I could go get my own vaccine. Dialogue: 0,0:13:38.62,0:13:40.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can someone tell me where to get it?" Dialogue: 0,0:13:41.42,0:13:43.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That post went viral. Dialogue: 0,0:13:44.00,0:13:47.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It started to get\Na whole younger movement going. Dialogue: 0,0:13:49.33,0:13:52.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I saw Ethan speak at a conference, Dialogue: 0,0:13:52.21,0:13:56.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Global Vaccine Summit\Nat the EU last fall. Dialogue: 0,0:13:56.42,0:13:58.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He spoke eloquently, Dialogue: 0,0:13:58.42,0:13:59.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I was impressed, Dialogue: 0,0:13:59.92,0:14:01.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in front of a whole forum. Dialogue: 0,0:14:02.79,0:14:04.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He told his personal story, Dialogue: 0,0:14:04.75,0:14:06.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then he said to the group, Dialogue: 0,0:14:06.33,0:14:09.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he said, "You know, everybody\Ntalks about misinformation, Dialogue: 0,0:14:09.92,0:14:14.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I want to tell you about\Na different kind of misinformation, Dialogue: 0,0:14:14.04,0:14:19.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's misinformation\Nthat says that people like my mother, Dialogue: 0,0:14:19.38,0:14:21.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who is a loving mother, Dialogue: 0,0:14:21.21,0:14:26.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a bad person because\Nshe doesn't give me vaccines. Dialogue: 0,0:14:26.08,0:14:30.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, I want to tell all of you\Nthat she didn't give me a vaccine Dialogue: 0,0:14:31.00,0:14:33.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because she loves me Dialogue: 0,0:14:33.08,0:14:37.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and because she believed\Nthat that was the best thing for me. Dialogue: 0,0:14:37.96,0:14:39.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think differently Dialogue: 0,0:14:39.42,0:14:42.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I will never change her mind, Dialogue: 0,0:14:42.17,0:14:44.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but she's not a bad person." Dialogue: 0,0:14:45.29,0:14:48.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That was the message from a teenager. Dialogue: 0,0:14:48.50,0:14:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Empathy, kindness and understanding. Dialogue: 0,0:14:53.00,0:14:56.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have an abundance\Nof scientific information Dialogue: 0,0:14:56.54,0:14:59.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to debunk false rumors. Dialogue: 0,0:14:59.50,0:15:01.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's not our problem. Dialogue: 0,0:15:01.62,0:15:04.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have a relationship problem, Dialogue: 0,0:15:04.08,0:15:06.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not a misinformation problem. Dialogue: 0,0:15:06.46,0:15:09.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Misinformation is the symptom, Dialogue: 0,0:15:09.21,0:15:10.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not the cause. Dialogue: 0,0:15:10.75,0:15:12.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If people trust, Dialogue: 0,0:15:12.83,0:15:17.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they'll put up with a little risk\Nto avert a much bigger one. Dialogue: 0,0:15:17.42,0:15:20.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The one thing that I want and I hope for Dialogue: 0,0:15:21.00,0:15:24.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that we as a medical\Nand health community Dialogue: 0,0:15:24.71,0:15:28.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have the moral courage and humility Dialogue: 0,0:15:28.88,0:15:31.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to productively engage, Dialogue: 0,0:15:31.25,0:15:32.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like Ethan, Dialogue: 0,0:15:32.58,0:15:35.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with those who disagree with us. Dialogue: 0,0:15:35.79,0:15:37.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I hope so. Dialogue: 0,0:15:37.12,0:15:38.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you. Dialogue: 0,0:15:38.42,0:15:40.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause and cheers)