[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.74,0:00:03.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I study rumors.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.90,0:00:05.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not tabloid gossip
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.47,0:00:08.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the kind of rumors that are making\Nstock markets crash --
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.98,0:00:10.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or soar --
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.58,0:00:13.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the kind of rumors\Nthat affect your health ...
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.44,0:00:14.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the world's health.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.30,0:00:17.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like eating a lot of garlic
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.82,0:00:19.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or drinking a lot of water
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.12,0:00:22.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is going to help protect\Nus from coronavirus --
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.16,0:00:23.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if only.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.32,0:00:26.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rumors have a bad reputation.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.95,0:00:28.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're seen as not fact,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.95,0:00:30.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wrong,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.48,0:00:32.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or "just a rumor."
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.20,0:00:35.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I've studied rumors for years,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.80,0:00:39.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and one thing I've learned\Nis that they all have a story,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.62,0:00:41.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and often, an important story.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.19,0:00:48.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the most moving or alarming\Nrumor episodes that I investigated
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.25,0:00:50.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was in northern Nigeria.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.60,0:00:53.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was working with UNICEF's Global\NImmunization programme.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.00,0:00:59.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it wasn't the rumors themselves\Nthat I found so alarming;
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.02,0:01:01.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was the global impact of those rumors.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.08,0:01:04.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The rumors were suspecting
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.93,0:01:09.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the polio vaccine\Nwas actually a contraceptive.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.32,0:01:12.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was controlling populations --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.24,0:01:15.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or maybe it caused AIDS.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.22,0:01:20.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No, no, maybe it's the CIA\Nspying on them or counting them.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.50,0:01:26.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, why else would they have people\Nknocking on their door again and again
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.30,0:01:29.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the same polio vaccine?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.66,0:01:32.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When children were dying of measles,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.55,0:01:35.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no one was coming with measles vaccines.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.69,0:01:40.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This wasn't about getting the facts right.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.89,0:01:42.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was about trust.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.96,0:01:44.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was about broken trust.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.48,0:01:47.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why so much distrust?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.100,0:01:51.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It wasn't the mothers who were\Nparticularly distrusting, actually.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.84,0:01:53.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was the local leaders,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.64,0:01:55.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the religious leaders,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.38,0:01:56.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the local political leaders.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.23,0:02:00.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was the governor of the state of Kano
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.52,0:02:02.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who decided to boycott
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.36,0:02:07.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the entire polio eradication\Neffort in that state ...
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.10,0:02:09.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for 11 months.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.00,0:02:12.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why such distrust?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.61,0:02:14.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, it was 2003.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.13,0:02:18.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was two years after 9/11.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.59,0:02:21.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they were convinced that the West,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.95,0:02:24.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and particularly the United States,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.04,0:02:26.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was at war with Muslims.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.39,0:02:28.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they knew that the West,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.64,0:02:30.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and particularly the United States,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.90,0:02:32.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was a huge supporter --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.62,0:02:33.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and funder --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.99,0:02:36.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the global polio\Neradication initiative.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.95,0:02:38.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They had their reasoning.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.70,0:02:42.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That lack of trust,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.67,0:02:46.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that "just a rumor or two"
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.16,0:02:52.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cost the polio eradication program\N500 million dollars
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.36,0:02:54.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to reset the clock,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.05,0:02:57.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to regain the progress lost\Nduring those 11 months
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.99,0:02:59.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and beyond.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.60,0:03:05.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Nigerian strain of the polio virus\Ntraveled to over 20 countries,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.51,0:03:07.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as far as Indonesia.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.71,0:03:10.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The cost of a rumor.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.80,0:03:15.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Nigeria episode was one\Nof many episodes that I investigated
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.99,0:03:17.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when I was with UNICEF
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.43,0:03:22.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and earned the title of the "director\Nof UNICEF's fire department."
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.89,0:03:23.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughing)
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.89,0:03:24.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.85,0:03:27.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at that point I realized\NI never really had enough time.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.31,0:03:30.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was too busy putting out the fires,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.40,0:03:32.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and not enough time to understand
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.48,0:03:36.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what was driving not just\Nthe individual episodes,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.50,0:03:40.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but why was there an epidemic\Nof these happening around the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.29,0:03:45.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I left UNICEF and went\Nback to research --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.09,0:03:47.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,applied research --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.27,0:03:54.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I set up in 2010 what I called\Nthe Vaccine Confidence Project
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.19,0:03:57.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the London School of Hygiene\Nand Tropical Medicine.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.25,0:04:00.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I convened anthropologists,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.19,0:04:01.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,epidemiologists,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.50,0:04:03.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,psychologists,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.02,0:04:06.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,digital media specialists
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.02,0:04:07.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and mathematical modelers.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.50,0:04:10.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We set ourselves the task
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.88,0:04:15.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to investigate historic\Nepisodes of rumors
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.20,0:04:17.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and their impacts,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.13,0:04:21.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from trying to figure out\Nwhat were the early signals,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.18,0:04:22.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what were the amplifying factors
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.99,0:04:24.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the impacts,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.73,0:04:26.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how did they get traction,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.55,0:04:30.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we could start to understand\Nwhat we should be looking for,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.49,0:04:32.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how we could help governments
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.16,0:04:37.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and immunization programs\Nbe more alert and responsive
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.10,0:04:39.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to early signals of problems.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.07,0:04:42.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was an early warning system.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.62,0:04:46.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 2015, we developed\Na vaccine confidence index.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.54,0:04:53.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a survey trying to investigate\Nto what extent do people agree
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.74,0:04:56.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or disagree that vaccines are important,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.81,0:04:58.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're safe,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.15,0:04:59.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're effective --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.26,0:05:00.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they work --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.39,0:05:03.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and somehow they're compatible\Nwith my religious beliefs.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.89,0:05:08.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've run this with over hundreds\Nof thousands of people around the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.58,0:05:13.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,trying to get our finger on the pulse\Nof confidence and trust,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.82,0:05:19.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also, more importantly, looking\Nat when that trust goes up or down,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.82,0:05:23.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we want to see\Nwhen it starts to decline,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.41,0:05:25.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's the time to jump in,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.77,0:05:30.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to get there before there's a crisis\Nlike the Nigerian one.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.67,0:05:36.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We also set up 24-7 media and social media\Nmonitoring around the world --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.84,0:05:38.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,multilanguage --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.60,0:05:42.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,listening for what's going on\Nin vaccine conversations,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.96,0:05:46.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,trying to pick up early concerns\Nor changes in sentiment
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.86,0:05:48.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we should be paying attention to.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.34,0:05:54.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've created an ecosystem\Nof different types of information
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.24,0:05:55.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to try to understand:
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.98,0:05:59.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what are the public thinking\Nand how can we engage?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.29,0:06:01.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We look for early signals.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.76,0:06:03.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When we find one,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.22,0:06:07.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have a global network of collaborators\Nin a number of countries
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.01,0:06:09.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who have more local \Nintelligence in that setting
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.79,0:06:11.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to try to understand --
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.51,0:06:13.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is this signal misinformation,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.86,0:06:16.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or is something brewing\Nthat we should know about?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.45,0:06:19.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In London, we have a bigger picture.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.34,0:06:23.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We watch the swarms of rumors\Nnot just traveling locally
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.61,0:06:25.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but jumping countries.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.56,0:06:29.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've seen them jump\Nfrom Japan over to Columbia,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.22,0:06:31.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through Europe and around.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.27,0:06:32.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They move.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.50,0:06:35.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We live in a hyper-connected environment.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.05,0:06:38.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the things\Nthat we found fascinating,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.99,0:06:41.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we've learned\Na lot in the last 10 years --
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.33,0:06:43.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is our 10th anniversary,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.83,0:06:45.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this didn't start yesterday,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.37,0:06:46.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this rumor problem --
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.96,0:06:48.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and one of the things we've learned
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.75,0:06:51.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is in our global monitoring,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.05,0:06:55.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that Europe is the most\Nskeptical region in the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.36,0:06:57.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,France won the prize, actually.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.50,0:06:58.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.50,0:06:59.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By far.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.12,0:07:04.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And actually some of those rumors\Nhave traveled to other parts of the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.11,0:07:07.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we were trying to understand Europe.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.26,0:07:08.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hmm.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.26,0:07:09.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why Europe?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.26,0:07:11.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I thought the US was really --
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.23,0:07:13.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had some of the most skepticism,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.09,0:07:15.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but boy, I was wrong.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.49,0:07:16.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And a political scientist,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.92,0:07:18.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a colleague we work with,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.56,0:07:20.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Jon Kennedy,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.25,0:07:24.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he took our data from 28\NEuropean countries
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.24,0:07:25.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he looked at it
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.53,0:07:28.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and correlated it\Nwith political opinion polling.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.32,0:07:30.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what did he find?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.10,0:07:37.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He found that people who are most likely\Nto vote for a populist party
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.24,0:07:40.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,also were the ones most likely\Nto strongly disagree
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.80,0:07:43.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that vaccines were important,\Nsafe or effective.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.44,0:07:45.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What did we learn?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.12,0:07:51.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Vaccines cannot escape\Nthe politcal and social turbulance
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.19,0:07:52.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that surrounds it.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.73,0:07:57.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Scientists were unprepared\Nfor this tsunami of doubt
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.98,0:07:59.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and questions
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.17,0:08:00.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and distrust.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.76,0:08:01.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.84,0:08:05.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,why are vaccines so ripe for resistance?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.23,0:08:08.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, we identified a number of things,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.13,0:08:09.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but one:
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.40,0:08:14.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're highly mediated by government\Nthat requires, regulates
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.13,0:08:17.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and sometimes recommends vaccines --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.97,0:08:20.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or often recommends\Nand sometimes requires.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.11,0:08:24.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Big business makes vaccines,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.45,0:08:25.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and neither institution,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.99,0:08:27.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,government or big business,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.98,0:08:30.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are high in the trust ranks these days.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.23,0:08:34.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then there's scientists\Nwho discover and develop vaccines,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.95,0:08:36.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they're pretty elite
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.88,0:08:39.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and not accessible to the general public,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.54,0:08:41.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at least the language they speak.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.78,0:08:48.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Third, we're in a hyper-connected\Nenvironment with social media these days,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.40,0:08:55.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and people can share their unfettered\Nviews, concerns, anxieties and worries
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.32,0:08:58.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and find a lot of people\Nthat think the way they do,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.61,0:09:04.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and think maybe their worries\Nare worth paying attention to.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.98,0:09:06.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And finally,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.33,0:09:10.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,vaccines touch every single\Nlife on the planet.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.19,0:09:13.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What other health intervention,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.65,0:09:15.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,besides water,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.82,0:09:18.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,touches every single life?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.08,0:09:22.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if you're looking\Nfor something to disrupt,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.16,0:09:23.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's a perfect stage.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.09,0:09:29.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Perhaps that's one of the reasons\Nthat we need to pay more attention
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.57,0:09:32.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and rebuild our trust in issues.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.18,0:09:35.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People are asking all kinds of questions.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.56,0:09:38.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're asking,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.24,0:09:40.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,why are vaccines --
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.21,0:09:44.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and these are the kinds of things\Nwe're hearing in our social media --
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.09,0:09:49.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,why can't my child have\Na personalized vaccination schedule?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.15,0:09:52.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's the wisdom of so many vaccines?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.01,0:09:57.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What about all those ingredients\Nand preservatives?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.78,0:09:59.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are not crazy people,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.94,0:10:02.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're not uneducated;
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.31,0:10:04.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're actually worried mothers.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.36,0:10:10.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But some of them have come\Nto me and said we feel ignored,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.58,0:10:13.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we feel judged if we ask a question,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.84,0:10:15.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we even feel demonized
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.52,0:10:18.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that maybe we're part of some\Nantivaccine group.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.07,0:10:22.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we have some listening to do.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.65,0:10:25.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And maybe that's why last year,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.23,0:10:27.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there was research that found
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.25,0:10:33.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that in six months in 2019,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.45,0:10:34.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,online --
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.73,0:10:36.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this was with hundreds --
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.22,0:10:40.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,100 million different users\Non social media --
Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.27,0:10:45.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,although the numbers of individuals\Nwho expressed in their online groups
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.100,0:10:47.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they were positive,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.72,0:10:49.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as groups,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.11,0:10:51.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the ones who are the most negative
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.48,0:10:55.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were recruiting\Nthe conversations in the middle
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.40,0:10:59.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that were undecided about whether\Nthey wanted to get vaccines.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.64,0:11:01.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The highly negative --
Dialogue: 0,0:11:01.16,0:11:03.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what we might call\Nthe antivaccine groups --
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.60,0:11:06.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were recruiting the undecided
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.73,0:11:11.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at a rate 500 percent faster
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.32,0:11:13.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than the pro-vaccine groups.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.10,0:11:15.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,500 percent faster.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.59,0:11:17.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were more nimble,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.84,0:11:19.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they were responsive
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.28,0:11:20.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they were listening.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.77,0:11:24.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most people believe that vaccines are good
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.22,0:11:26.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they believe in their importance.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.66,0:11:28.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that belief is under attack.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.41,0:11:33.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need to build in more\Nopportunities for conversation.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.87,0:11:35.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there are ways to do it.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.84,0:11:38.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not easy for some\Nhealth professionals
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.52,0:11:41.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to have conversations where\Ntheir authority is questioned.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.38,0:11:44.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's uncomfortable.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:44.36,0:11:47.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they're just too busy\Nto listen to all these questions.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.34,0:11:50.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we need to to do something about that
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.52,0:11:54.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we're losing\Na lot of concerned parents
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.19,0:11:56.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that just want a conversation.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.32,0:12:01.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We should get volunteers\Ntrained to sit in waiting rooms,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.70,0:12:03.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be on hotlines,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.63,0:12:05.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to have online chat forums,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.100,0:12:07.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to have chat boxes.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:08.10,0:12:09.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In younger kids,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.54,0:12:11.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with younger kids in school,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.55,0:12:13.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,teach them about immune systems
Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.91,0:12:15.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and teach them that actually,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.61,0:12:18.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you know that vaccine\Nyour little brother got?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.16,0:12:22.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, it just inspired\Nyour natural immune system.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.48,0:12:26.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a great thing and this is why.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:27.49,0:12:29.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need to build that confidence;
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.35,0:12:30.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we need to listen.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:32.48,0:12:35.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Despite all this questioning --
Dialogue: 0,0:12:35.21,0:12:36.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there's a lot of it --
Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.78,0:12:40.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I hear probably more\Nthan a lot of people --
Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.87,0:12:42.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am an optimist.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:42.53,0:12:46.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And my optimism is with\Na younger generation.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.09,0:12:52.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The younger generation who actually now\Nare becoming very aware
Dialogue: 0,0:12:52.64,0:12:55.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the risks of social media,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:55.09,0:12:56.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the false news,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:56.89,0:12:59.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the false identities,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:59.70,0:13:02.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they're starting to embrace science.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:02.75,0:13:08.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And some of them are a group of children\Nwhose mothers refused to vaccinate them.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.88,0:13:13.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Last spring of 2019,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.38,0:13:18.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,18-year-old Ethan\NLindenberger went on Reddit
Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.49,0:13:20.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and put out a post.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:21.93,0:13:24.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"My mother doesn't believe in vaccines.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:24.64,0:13:27.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She's really worried they cause autism.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:27.55,0:13:29.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, she strongly believes that.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:30.02,0:13:31.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I'm 18.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:31.90,0:13:33.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm a senior in high school.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:33.77,0:13:35.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can drive a car,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:35.30,0:13:36.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can vote
Dialogue: 0,0:13:36.36,0:13:38.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I could go get my own vaccine.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:38.81,0:13:41.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can someone tell me where to get it?"
Dialogue: 0,0:13:41.45,0:13:43.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That post went viral.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.99,0:13:47.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It started to get a whole\Nyounger movement going.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:49.40,0:13:52.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I saw Ethan speak at a conference,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:52.38,0:13:55.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Global Vaccine Summit\Nat the EU last fall.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:56.60,0:13:58.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He spoke eloquently,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:58.57,0:14:00.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I was impressed
Dialogue: 0,0:14:00.13,0:14:02.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in front of a whole forum.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:02.81,0:14:04.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He told his personal story,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:04.88,0:14:06.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then he said to the group,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:06.61,0:14:10.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he said, "You know, everybody\Ntalks about misinformation,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:10.13,0:14:14.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I want to tell you about\Na different kind of misinformation,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:14.16,0:14:19.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's misinformation that says\Nthat people like my mother,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:19.48,0:14:21.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who is a loving mother,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:21.47,0:14:25.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a bad person because\Nshe doesn't give me vaccines.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:26.24,0:14:31.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, I want to tell all of you\Nthat she didn't give me a vaccine
Dialogue: 0,0:14:31.08,0:14:33.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because she loves me
Dialogue: 0,0:14:33.15,0:14:37.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and because she believed that\Nthat was the best thing for me.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:38.16,0:14:39.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think differently
Dialogue: 0,0:14:39.63,0:14:42.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I will never change her mind,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:42.28,0:14:44.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but she's not a bad person."
Dialogue: 0,0:14:45.32,0:14:48.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That was the message from a teenager.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:48.73,0:14:51.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Empathy, kindness and understanding.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:53.07,0:14:56.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have an abundance\Nof scientific information
Dialogue: 0,0:14:56.64,0:14:58.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to debunk false rumors.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:59.62,0:15:01.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's not our problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:01.70,0:15:04.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have a relationship problem,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:04.27,0:15:06.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not a misinformation problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:06.74,0:15:09.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Misinformation is the symptom,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:09.35,0:15:10.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not the cause.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:11.04,0:15:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If people trust,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:13.00,0:15:16.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they'll put up with a little risk\Nto avert a much bigger one.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:17.49,0:15:21.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The one thing that I want and I hope for
Dialogue: 0,0:15:21.12,0:15:24.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that we as a medical\Nand health community
Dialogue: 0,0:15:24.72,0:15:28.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have the moral courage and humility
Dialogue: 0,0:15:28.97,0:15:31.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to productively engage,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:31.40,0:15:32.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like Ethan,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:32.80,0:15:35.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with those who disagree with us.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:35.89,0:15:37.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I hope so.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:37.31,0:15:38.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:38.55,0:15:40.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause and cheers)