[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.89,0:00:03.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I study rumors.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.14,0:00:05.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not tabloid gossip
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.57,0:00:08.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the kind of rumors that are making\Nstock markets crash --
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.72,0:00:10.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or soar,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.68,0:00:13.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the kind of rumors\Nthat effect your health ...
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.64,0:00:15.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the world's health.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.42,0:00:17.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like eating a lot of garlic
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.94,0:00:19.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or drinking a lot of water
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.23,0:00:22.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is going to help protect\Nus from coronavirus --
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.27,0:00:23.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if only.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.82,0:00:26.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rumors have a bad reputation.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.01,0:00:32.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There seen as "not fact," wrong\Nor "just a rumor."
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.44,0:00:35.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I've studied rumors for years,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.90,0:00:39.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and one thing I've learned\Nis that they all have a story,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.72,0:00:41.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and often, an important story.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.39,0:00:48.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the most moving or alarming\Nrumor episodes that I investigated
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.35,0:00:50.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was in Northern Nigeria.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.87,0:00:54.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was working with UNICEF's global\Nimmunization program.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.12,0:00:59.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it wasn't the rumors themselves\Nthat I found so alarming;
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.14,0:01:01.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was the global impact of those rumors.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.22,0:01:05.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The rumors were suspecting
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.08,0:01:09.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the polio vaccine\Nwas actually a contraceptive;
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.57,0:01:12.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was controlling populations --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.40,0:01:15.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or maybe it caused AIDS.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.30,0:01:20.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No, no, maybe it's the CIA\Nspying on them or counting them.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.69,0:01:26.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, why else would they have people\Nknocking on their door again and again
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.42,0:01:29.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the same polio vaccine?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.86,0:01:32.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When children were dying of measles,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.70,0:01:35.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no one was coming with measles vaccines.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.89,0:01:41.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This wasn't about getting the facts right.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.16,0:01:42.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was about trust.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.24,0:01:44.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was about broken trust.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.61,0:01:47.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why so much distrust?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.24,0:01:51.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It wasn't the mothers who were\Nparticularly distrusting, actually.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.97,0:01:53.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was the local leaders,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.85,0:01:55.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the religious leaders,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.51,0:01:57.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the local political leaders.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.36,0:02:00.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was the governor of the state of Kano
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.64,0:02:02.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who decided to boycott
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.49,0:02:07.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the entire polio eradication\Neffort in that state ...
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.22,0:02:09.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for 11 months.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.19,0:02:12.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why such distrust?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.68,0:02:14.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, it was 2003.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.24,0:02:18.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was two years after 9/11.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.75,0:02:21.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they were convinced that the West,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.90,0:02:24.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and particularly the United States,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.19,0:02:26.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was at war with Muslims.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.48,0:02:28.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they knew that the West,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.73,0:02:30.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and particularly the United States,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.99,0:02:32.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was a huge supporter --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.67,0:02:34.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and funder --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.12,0:02:36.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the global polio\Neradication initiative.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.22,0:02:39.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They had their reasoning.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.91,0:02:42.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That lack of trust,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.79,0:02:46.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that "just a rumor or two"
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.28,0:02:52.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cost the polio eradication program\N500 million dollars
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.48,0:02:54.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to reset the clock,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.09,0:02:58.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to regain the progress lost\Nduring those 11 months
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.13,0:02:59.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and beyond.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.80,0:03:05.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Nigerian strain of the polio virus\Ntraveled to over 20 countries
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.62,0:03:07.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as far as Indonesia.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.90,0:03:10.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The cost of a rumor.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.92,0:03:16.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Nigeria episode was one\Nof many episodes that I investigated
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.12,0:03:17.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when I was with UNICEF
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.70,0:03:22.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and earned the title of the director\Nof UNICEF's fire department.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.08,0:03:28.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At that point I realized I never\Nreally had enough time.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.40,0:03:30.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was too busy putting out the fires
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.47,0:03:32.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and not enough time to understand
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.55,0:03:36.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what was driving not just\Nthe individual episodes,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.57,0:03:40.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but why was there an epidemic\Nof these happening around the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.44,0:03:45.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I left UNICEF and went\Nback to research --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.14,0:03:47.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,applied research --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.38,0:03:54.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I set up in 2010 what I called\Nthe Vaccine Confidence Project
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.30,0:03:57.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the London School of Hygiene\Nand Tropical Medicine.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.40,0:04:00.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I convened antrhopologists,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.19,0:04:01.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,epidemiologists,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.69,0:04:03.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,psychologists,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.22,0:04:06.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,digital media specialists
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.24,0:04:08.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and mathematical modelers.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.53,0:04:11.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We set ourselves the task
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.03,0:04:15.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to investigate historic\Nepisodes of rumors
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.23,0:04:17.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and their impacts,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.23,0:04:21.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from trying to figure out\Nwhat were the early signals,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.28,0:04:23.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what were the amplifying factors
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.15,0:04:24.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the impacts,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.83,0:04:26.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how did they get traction,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.65,0:04:30.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we could start to understand\Nwhat we should be looking for,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.58,0:04:32.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how we could help governments
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.37,0:04:36.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and immunization programs\Nbe more alert and responsive
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.65,0:04:39.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to early signals of problems.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.24,0:04:42.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was an early warning system.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.83,0:04:46.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 2015 we developed\Na vaccine confidence index.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.65,0:04:53.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a survey trying to investigate\Nto what extent do people agree
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.74,0:04:56.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or disagree that vaccines are important,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.92,0:04:58.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're safe,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.34,0:04:59.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're effective --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.43,0:05:00.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they work --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.48,0:05:03.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and somehow they're compatible\Nwith my religious beliefs.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.05,0:05:08.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've run this with over hundreds\Nof thousands of people around the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.62,0:05:13.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,trying to get our finger on the pulse\Nof confidence and trust,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.61,0:05:20.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also, more importantly, looking\Nat when that trust goes up or down,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.01,0:05:23.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we want to see\Nwhen it starts to decline,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.54,0:05:25.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's the time to jump in,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.94,0:05:30.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to get there before there's a crisis\Nlike the Nigerian one.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.79,0:05:36.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We also set up 24/7 media and social media\Nmonitoring around the world --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.96,0:05:38.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,multilanguage,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.72,0:05:43.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,listening for what's going on\Non vaccine conversations,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.05,0:05:46.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,trying to pick up early concerns\Nor changes in sentiment
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.52,0:05:48.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we should be paying attention to.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.49,0:05:54.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've created an ecosystem\Nof different types of information
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.30,0:05:58.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to try to understand\Nwhat are the public thinking
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.06,0:05:59.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and how can we engage?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.52,0:06:01.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We look for early signals.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.12,0:06:03.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When we find one,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.49,0:06:07.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have global network of collaborators\Nin a number of countries
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.20,0:06:09.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who have more local \Nintelligence in that setting,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.91,0:06:11.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to try to understand:
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.63,0:06:13.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is this signal misinformation
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.98,0:06:16.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or is something brewing\Nthat we should know about?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.70,0:06:19.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In London, we have a bigger picture;
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.57,0:06:23.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we watch the swarms of rumors\Nnot just traveling locally
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.76,0:06:25.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but jumping countires.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.69,0:06:29.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've seen them jump\Nfrom Japan over to Columbia,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.33,0:06:31.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through Europe and around.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.39,0:06:32.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They move.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.78,0:06:35.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We live in a hyper-connected environment.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.24,0:06:39.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the things\Nthat we found fascinating,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.18,0:06:41.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we've learned\Na lot in the last 10 years --
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.43,0:06:43.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is our 10th anniversary,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.93,0:06:45.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this didn't start yesterday,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.47,0:06:47.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this rumor problem --
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.06,0:06:48.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and one of the things we learned
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.90,0:06:51.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is in our global monitoring,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.16,0:06:54.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that Europe is the most\Nskeptical region in the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.58,0:06:57.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,France won the prize actually.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.57,0:06:58.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.73,0:06:59.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By far.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.29,0:07:04.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And actually some of those rumors\Nhave traveled to other parts of the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.28,0:07:07.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we were trying to understand Europe.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.74,0:07:08.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hm.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.62,0:07:09.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why Europe?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.78,0:07:11.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I thought the US was really --
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.44,0:07:13.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had some of the most skepticism,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.28,0:07:15.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but boy, I was wrong.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.66,0:07:17.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And a political scientist,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.04,0:07:18.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a colleague we work with,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.66,0:07:20.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,John Kennedy,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.30,0:07:24.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he took our data from 28\NEuropean countries
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.37,0:07:25.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he looked at it
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.63,0:07:28.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and correlated it\Nwith political opinion polling.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.43,0:07:30.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what did he find?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.10,0:07:37.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He found that people who are most likely\Nto vote for a populous party
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.37,0:07:40.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,also were the ones the most likely\Nto strongly disagree
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.90,0:07:43.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that vaccines were important,\Nsafe or effective.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.53,0:07:45.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What did we learn?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.12,0:07:51.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Vaccines cannot escape\Nthe politcal and social turbulance
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.24,0:07:52.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that surrounds it.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.95,0:07:58.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Scientists were unprepared\Nfor this tsunami of doubt
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.18,0:07:59.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and questions
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.22,0:08:00.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and distrust.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.90,0:08:01.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.93,0:08:05.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,why are vaccines so ripe for resistance?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.38,0:08:08.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, we identified a number of things,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.28,0:08:09.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but one:
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.53,0:08:14.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're highly mediated by government\Nthat require, regulates
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.26,0:08:18.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and sometimes recommmends vaccines,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.08,0:08:20.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or often recommends or sometimes requires.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.24,0:08:24.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Big business makes vaccines,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.47,0:08:26.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and neither institution,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.02,0:08:28.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,government or big business,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.08,0:08:30.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are high in the trust ranks these days.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.36,0:08:35.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then there's scientists\Nwho discover and develop vaccines,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.08,0:08:37.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they're pretty elite
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.02,0:08:39.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and not accessible to the general public,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.63,0:08:41.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at least the language they speak.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.82,0:08:48.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Third, we're in a hyper-connected\Nenvironment with social media these days,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.44,0:08:55.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and people can share their unfettered\Nviews, concerns, anxieties and worries
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.36,0:08:58.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and find a lot of people\Nthat think the way they do,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.76,0:09:04.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and think maybe their worries\Nare worth paying attention to.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.06,0:09:06.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And finally,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.37,0:09:10.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,vaccines touch every single\Nlife on the planet.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.25,0:09:13.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What other health intervention,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.71,0:09:15.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,besides water,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.41,0:09:18.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,touches every single life?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.17,0:09:22.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if you're looking\Nfor something to disrupt,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.20,0:09:23.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's a perfect stage.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.12,0:09:29.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Perhaps that's one of the reasons\Nthat we need to pay more attention
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.69,0:09:32.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and rebuild our trust in issues.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.32,0:09:35.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People are asking all kinds of questions.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.72,0:09:38.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're asking,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.35,0:09:40.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,why are vaccines --
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.21,0:09:44.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and these are the kinds of things\Nwe're hearing in our social media --
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.24,0:09:49.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,why can't my child have\Na personalized vaccination schedule?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.22,0:09:52.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What the wisdom of so many vaccines?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.17,0:09:57.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What about all those ingredients\Nand preservatives?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.92,0:10:00.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are not crazy people,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.08,0:10:02.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're not uneducated;
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.34,0:10:04.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're actually worried mothers.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.44,0:10:10.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But some of them have come\Nto me and said we feel ignored,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.66,0:10:13.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we feel judged if we ask a question,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.92,0:10:15.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we even feel demonized
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.60,0:10:18.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that maybe we're part of some\Nantivaccine group.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.13,0:10:22.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we have some listening to do.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.73,0:10:25.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And maybe that's why last year,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.30,0:10:27.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there was research that found
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.32,0:10:33.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that in six months in 2019,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.61,0:10:34.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,online --
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.89,0:10:36.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this was with hundreds --
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.30,0:10:40.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,100 million different users\Non social media --
Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.34,0:10:46.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,although the numbers of individuals\Nwho expressed in their online groups
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.07,0:10:47.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they were positive,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.73,0:10:49.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as groups,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.13,0:10:51.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the ones who are the most negative
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.61,0:10:55.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were recruiting\Nthe conversations in the middle
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.45,0:10:59.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that were undecided about whether\Nthey wanted to get vaccines.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.78,0:11:01.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The highly negative --
Dialogue: 0,0:11:01.29,0:11:03.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what we might call the antivaccine groups,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.64,0:11:11.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were recruiting the undecided\Nat a rate 500 percent faster
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.46,0:11:13.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than the pro-vaccine groups.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.18,0:11:15.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,500 percent faster.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.75,0:11:17.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were more nimble,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.88,0:11:19.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they were responsive
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.28,0:11:20.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they were listening.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.16,0:11:24.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most people believe that vaccines are good
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.37,0:11:26.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they believe in their importance.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.73,0:11:28.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that belief is under attack.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.53,0:11:33.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need to build in more\Nopportunities for conversation.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.06,0:11:35.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there are ways to do it.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.99,0:11:38.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not easy for some\Nhealth professionals
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.44,0:11:41.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to have conversations where\Ntheir authority is questioned.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.56,0:11:43.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's uncomfortable.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:44.44,0:11:47.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they're just too busy\Nto listen to all these questions.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.45,0:11:50.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we need to to do something about that
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.76,0:11:54.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we're losing\Na lot of concerned parents
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.36,0:11:56.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that just want a conversation.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.50,0:12:01.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We should get volunteers trained\Nto sit in waiting rooms,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.77,0:12:03.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be on hotlines,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.70,0:12:06.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to have online chat forums,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.07,0:12:07.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to have chat boxes.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:08.30,0:12:09.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In younger kids,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.62,0:12:11.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with younger kids in school,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.60,0:12:13.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,teach them about immune systems
Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.94,0:12:15.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and teach them that actually,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.69,0:12:17.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you know that vaccine\Nyour little brother got?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.19,0:12:22.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, it just inspired\Nyour natural immune system.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.58,0:12:26.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a great thing and this is why.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:27.66,0:12:29.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need to build that confidence;
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.45,0:12:30.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we need to listen.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:32.62,0:12:35.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Despite all this questioning --
Dialogue: 0,0:12:35.35,0:12:36.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there's a lot of it --
Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.82,0:12:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I probably hear more\Nthan a lot of people --
Dialogue: 0,0:12:41.00,0:12:42.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am an optimist.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:42.57,0:12:46.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And my optimism is with\Na younger generation.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.18,0:12:52.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The younger generation who actually now\Nare becoming very aware
Dialogue: 0,0:12:52.80,0:12:55.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the risks of social media,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:55.12,0:12:56.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the false news,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:56.64,0:12:59.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the false identities,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:59.90,0:13:02.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they're starting to embrace science.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:02.88,0:13:08.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And some of them are a group of children\Nwhose mothers refused to vaccinate them.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:10.04,0:13:13.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Last spring of 2019,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.48,0:13:18.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,18-year-old Ethan Lindenburg\Nwent on Reddit
Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.67,0:13:20.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and put out a post.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:21.97,0:13:24.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"My mother doesn't believe in vaccines.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:24.86,0:13:27.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She's really worried they cause autism.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:27.55,0:13:29.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, she strong believes that.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:30.17,0:13:31.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I'm 18.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:31.98,0:13:33.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm a senior in high school.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:33.98,0:13:35.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can drive a car,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:35.42,0:13:36.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can vote,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:36.52,0:13:38.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I can go get my own vaccine.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:38.84,0:13:40.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can someone tell me where to get it?"
Dialogue: 0,0:13:41.56,0:13:43.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That post went viral.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:44.17,0:13:47.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It started to get a whole\Nyounger movement going.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:49.54,0:13:52.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I saw Ethan speak at a conference,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:52.38,0:13:55.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Global Vaccine Summit\Nat the EU last fall.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:56.67,0:13:58.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He spoke eloquently,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:58.64,0:14:00.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I was impressed
Dialogue: 0,0:14:00.19,0:14:02.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in front of a whole forum.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:03.00,0:14:04.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He told his personal story,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:04.97,0:14:06.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then he said to the group,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:06.59,0:14:10.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he said, "You know, everybody\Ntalks about misinformation,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:10.09,0:14:14.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I want to tell you about\Na different kind of misinformation,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:14.25,0:14:19.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's misinformation that says\Nthat people like my mother,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:19.58,0:14:21.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who is loving mother,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:21.47,0:14:25.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is bad person because\Nshe doesn't give me vaccines.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:26.30,0:14:31.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, I want to tell all of you\Nthat she didn't give me a vaccine
Dialogue: 0,0:14:31.19,0:14:33.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because she loves me
Dialogue: 0,0:14:33.21,0:14:37.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and because she believed that that\Nwas the best thing for me.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:38.27,0:14:39.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think differently
Dialogue: 0,0:14:39.74,0:14:42.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I will never change her mind,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:42.39,0:14:44.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but she's not a bad person."
Dialogue: 0,0:14:45.51,0:14:48.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That was the message from a teenager.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:48.81,0:14:52.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Empathy, kindness and understanding.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:53.12,0:14:56.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have an abundance\Nof scientific information
Dialogue: 0,0:14:56.70,0:14:58.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to debunk false rumors.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:59.62,0:15:01.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's not our problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:01.84,0:15:04.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have a relationship problem,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:04.35,0:15:06.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not a misinformation problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:06.85,0:15:09.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Misiniformation is a symptom,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:09.46,0:15:10.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not the cause.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:11.11,0:15:13.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If people trust,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:13.08,0:15:16.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they'll put up with a little risk\Nto avert a much bigger one.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:17.61,0:15:21.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The one thing that I want and I hope for
Dialogue: 0,0:15:21.24,0:15:24.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that we as a medical\Nand health community
Dialogue: 0,0:15:24.81,0:15:29.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have the moral courage and humility
Dialogue: 0,0:15:29.09,0:15:31.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to productively engage,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:31.44,0:15:32.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like Ethan,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:32.78,0:15:35.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with those who disagree with us.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:35.97,0:15:37.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I hope so.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:37.38,0:15:38.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:38.73,0:15:40.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause and cheers)