LIFE BEYOND II: The Museum of Alien Life (4K)
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0:02 - 0:03Sᴜᴘᴘᴏʀᴛᴇᴅ ʙʏ
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0:03 - 0:04Sᴜᴘᴘᴏʀᴛᴇᴅ ʙʏ
Protocol Labs -
0:04 - 0:05Sᴜᴘᴘᴏʀᴛᴇᴅ ʙʏ
Protocol Labs
Follow your curiosity. -
0:05 - 0:09Sᴜᴘᴘᴏʀᴛᴇᴅ ʙʏ
Protocol Labs
Follow your curiosity.
Lead humanity forward. -
0:09 - 0:09Protocol Labs
Follow your curiosity.
Lead humanity forward. -
0:09 - 0:10Follow your curiosity.
Lead humanity forward. -
0:17 - 0:19In all the universe,
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0:19 - 0:25In all the universe,
there stands only one known tree of life. -
0:31 - 0:34Does it stand alone?
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0:34 - 0:40Does it stand alone?
Or is it part of a vast cosmic wilderness? -
0:46 - 0:53Imagine a museum
containing every type of life in the universe. -
0:58 - 1:01What strange things would such a museum hold?
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1:16 - 1:19What is possible under the laws of nature?
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1:40 - 1:41LIFE
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1:41 - 1:46LIFE BEYOND
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1:49 - 1:50CHAPTER II
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1:50 - 1:55CHAPTER II
The Museum Of Alien Life -
2:03 - 2:04To have any hope-
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2:04 - 2:06of finding alien life,
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2:06 - 2:07we have to know what to look for.
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2:12 - 2:14But where do we begin?
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2:15 - 2:16How do we narrow down...
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2:17 - 2:18a seemingly infinite set-
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2:18 - 2:20of possibilities...
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2:27 - 2:30There's one thing we know for sure...
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2:31 - 2:32nature will have to play-
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2:32 - 2:33by her own rules.
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2:37 - 2:38No matter how strange-
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2:38 - 2:40alien life might be,
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2:40 - 2:41is going to be limited-
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2:41 - 2:43by the same physical...
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2:43 - 2:45and chemical laws that we are....
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2:47 - 2:476_
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2:47 - 2:476 C_
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2:47 - 2:476 CO_
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2:47 - 2:476 CO₂
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2:47 - 2:476 CO₂ +
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2:47 - 2:476 CO₂ + 6
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2:47 - 2:476 CO₂ + 6 H_
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2:47 - 2:476 CO₂ + 6 H₂_
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2:47 - 2:486 CO₂ + 6 H₂O_
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2:48 - 2:486 CO₂ + 6 H₂O +
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2:48 - 2:486 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + L
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2:48 - 2:486 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + Li
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2:48 - 2:486 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + Lig_
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2:48 - 2:486 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + Ligh_
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2:48 - 2:486 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + Light_
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2:48 - 2:486 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + Light →
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2:48 - 2:486 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + Light → C
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2:48 - 2:486 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + Light → C₆
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2:48 - 2:486 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + Light → C₆H_
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2:48 - 2:486 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + Light → C₆H₁_
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2:48 - 2:486 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + Light → C₆H₁₂_
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2:48 - 2:486 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + Light → C₆H₁₂O
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2:48 - 2:486 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + Light → C₆H₁₂O₆
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2:48 - 2:486 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + Light → C₆H₁₂O₆ +
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2:48 - 2:496 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + Light → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6_
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2:49 - 2:496 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + Light → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O_
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2:49 - 2:526 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + Light → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂
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2:52 - 2:52On top of this,
6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + Light → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂ -
2:52 - 2:53On top of this,
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2:53 - 2:54each alien environment will further limit-
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2:54 - 2:54⁴⁵⁸ ʜʏᴅʀᴏɢᴇɴ
each alien environment will further limit- -
2:54 - 2:54⁴⁵⁸ ʜʏᴅʀᴏɢᴇɴ | C₆_
each alien environment will further limit- -
2:54 - 2:54⁴⁵⁸ ʜʏᴅʀᴏɢᴇɴ | C₆H_
each alien environment will further limit- -
2:54 - 2:54⁴⁵⁸ ʜʏᴅʀᴏɢᴇɴ | C₆H₁_
each alien environment will further limit- -
2:54 - 2:54⁴⁵⁸ ʜʏᴅʀᴏɢᴇɴ | C₆H₁₂
each alien environment will further limit- -
2:54 - 2:54⁴⁵⁸ ʜʏᴅʀᴏɢᴇɴ | C₆H₁₂O_
each alien environment will further limit- -
2:54 - 2:54⁴⁵⁸ ʜʏᴅʀᴏɢᴇɴ | C₆H₁₂O₆_
each alien environment will further limit- -
2:54 - 2:54⁴⁵⁸ ʜʏᴅʀᴏɢᴇɴ | C₆H₁₂O₆ →_
each alien environment will further limit- -
2:54 - 2:54⁴⁵⁸ ʜʏᴅʀᴏɢᴇɴ | C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2
each alien environment will further limit- -
2:54 - 2:54⁴⁵⁸ ʜʏᴅʀᴏɢᴇɴ | C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2C
each alien environment will further limit- -
2:54 - 2:54⁴⁵⁸ ʜʏᴅʀᴏɢᴇɴ | C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2C₂
each alien environment will further limit- -
2:54 - 2:54⁴⁵⁸ ʜʏᴅʀᴏɢᴇɴ | C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2C₂H_
each alien environment will further limit- -
2:54 - 2:55⁴⁵⁸ ʜʏᴅʀᴏɢᴇɴ | C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2C₂H₅_
each alien environment will further limit- -
2:55 - 2:55⁴⁵⁸ ʜʏᴅʀᴏɢᴇɴ | C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2C₂H₅O_
each alien environment will further limit- -
2:55 - 2:55⁴⁵⁸ ʜʏᴅʀᴏɢᴇɴ | C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2C₂H₅OH
each alien environment will further limit- -
2:55 - 2:55⁴⁵⁸ ʜʏᴅʀᴏɢᴇɴ | C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2C₂H₅OH +
each alien environment will further limit- -
2:55 - 2:55⁴⁵⁸ ʜʏᴅʀᴏɢᴇɴ | C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2C₂H₅OH +2
each alien environment will further limit- -
2:55 - 2:55⁴⁵⁸ ʜʏᴅʀᴏɢᴇɴ | C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2C₂H₅OH +2C_
each alien environment will further limit- -
2:55 - 2:55⁴⁵⁸ ʜʏᴅʀᴏɢᴇɴ | C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2C₂H₅OH +2CO_
each alien environment will further limit- -
2:55 - 2:55⁴⁵⁸ ʜʏᴅʀᴏɢᴇɴ | C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2C₂H₅OH +2CO₂ +_
each alien environment will further limit- -
2:55 - 2:55⁴⁵⁸ ʜʏᴅʀᴏɢᴇɴ | C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2C₂H₅OH +2CO₂ + E
each alien environment will further limit- -
2:55 - 2:55⁴⁵⁸ ʜʏᴅʀᴏɢᴇɴ | C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2C₂H₅OH +2CO₂ + En
each alien environment will further limit- -
2:55 - 2:55⁴⁵⁸ ʜʏᴅʀᴏɢᴇɴ | C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2C₂H₅OH +2CO₂ + Ene
each alien environment will further limit- -
2:55 - 2:55⁴⁵⁸ ᴏxʏɢᴇɴ | C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2C₂H₅OH +2CO₂ + Ener_
each alien environment will further limit- -
2:55 - 2:55⁴⁵⁸ ᴏxʏɢᴇɴ | C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2C₂H₅OH +2CO₂ + Energ_
each alien environment will further limit- -
2:55 - 2:55⁴⁵⁸ ᴏxʏɢᴇɴ | C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2C₂H₅OH +2CO₂ + Energy_
each alien environment will further limit- -
2:55 - 2:56⁴⁵⁸ ᴏxʏɢᴇɴ | C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2C₂H₅OH +2CO₂ + Energy
each alien environment will further limit- -
2:56 - 2:57⁴⁵⁸ ᴏxʏɢᴇɴ | C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2C₂H₅OH +2CO₂ + Energy
what kinds of life forms can evolve there. -
2:57 - 2:57⁴⁵⁸ ɴɪʀᴏɢᴇɴ | C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2C₂H₅OH +2CO₂ + Energy
what kinds of life forms can evolve there. -
2:57 - 2:59⁴⁰⁵⁰ ɴɪʀᴏɢᴇɴ | C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2C₂H₅OH +2CO₂ + Energy
what kinds of life forms can evolve there. -
3:07 - 3:09Despite these natural boundaries,
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3:09 - 3:12the possibilities are staggering to imagine.
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3:14 - 3:16Trillions of planets,
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3:16 - 3:18each a unique cauldron of chemicals,
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3:18 - 3:23undergoing their own complex evolution.
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3:28 - 3:29To guide our thinking,
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3:30 - 3:31this museum of alien life-
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3:31 - 3:34will be divided into two exhibits...
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3:36 - 3:36Life as we know it,
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3:36 - 3:37EXHIBIT I
Life As We Know It
ᶜᵃʳᵇᵒⁿ ᵃⁿᵈ ʷᵃᵗᵉʳ ᵇᵃˢᵉᵈ
Life as we know it, -
3:37 - 3:38EXHIBIT I
Life As We Know It
ᶜᵃʳᵇᵒⁿ ᵃⁿᵈ ʷᵃᵗᵉʳ ᵇᵃˢᵉᵈ
home to beings- -
3:38 - 3:41EXHIBIT I
Life As We Know It
ᶜᵃʳᵇᵒⁿ ᵃⁿᵈ ʷᵃᵗᵉʳ ᵇᵃˢᵉᵈ
with bio-chemistries like ours. -
3:42 - 3:42EXHIBIT II
Life As We Know Don't It
ᴱˣᵒᵗᶦᶜ ᴮᶦᵒᶜʰᵉᵐᶦˢᵗʳᶦᵉˢ -
3:42 - 3:44EXHIBIT II
Life As We Know Don't It
ᴱˣᵒᵗᶦᶜ ᴮᶦᵒᶜʰᵉᵐᶦˢᵗʳᶦᵉˢ
And life as we don't know it, -
3:44 - 3:44EXHIBIT II
Life As We Know Don't It
ᴱˣᵒᵗᶦᶜ ᴮᶦᵒᶜʰᵉᵐᶦˢᵗʳᶦᵉˢ -
3:44 - 3:45EXHIBIT II
Life As We Know Don't It
ᴱˣᵒᵗᶦᶜ ᴮᶦᵒᶜʰᵉᵐᶦˢᵗʳᶦᵉˢ
home to beings- -
3:45 - 3:48EXHIBIT II
Life As We Know Don't It
ᴱˣᵒᵗᶦᶜ ᴮᶦᵒᶜʰᵉᵐᶦˢᵗʳᶦᵉˢ
that challenge our concept of life itself. -
3:54 - 3:55Before we venture-
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3:55 - 3:57too far into the unknown,
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3:57 - 3:59we have to ask ourselves...
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4:00 - 4:01what if alien life-
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4:01 - 4:02is more like us...
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4:02 - 4:04than we think?
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4:11 - 4:13EXHIBIT I
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4:13 - 4:15EXHIBIT I
Life As We Know It -
4:15 - 4:15EXHIBIT I
Life As We Know It
ᶜᵃʳᵇᵒⁿ ᵃⁿᵈ ʷᵃᵗᵉʳ ᵇᵃˢᵉᵈ -
4:15 - 4:16EXHIBIT I
Life As We Know It
ᶜᵃʳᵇᵒⁿ ᵃⁿᵈ ʷᵃᵗᵉʳ ᵇᵃˢᵉᵈ
If there's one feature- -
4:16 - 4:17EXHIBIT I
Life As We Know It
ᶜᵃʳᵇᵒⁿ ᵃⁿᵈ ʷᵃᵗᵉʳ ᵇᵃˢᵉᵈ
that unites us... -
4:17 - 4:20EXHIBIT I
Life As We Know It
ᶜᵃʳᵇᵒⁿ ᵃⁿᵈ ʷᵃᵗᵉʳ ᵇᵃˢᵉᵈ
with these other specimes in this museum, -
4:20 - 4:20EXHIBIT I
Life As We Know It
ᶜᵃʳᵇᵒⁿ ᵃⁿᵈ ʷᵃᵗᵉʳ ᵇᵃˢᵉᵈ -
4:20 - 4:21EXHIBIT I
Life As We Know It
ᶜᵃʳᵇᵒⁿ ᵃⁿᵈ ʷᵃᵗᵉʳ ᵇᵃˢᵉᵈ
it's carbon... -
4:22 - 4:22Carbon
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4:22 - 4:22Carbon ⁴
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4:22 - 4:22S_
Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ -
4:22 - 4:22ᴀ_ Sᴜ_
Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐ -
4:22 - 4:22C_
ᴀᴛ_ Sᴜʙ_
Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒ -
4:22 - 4:22R_ | C_
ᴀᴛᴏ_ Sᴜʙʟ
Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒˢ -
4:22 - 4:22R +_ | C_
ᴀᴛᴏᴍ Sᴜʙʟɪ
Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒˢᵗ -
4:22 - 4:22R + 7:_ | C
ᴀᴛᴏᴍɪ Sᴜʙʟɪᴍ
Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒˢᵗ ᵃ -
4:22 - 4:23R + 7: 9 | C
ᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ Sᴜʙʟɪᴍᴀ_
Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒˢᵗ ᵃᵇ -
4:23 - 4:23R + 7: 9: | C 0
ᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ ᴡ_ Sᴜʙʟɪᴍᴀᴛ_
Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒˢᵗ ᵃᵇᵘ -
4:23 - 4:23R + 7: 9: 5 | C 0_
ᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ ᴡᴇ_ Sᴜʙʟɪᴍᴀᴛɪ_
Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒˢᵗ ᵃᵇᵘⁿ -
4:23 - 4:23R + 7: 9: 56_ | C 0_
ᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ ᴡᴇɪ_ Sᴜʙʟɪᴍᴀᴛɪᴏ
Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒˢᵗ ᵃᵇᵘⁿᵈ -
4:23 - 4:23R + 7: 9: 56._ | C 0_
ᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ ᴡᴇɪɢʜ Sᴜʙʟɪᴍᴀᴛɪᴏɴ
Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒˢᵗ ᵃᵇᵘⁿᵈᵃ -
4:23 - 4:23R + 7: 9: 56.2_ | C 0
ᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ ᴡᴇɪɢʜᴛ Sᴜʙʟɪᴍᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴘ
Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒˢᵗ ᵃᵇᵘⁿᵈᵃⁿ -
4:23 - 4:23R + 7: 9: 56.25 | C 00
ᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ ᴡᴇɪɢʜᴛ: Sᴜʙʟɪᴍᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴘᴏ_
Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒˢᵗ ᵃᵇᵘⁿᵈᵃⁿᵗ -
4:23 - 4:23R + 7: 9: 56.25 | C 00
ᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ ᴡᴇɪɢʜᴛ: ₁ Sᴜʙʟɪᴍᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴘᴏɪ_
Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒˢᵗ ᵃᵇᵘⁿᵈᵃⁿᵗ ᵉ -
4:23 - 4:23R + 7: 9: 56.25 | C 00_
ᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ ᴡᴇɪɢʜᴛ: ₁₂ Sᴜʙʟɪᴍᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴘᴏɪɴ_
Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒˢᵗ ᵃᵇᵘⁿᵈᵃⁿᵗ ᵉˡ -
4:23 - 4:23R + 7: 9: 56.25 | C 00_
ᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ ᴡᴇɪɢʜᴛ: ₁₂. Sᴜʙʟɪᴍᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴘᴏɪɴᴛ
Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒˢᵗ ᵃᵇᵘⁿᵈᵃⁿᵗ ᵉˡᵉ -
4:23 - 4:23R + 7: 9: 56.25 | C 00_
ᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ ᴡᴇɪɢʜᴛ: ₁₂.₀ Sᴜʙʟɪᴍᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴘᴏɪɴᴛ:
Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒˢᵗ ᵃᵇᵘⁿᵈᵃⁿᵗ ᵉˡᵉᵐ -
4:23 - 4:23R + 7: 9: 56.25 | C 006
ᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ ᴡᴇɪɢʜᴛ: ₁₂.₀₁ Sᴜʙʟɪᴍᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴘᴏɪɴᴛ: ³
Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒˢᵗ ᵃᵇᵘⁿᵈᵃⁿᵗ ᵉˡᵉᵐᵉ -
4:23 - 4:23R + 7: 9: 56.25 | C 006
ᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ ᴡᴇɪɢʜᴛ: ₁₂.₀₁₁ Sᴜʙʟɪᴍᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴘᴏɪɴᴛ: ³⁹
Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒˢᵗ ᵃᵇᵘⁿᵈᵃⁿᵗ ᵉˡᵉᵐᵉⁿ -
4:23 - 4:23R + 7: 9: 56.25 | C 006
ᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ ᴡᴇɪɢʜᴛ: ₁₂.₀₁₁ Sᴜʙʟɪᴍᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴘᴏɪɴᴛ: ³⁹¹
Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒˢᵗ ᵃᵇᵘⁿᵈᵃⁿᵗ ᵉˡᵉᵐᵉⁿᵗ -
4:23 - 4:23R + 7: 9: 56.25 | C 006
ᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ ᴡᴇɪɢʜᴛ: ₁₂.₀₁₁ Sᴜʙʟɪᴍᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴘᴏɪɴᴛ: ³⁹¹⁵
Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒˢᵗ ᵃᵇᵘⁿᵈᵃⁿᵗ ᵉˡᵉᵐᵉⁿᵗ -
4:23 - 4:24R + 7: 9: 56.25 | C 006
ᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ ᴡᴇɪɢʜᴛ: ₁₂.₀₁₁ Sᴜʙʟɪᴍᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴘᴏɪɴᴛ: ³⁹¹⁵ ᴷ
Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒˢᵗ ᵃᵇᵘⁿᵈᵃⁿᵗ ᵉˡᵉᵐᵉⁿᵗ -
4:24 - 4:25R + 7: 9: 56.25 | Period 2
ᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ ᴡᴇɪɢʜᴛ: ₁₂.₀₁₁ Sᴜʙʟɪᴍᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴘᴏɪɴᴛ: ³⁹¹⁵ ᴷ
Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒˢᵗ ᵃᵇᵘⁿᵈᵃⁿᵗ ᵉˡᵉᵐᵉⁿᵗ -
4:25 - 4:26R + 7: 9: 56.25 | Period 2
ᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ ᴡᴇɪɢʜᴛ: ₁₂.₀₁₁ Sᴜʙʟɪᴍᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴘᴏɪɴᴛ: ³⁹¹⁵ ᴷ
Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒˢᵗ ᵃᵇᵘⁿᵈᵃⁿᵗ ᵉˡᵉᵐᵉⁿᵗ
Carbon is ubiquitous, -
4:26 - 4:26R + 7: 9: 56.25 | Period 2
ᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ ᴡᴇɪɢʜᴛ: ₁₂.₀₁₁ Sᴜʙʟɪᴍᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴘᴏɪɴᴛ: ³⁹¹⁵ ᴷ
Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒˢᵗ ᵃᵇᵘⁿᵈᵃⁿᵗ ᵉˡᵉᵐᵉⁿᵗ -
4:26 - 4:27R + 7: 9: 56.25 | Period 2
ᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ ᴡᴇɪɢʜᴛ: ₁₂.₀₁₁ Sᴜʙʟɪᴍᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴘᴏɪɴᴛ: ³⁹¹⁵ ᴷ
Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒˢᵗ ᵃᵇᵘⁿᵈᵃⁿᵗ ᵉˡᵉᵐᵉⁿᵗ
it's one o' tho most- -
4:27 - 4:28R + 7: 9: 56.25 | P-block
ᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ ᴡᴇɪɢʜᴛ: ₁₂.₀₁₁ Sᴜʙʟɪᴍᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴘᴏɪɴᴛ: ³⁹¹⁵ ᴷ
Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒˢᵗ ᵃᵇᵘⁿᵈᵃⁿᵗ ᵉˡᵉᵐᵉⁿᵗ
it's one o' tho most- -
4:28 - 4:29R + 7: 9: 56.25 | P-block
ᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ ᴡᴇɪɢʜᴛ: ₁₂.₀₁₁ Sᴜʙʟɪᴍᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴘᴏɪɴᴛ: ³⁹¹⁵ ᴷ
Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒˢᵗ ᵃᵇᵘⁿᵈᵃⁿᵗ ᵉˡᵉᵐᵉⁿᵗ
common elements in the universe, -
4:29 - 4:29R + 7: 9: 56.25 | Group 14
ᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ ᴡᴇɪɢʜᴛ: ₁₂.₀₁₁ Sᴜʙʟɪᴍᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴘᴏɪɴᴛ: ³⁹¹⁵ ᴷ
Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒˢᵗ ᵃᵇᵘⁿᵈᵃⁿᵗ ᵉˡᵉᵐᵉⁿᵗ
common elements in the universe, -
4:29 - 4:30R + 7: 9: 56.25 | Group 14
ᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ ᴡᴇɪɢʜᴛ: ₁₂.₀₁₁ Sᴜʙʟɪᴍᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴘᴏɪɴᴛ: ³⁹¹⁵ ᴷ
Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒˢᵗ ᵃᵇᵘⁿᵈᵃⁿᵗ ᵉˡᵉᵐᵉⁿᵗ -
4:30 - 4:30R + 7: 9: 56.25 | Group 14
ᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ ᴡᴇɪɢʜᴛ: ₁₂.₀₁₁ Sᴜʙʟɪᴍᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴘᴏɪɴᴛ: ³⁹¹⁵ ᴷ
Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒˢᵗ ᵃᵇᵘⁿᵈᵃⁿᵗ ᵉˡᵉᵐᵉⁿᵗ
and is very good at forming- -
4:30 - 4:31R + 7: 9: 56.25 | [He] 2s² 2p²
ᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ ᴡᴇɪɢʜᴛ: ₁₂.₀₁₁ Sᴜʙʟɪᴍᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴘᴏɪɴᴛ: ³⁹¹⁵ ᴷ
Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒˢᵗ ᵃᵇᵘⁿᵈᵃⁿᵗ ᵉˡᵉᵐᵉⁿᵗ
and is very good at forming- -
4:31 - 4:32R + 7: 9: 56.25 | [He] 2s² 2p²
ᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ ᴡᴇɪɢʜᴛ: ₁₂.₀₁₁ Sᴜʙʟɪᴍᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴘᴏɪɴᴛ: ³⁹¹⁵ ᴷ
Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒˢᵗ ᵃᵇᵘⁿᵈᵃⁿᵗ ᵉˡᵉᵐᵉⁿᵗ
large stable molecules. -
4:32 - 4:33R + 7: 9: 56.25
ᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ ᴡᴇɪɢʜᴛ: ₁₂.₀₁₁ Sᴜʙʟɪᴍᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴘᴏɪɴᴛ: ³⁹¹⁵ ᴷ
Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒˢᵗ ᵃᵇᵘⁿᵈᵃⁿᵗ ᵉˡᵉᵐᵉⁿᵗ
large stable molecules. -
4:33 - 4:34R + 7: 9: 56.25 | C 006
ᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ ᴡᴇɪɢʜᴛ: ₁₂.₀₁₁ Sᴜʙʟɪᴍᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴘᴏɪɴᴛ: ³⁹¹⁵ ᴷ
Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒˢᵗ ᵃᵇᵘⁿᵈᵃⁿᵗ ᵉˡᵉᵐᵉⁿᵗ
large stable molecules. -
4:34 - 4:35R + 7: 9: 56.25 | C 006
ᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ ᴡᴇɪɢʜᴛ: ₁₂.₀₁₁ Sᴜʙʟɪᴍᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴘᴏɪɴᴛ: ³⁹¹⁵ ᴷ
Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒˢᵗ ᵃᵇᵘⁿᵈᵃⁿᵗ ᵉˡᵉᵐᵉⁿᵗ -
4:35 - 4:37R + 7: 9: 56.25 | Period 2
ᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ ᴡᴇɪɢʜᴛ: ₁₂.₀₁₁ Sᴜʙʟɪᴍᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴘᴏɪɴᴛ: ³⁹¹⁵ ᴷ
Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒˢᵗ ᵃᵇᵘⁿᵈᵃⁿᵗ ᵉˡᵉᵐᵉⁿᵗ -
4:37 - 4:37R + 7: 9: 56.25 | P-block
ᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ ᴡᴇɪɢʜᴛ: ₁₂.₀₁₁ Sᴜʙʟɪᴍᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴘᴏɪɴᴛ: ³⁹¹⁵ ᴷ
Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒˢᵗ ᵃᵇᵘⁿᵈᵃⁿᵗ ᵉˡᵉᵐᵉⁿᵗ -
4:37 - 4:39R + 7: 9: 56.25 | P-block
ᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ ᴡᴇɪɢʜᴛ: ₁₂.₀₁₁ Sᴜʙʟɪᴍᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴘᴏɪɴᴛ: ³⁹¹⁵ ᴷ
Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒˢᵗ ᵃᵇᵘⁿᵈᵃⁿᵗ ᵉˡᵉᵐᵉⁿᵗ
Carbon has the rare ability- -
4:39 - 4:39R + 7: 9: 56.25 | P-block
ᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ ᴡᴇɪɢʜᴛ: ₁₂.₀₁₁ Sᴜʙʟɪᴍᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴘᴏɪɴᴛ: ³⁹¹⁵ ᴷ
Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒˢᵗ ᵃᵇᵘⁿᵈᵃⁿᵗ ᵉˡᵉᵐᵉⁿᵗ
to form four way bounds- -
4:39 - 4:40R + 7: 9: 56.25 | Group 14
ᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ ᴡᴇɪɢʜᴛ: ₁₂.₀₁₁ Sᴜʙʟɪᴍᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴘᴏɪɴᴛ: ³⁹¹⁵ ᴷ
Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒˢᵗ ᵃᵇᵘⁿᵈᵃⁿᵗ ᵉˡᵉᵐᵉⁿᵗ
to form four way bounds- -
4:40 - 4:41R + 7: 9: 56.25 | Group 14
ᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ ᴡᴇɪɢʜᴛ: ₁₂.₀₁₁ Sᴜʙʟɪᴍᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴘᴏɪɴᴛ: ³⁹¹⁵ ᴷ
Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒˢᵗ ᵃᵇᵘⁿᵈᵃⁿᵗ ᵉˡᵉᵐᵉⁿᵗ
with other elements... -
4:41 - 4:42R + 7: 9: 56.25 | [HE] 2s² 2p²
ᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ ᴡᴇɪɢʜᴛ: ₁₂.₀₁₁ Sᴜʙʟɪᴍᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴘᴏɪɴᴛ: ³⁹¹⁵ ᴷ
Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒˢᵗ ᵃᵇᵘⁿᵈᵃⁿᵗ ᵉˡᵉᵐᵉⁿᵗ
with other elements... -
4:42 - 4:42R + 7: 9: 56.25 | [HE] 2s² 2p²
ᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ ᴡᴇɪɢʜᴛ: ₁₂.₀₁₁ Sᴜʙʟɪᴍᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴘᴏɪɴᴛ: ³⁹¹⁵ ᴷ
Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒˢᵗ ᵃᵇᵘⁿᵈᵃⁿᵗ ᵉˡᵉᵐᵉⁿᵗ -
4:42 - 4:42R + 7: 9: 56.25 | [HE] 2s² 2p²
ᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ ᴡᴇɪɢʜᴛ: ₁₂.₀₁₁ Sᴜʙʟɪᴍᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴘᴏɪɴᴛ: ³⁹¹⁵ ᴷ
Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒˢᵗ ᵃᵇᵘⁿᵈᵃⁿᵗ ᵉˡᵉᵐᵉⁿᵗ
and to bind to itself- -
4:42 - 4:43R + 7: 9: 56.25
ᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ ᴡᴇɪɢʜᴛ: ₁₂.₀₁₁ Sᴜʙʟɪᴍᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴘᴏɪɴᴛ: ³⁹¹⁵ ᴷ
Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒˢᵗ ᵃᵇᵘⁿᵈᵃⁿᵗ ᵉˡᵉᵐᵉⁿᵗ
and to bind to itself- -
4:43 - 4:43R + 7: 9: 56.25
ᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ ᴡᴇɪɢʜᴛ: ₁₂.₀₁₁ Sᴜʙʟɪᴍᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴘᴏɪɴᴛ: ³⁹¹⁵ ᴷ
Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒˢᵗ ᵃᵇᵘⁿᵈᵃⁿᵗ ᵉˡᵉᵐᵉⁿᵗ
in long stable chains... -
4:43 - 4:45R + 7: 9: 56.25 | C 006
ᴀᴛᴏᴍɪᴄ ᴡᴇɪɢʜᴛ: ₁₂.₀₁₁ Sᴜʙʟɪᴍᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴘᴏɪɴᴛ: ³⁹¹⁵ ᴷ
Carbon ⁴ᵗʰ ᵐᵒˢᵗ ᵃᵇᵘⁿᵈᵃⁿᵗ ᵉˡᵉᵐᵉⁿᵗ
in long stable chains... -
4:46 - 4:47enabling the formation...
-
4:48 - 4:51of huge complex molecules.
-
4:56 - 4:59This versatility makes carbon the center piece...
-
4:59 - 5:01in the moleculary machinery of life.
-
5:03 - 5:05And the same carbon compounds
-
5:05 - 5:06that we use have been-
-
5:06 - 5:09found far from Earth,
-
5:09 - 5:10clinging to meteorites
-
5:11 - 5:11G
-
5:11 - 5:11Gl
-
5:11 - 5:11Gly_
-
5:11 - 5:11Glyc_
-
5:11 - 5:11Glyci_
-
5:11 - 5:11Glycin
-
5:11 - 5:12Glycine
-
5:12 - 5:15Glycine
to floating in far off clouds... -
5:15 - 5:15Glycine
-
5:15 - 5:16Glycine
of cosmic dust. -
5:16 - 5:18Glycine
-
5:18 - 5:20Glycine
The building blocks of life... -
5:21 - 5:24drifting like snow through the universe.
-
5:30 - 5:32And if alien life has selected other-
-
5:33 - 5:35carbon compounds for the biochemistry,
-
5:36 - 5:38they will have plenty to choose from.
-
5:40 - 5:41Z DNA | B DNA
-
5:42 - 5:44Scientists recently identified
-
5:44 - 5:46over a million possible-
-
5:46 - 5:48alternatives to DNA...
-
5:48 - 5:51all carbon based.
-
5:58 - 5:59If we ever discover-
-
5:59 - 6:01other carbon based life forms,
-
6:02 - 6:06we will be fundamentally related.
-
6:08 - 6:11They will be our cosmic brother.
-
6:13 - 6:15But would they look anything like us?
-
6:20 - 6:22If they hail from Earth like planets,
-
6:23 - 6:24we could share even more in common,
-
6:25 - 6:28than just our biochemistry.
-
6:30 - 6:31What would life be like-
-
6:31 - 6:32on another planets,
-
6:32 - 6:33if it is evolved?
-
6:33 - 6:34Would it be like,
-
6:35 - 6:37the world today here on Earth?
-
6:37 - 6:40Or would be completely different?
-
6:40 - 6:41There are those,
-
6:41 - 6:42who argue that...
-
6:42 - 6:44from the argument of convergent evolution,
-
6:45 - 6:48if conditions on other planets are similar to here,
-
6:48 - 6:50then we will see very similar life forms...
-
6:54 - 6:57animal and plant-like organisms,
-
6:57 - 7:00that look very familiar.
-
7:12 - 7:13On Earth,
-
7:13 - 7:15certain features like eyesight,
-
7:15 - 7:17echo-location and flight..
-
7:17 - 7:19have evolved multiple times,
-
7:19 - 7:20independently...
-
7:20 - 7:22in different species.
-
7:24 - 7:26This process of convergent evolution...
-
7:26 - 7:29could extend to alien planets like Earth,
-
7:29 - 7:35where creatures share similar environmental pressures.
-
7:35 - 7:37It's no guarantee,
-
7:37 - 7:39but there could be certain
-
7:39 - 7:42universalities of life...
-
7:44 - 7:46the greatest hits of evolution...
-
7:46 - 7:49on repeat across the Universe.
-
7:58 - 7:59Each feature would be a tune-
-
7:59 - 8:02to its local environment.
-
8:03 - 8:04Dimly lit planets...
-
8:04 - 8:08would produce huge eyes to suck in extra light,
-
8:08 - 8:11like nocturnal mammals.
-
8:14 - 8:15Some people have gone-
-
8:15 - 8:16so far as to say-
-
8:17 - 8:18that human type organism,
-
8:19 - 8:19humanoids,
-
8:19 - 8:22will occur on other planets.
-
8:26 - 8:27The existence of other-
-
8:27 - 8:29human-like organisms...
-
8:29 - 8:30seems unlikely,
-
8:30 - 8:31given the long...
-
8:31 - 8:33convoluted chain of events-
-
8:33 - 8:34that produced us.
-
8:35 - 8:37But we can't rule it out.
-
8:41 - 8:42If just one in every-
-
8:42 - 8:45100 trillion Earth-like planets produced-
-
8:45 - 8:46a human-like form...
-
8:46 - 8:47there could still be...
-
8:47 - 8:51thousands of creatures like us out there...
-
9:02 - 9:07But in reality, we are more likely to find
something lower on the food chain. -
9:10 - 9:11Convergent evolution-
-
9:11 - 9:14is also rampant in plant life...
-
9:14 - 9:16and C₄ photosynthesis-
-
9:16 - 9:17has arisen independently...
-
9:17 - 9:19over 40 times...
-
9:21 - 9:24Would alien plants look like ours...
-
9:24 - 9:26or something else entirely?
-
9:37 - 9:37On Earth,
-
9:38 - 9:39plants appear green
-
9:39 - 9:40because they absorb
-
9:40 - 9:41the other wavelenghts
-
9:41 - 9:44in the Sun's light spectrum.
-
9:45 - 9:49But stars come in many colors..
-
9:52 - 9:54and alien plants would evolve-
-
9:54 - 9:55different pigments...
-
9:55 - 9:59to adapt to their sun's unique spectrum.
-
10:04 - 10:06Plants feeding off hotter stars-
-
10:06 - 10:08could appear redder,
-
10:08 - 10:09by absorbing their-
-
10:09 - 10:11energy rich bluer light
-
10:20 - 10:22Around dim Red Dwarfs stars,
-
10:22 - 10:25vegetation could appear black,
-
10:25 - 10:27adapted to absorb all-
-
10:27 - 10:29visible wavelengths of light.
-
10:45 - 10:46Earth itself-
-
10:46 - 10:48may have once appeared purple,
-
10:48 - 10:49due a pigment called retinal,
-
10:49 - 10:50ʀᴇᴛɪɴᴀʟ
due a pigment called retinal, -
10:50 - 10:50ʀᴇᴛɪɴᴀʟ
-
10:50 - 10:50ʀᴇᴛɪɴᴀʟ
that was an early- -
10:50 - 10:51ʀᴇᴛɪɴᴀʟ
precursor to chlorophyll. -
10:51 - 10:51ʀᴇᴛɪɴᴀʟ | ᴄʜʟᴏʀᴏᴘʜʏʟʟ ᴅ
precursor to chlorophyll. -
10:51 - 10:52ʀᴇᴛɪɴᴀʟ | ᴄʜʟᴏʀᴏᴘʜʏʟʟ ᴅ
precursor to chlorophyll. -
10:52 - 10:53ʀᴇᴛɪɴᴀʟ | ᴄʜʟᴏʀᴏᴘʜʏʟʟ ᴅ ʀᴇᴛɪɴᴀʟ ᵖʰᵒᵗᵒˢʸⁿᵗʰᵉᵗⁱᶜ ᵖⁱᵍᵐᵉⁿᵗ
precursor to chlorophyll. -
10:53 - 10:55ʀᴇᴛɪɴᴀʟ | ᴄʜʟᴏʀᴏᴘʜʏʟʟ ᴅ ʀᴇᴛɪɴᴀʟ ᵖʰᵒᵗᵒˢʸⁿᵗʰᵉᵗⁱᶜ ᵖⁱᵍᵐᵉⁿᵗ
-
10:55 - 10:57ʀᴇᴛɪɴᴀʟ | ᴄʜʟᴏʀᴏᴘʜʏʟʟ ᴅ ʀᴇᴛɪɴᴀʟ ᵖʰᵒᵗᵒˢʸⁿᵗʰᵉᵗⁱᶜ ᵖⁱᵍᵐᵉⁿᵗ
Some think that retinal's molecular simplicity... -
10:57 - 10:58Some think that retinal's molecular simplicity...
-
10:58 - 11:01could make it a more universal pigment.
-
11:04 - 11:05If so,
-
11:05 - 11:06we may find...
-
11:06 - 11:07that purple...
-
11:08 - 11:08is life's...
-
11:08 - 11:09favorite color.
-
11:20 - 11:22But the color of alien vegetation...
-
11:22 - 11:24is more than just a curiosity,
-
11:26 - 11:27it's chemical information-
-
11:27 - 11:28that could be seen...
-
11:28 - 11:29from light years away.
-
11:34 - 11:34ᴇᴀʀᴛʜsʜɪɴᴇ sᴘᴇᴄᴛʀᴜᴍ
-
11:34 - 11:36ᴇᴀʀᴛʜsʜɪɴᴇ sᴘᴇᴄᴛʀᴜᴍ
Earth plants leave a signature bump, -
11:36 - 11:37ᴇᴀʀᴛʜsʜɪɴᴇ sᴘᴇᴄᴛʀᴜᴍ
-
11:37 - 11:39ᴇᴀʀᴛʜsʜɪɴᴇ sᴘᴇᴄᴛʀᴜᴍ
in the light reflected off our planet. -
11:39 - 11:40ᴇᴀʀᴛʜsʜɪɴᴇ sᴘᴇᴄᴛʀᴜᴍ
-
11:40 - 11:42ᴇᴀʀᴛʜsʜɪɴᴇ sᴘᴇᴄᴛʀᴜᴍ
Finding a similar signal... -
11:42 - 11:43ᴇᴀʀᴛʜsʜɪɴᴇ sᴘᴇᴄᴛʀᴜᴍ
from another world could point the way... -
11:43 - 11:44ᴇᴀʀᴛʜsʜɪɴᴇ sᴘᴇᴄᴛʀᴜᴍ
-
11:44 - 11:47ᴇᴀʀᴛʜsʜɪɴᴇ sᴘᴇᴄᴛʀᴜᴍ
to alien vegetation. -
11:50 - 11:51Perhaps-
-
11:51 - 11:52this will be our...
-
11:52 - 11:54first glimpse at alien life,
-
11:55 - 11:56a vibrant hue...
-
11:57 - 11:59cast by a distant world.
-
12:12 - 12:19But the biggest influence on life won't be it's host star;
it will be it's home planet. -
12:21 - 12:21What happens,
-
12:21 - 12:22when you change the day-length...
-
12:23 - 12:23of a planet?
-
12:23 - 12:24What happens,
-
12:24 - 12:24when you change-
-
12:24 - 12:25the tilt of a planet?
-
12:26 - 12:26What happens,
-
12:26 - 12:27when you change-
-
12:27 - 12:28the shape of the orbit?
-
12:28 - 12:28What happens,
-
12:28 - 12:29when you change-
-
12:29 - 12:31the gravity of a planet?
-
12:34 - 12:36Planets with long,
-
12:36 - 12:37a elliptical orbits...
-
12:37 - 12:40would see drastic seasons.
-
12:41 - 12:42There could be worlds...
-
12:42 - 12:43did that appear dead-
-
12:43 - 12:45for thousands of years,
-
12:45 - 12:47then suddenly...
-
12:47 - 12:48spring to life.
-
13:02 - 13:04Most of the rocky planets...
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13:04 - 13:05discovered so far-
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13:05 - 13:06have been massive-
-
13:06 - 13:08"Super Earths".
-
13:09 - 13:09G
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13:09 - 13:09GJ
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13:09 - 13:09GJ 3
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13:09 - 13:09GJ 35
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13:09 - 13:10GJ 357
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13:10 - 13:10GJ 357 D
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13:10 - 13:10GJ 357 D
ˢ -
13:10 - 13:10GJ 357 D
ˢᵘ -
13:10 - 13:10GJ 357 D
ˢᵘᵖ -
13:10 - 13:10GJ 357 D
ˢᵘᵖᵉ -
13:10 - 13:10GJ 357 D
ˢᵘᵖᵉʳ -
13:10 - 13:10GJ 357 D
ˢᵘᵖᵉʳ ᵉ -
13:10 - 13:10GJ 357 D
ˢᵘᵖᵉʳ ᵉᵃ -
13:10 - 13:10GJ 357 D
ˢᵘᵖᵉʳ ᵉᵃʳ -
13:10 - 13:10GJ 357 D
ˢᵘᵖᵉʳ ᵉᵃʳᵗ -
13:10 - 13:10GJ 357 D
ˢᵘᵖᵉʳ ᵉᵃʳᵗʰ -
13:10 - 13:10GJ 357 D
ˢᵘᵖᵉʳ ᵉᵃʳᵗʰ
ᵈ -
13:10 - 13:10GJ 357 D
ˢᵘᵖᵉʳ ᵉᵃʳᵗʰ
ᵈᶦ -
13:10 - 13:10GJ 357 D
ˢᵘᵖᵉʳ ᵉᵃʳᵗʰ
ᵈᶦˢ -
13:10 - 13:10GJ 357 D
ˢᵘᵖᵉʳ ᵉᵃʳᵗʰ
ᵈᶦˢᵗ -
13:10 - 13:10GJ 357 D
ˢᵘᵖᵉʳ ᵉᵃʳᵗʰ
ᵈᶦˢᵗᵃ -
13:10 - 13:10GJ 357 D
ˢᵘᵖᵉʳ ᵉᵃʳᵗʰ
ᵈᶦˢᵗᵃⁿ -
13:10 - 13:10GJ 357 D
ˢᵘᵖᵉʳ ᵉᵃʳᵗʰ
ᵈᶦˢᵗᵃⁿᶜ -
13:10 - 13:10GJ 357 D
ˢᵘᵖᵉʳ ᵉᵃʳᵗʰ
ᵈᶦˢᵗᵃⁿᶜᵉ -
13:10 - 13:10GJ 357 D
ˢᵘᵖᵉʳ ᵉᵃʳᵗʰ
ᵈᶦˢᵗᵃⁿᶜᵉ: -
13:10 - 13:10GJ 357 D
ˢᵘᵖᵉʳ ᵉᵃʳᵗʰ
ᵈᶦˢᵗᵃⁿᶜᵉ: ~ -
13:10 - 13:10GJ 357 D
ˢᵘᵖᵉʳ ᵉᵃʳᵗʰ
ᵈᶦˢᵗᵃⁿᶜᵉ: ~ ³ -
13:10 - 13:10GJ 357 D
ˢᵘᵖᵉʳ ᵉᵃʳᵗʰ
ᵈᶦˢᵗᵃⁿᶜᵉ: ~ ³¹ -
13:10 - 13:10GJ 357 D
ˢᵘᵖᵉʳ ᵉᵃʳᵗʰ
ᵈᶦˢᵗᵃⁿᶜᵉ: ~ ³¹ ᴸ -
13:10 - 13:10GJ 357 D
ˢᵘᵖᵉʳ ᵉᵃʳᵗʰ
ᵈᶦˢᵗᵃⁿᶜᵉ: ~ ³¹ ᴸᶦ -
13:10 - 13:10GJ 357 D
ˢᵘᵖᵉʳ ᵉᵃʳᵗʰ
ᵈᶦˢᵗᵃⁿᶜᵉ: ~ ³¹ ᴸᶦᵍ -
13:10 - 13:10GJ 357 D
ˢᵘᵖᵉʳ ᵉᵃʳᵗʰ
ᵈᶦˢᵗᵃⁿᶜᵉ: ~ ³¹ ᴸᶦᵍʰ -
13:10 - 13:10GJ 357 D
ˢᵘᵖᵉʳ ᵉᵃʳᵗʰ
ᵈᶦˢᵗᵃⁿᶜᵉ: ~ ³¹ ᴸᶦᵍʰᵗ -
13:10 - 13:10GJ 357 D
ˢᵘᵖᵉʳ ᵉᵃʳᵗʰ
ᵈᶦˢᵗᵃⁿᶜᵉ: ~ ³¹ ᴸᶦᵍʰᵗ ʸ -
13:10 - 13:10GJ 357 D
ˢᵘᵖᵉʳ ᵉᵃʳᵗʰ
ᵈᶦˢᵗᵃⁿᶜᵉ: ~ ³¹ ᴸᶦᵍʰᵗ ʸᵉ -
13:10 - 13:10GJ 357 D
ˢᵘᵖᵉʳ ᵉᵃʳᵗʰ
ᵈᶦˢᵗᵃⁿᶜᵉ: ~ ³¹ ᴸᶦᵍʰᵗ ʸᵉᵃ -
13:10 - 13:10GJ 357 D
ˢᵘᵖᵉʳ ᵉᵃʳᵗʰ
ᵈᶦˢᵗᵃⁿᶜᵉ: ~ ³¹ ᴸᶦᵍʰᵗ ʸᵉᵃʳ -
13:10 - 13:10GJ 357 D
ˢᵘᵖᵉʳ ᵉᵃʳᵗʰ
ᵈᶦˢᵗᵃⁿᶜᵉ: ~ ³¹ ᴸᶦᵍʰᵗ ʸᵉᵃʳˢ -
13:10 - 13:10GJ 357 D
ˢᵘᵖᵉʳ ᵉᵃʳᵗʰ
ᵈᶦˢᵗᵃⁿᶜᵉ: ~ ³¹ ᴸᶦᵍʰᵗ ʸᵉᵃʳˢ
ᵐ -
13:10 - 13:10GJ 357 D
ˢᵘᵖᵉʳ ᵉᵃʳᵗʰ
ᵈᶦˢᵗᵃⁿᶜᵉ: ~ ³¹ ᴸᶦᵍʰᵗ ʸᵉᵃʳˢ
ᵐᵃ -
13:10 - 13:10GJ 357 D
ˢᵘᵖᵉʳ ᵉᵃʳᵗʰ
ᵈᶦˢᵗᵃⁿᶜᵉ: ~ ³¹ ᴸᶦᵍʰᵗ ʸᵉᵃʳˢ
ᵐᵃˢ -
13:10 - 13:10GJ 357 D
ˢᵘᵖᵉʳ ᵉᵃʳᵗʰ
ᵈᶦˢᵗᵃⁿᶜᵉ: ~ ³¹ ᴸᶦᵍʰᵗ ʸᵉᵃʳˢ
ᵐᵃˢˢ -
13:10 - 13:10GJ 357 D
ˢᵘᵖᵉʳ ᵉᵃʳᵗʰ
ᵈᶦˢᵗᵃⁿᶜᵉ: ~ ³¹ ᴸᶦᵍʰᵗ ʸᵉᵃʳˢ
ᵐᵃˢˢ: -
13:10 - 13:10GJ 357 D
ˢᵘᵖᵉʳ ᵉᵃʳᵗʰ
ᵈᶦˢᵗᵃⁿᶜᵉ: ~ ³¹ ᴸᶦᵍʰᵗ ʸᵉᵃʳˢ
ᵐᵃˢˢ: ~ -
13:10 - 13:11GJ 357 D
ˢᵘᵖᵉʳ ᵉᵃʳᵗʰ
ᵈᶦˢᵗᵃⁿᶜᵉ: ~ ³¹ ᴸᶦᵍʰᵗ ʸᵉᵃʳˢ
ᵐᵃˢˢ: ~ ⁷ -
13:11 - 13:11GJ 357 D
ˢᵘᵖᵉʳ ᵉᵃʳᵗʰ
ᵈᶦˢᵗᵃⁿᶜᵉ: ~ ³¹ ᴸᶦᵍʰᵗ ʸᵉᵃʳˢ
ᵐᵃˢˢ: ~ ⁷× -
13:11 - 13:11GJ 357 D
ˢᵘᵖᵉʳ ᵉᵃʳᵗʰ
ᵈᶦˢᵗᵃⁿᶜᵉ: ~ ³¹ ᴸᶦᵍʰᵗ ʸᵉᵃʳˢ
ᵐᵃˢˢ: ~ ⁷× ᴱ -
13:11 - 13:11GJ 357 D
ˢᵘᵖᵉʳ ᵉᵃʳᵗʰ
ᵈᶦˢᵗᵃⁿᶜᵉ: ~ ³¹ ᴸᶦᵍʰᵗ ʸᵉᵃʳˢ
ᵐᵃˢˢ: ~ ⁷× ᴱᵃ -
13:11 - 13:11GJ 357 D
ˢᵘᵖᵉʳ ᵉᵃʳᵗʰ
ᵈᶦˢᵗᵃⁿᶜᵉ: ~ ³¹ ᴸᶦᵍʰᵗ ʸᵉᵃʳˢ
ᵐᵃˢˢ: ~ ⁷× ᴱᵃʳ -
13:11 - 13:11GJ 357 D
ˢᵘᵖᵉʳ ᵉᵃʳᵗʰ
ᵈᶦˢᵗᵃⁿᶜᵉ: ~ ³¹ ᴸᶦᵍʰᵗ ʸᵉᵃʳˢ
ᵐᵃˢˢ: ~ ⁷× ᴱᵃʳᵗ -
13:11 - 13:11GJ 357 D
ˢᵘᵖᵉʳ ᵉᵃʳᵗʰ
ᵈᶦˢᵗᵃⁿᶜᵉ: ~ ³¹ ᴸᶦᵍʰᵗ ʸᵉᵃʳˢ
ᵐᵃˢˢ: ~ ⁷× ᴱᵃʳᵗʰ -
13:11 - 13:11GJ 357 D
ˢᵘᵖᵉʳ ᵉᵃʳᵗʰ
ᵈᶦˢᵗᵃⁿᶜᵉ: ~ ³¹ ᴸᶦᵍʰᵗ ʸᵉᵃʳˢ
ᵐᵃˢˢ: ~ ⁷× ᴱᵃʳᵗʰ
ᵗ -
13:11 - 13:11GJ 357 D
ˢᵘᵖᵉʳ ᵉᵃʳᵗʰ
ᵈᶦˢᵗᵃⁿᶜᵉ: ~ ³¹ ᴸᶦᵍʰᵗ ʸᵉᵃʳˢ
ᵐᵃˢˢ: ~ ⁷× ᴱᵃʳᵗʰ
ᵗᵉ -
13:11 - 13:11GJ 357 D
ˢᵘᵖᵉʳ ᵉᵃʳᵗʰ
ᵈᶦˢᵗᵃⁿᶜᵉ: ~ ³¹ ᴸᶦᵍʰᵗ ʸᵉᵃʳˢ
ᵐᵃˢˢ: ~ ⁷× ᴱᵃʳᵗʰ
ᵗᵉᵐ -
13:11 - 13:11GJ 357 D
ˢᵘᵖᵉʳ ᵉᵃʳᵗʰ
ᵈᶦˢᵗᵃⁿᶜᵉ: ~ ³¹ ᴸᶦᵍʰᵗ ʸᵉᵃʳˢ
ᵐᵃˢˢ: ~ ⁷× ᴱᵃʳᵗʰ
ᵗᵉᵐᵖ -
13:11 - 13:11GJ 357 D
ˢᵘᵖᵉʳ ᵉᵃʳᵗʰ
ᵈᶦˢᵗᵃⁿᶜᵉ: ~ ³¹ ᴸᶦᵍʰᵗ ʸᵉᵃʳˢ
ᵐᵃˢˢ: ~ ⁷× ᴱᵃʳᵗʰ
ᵗᵉᵐᵖᵉ -
13:11 - 13:11GJ 357 D
ˢᵘᵖᵉʳ ᵉᵃʳᵗʰ
ᵈᶦˢᵗᵃⁿᶜᵉ: ~ ³¹ ᴸᶦᵍʰᵗ ʸᵉᵃʳˢ
ᵐᵃˢˢ: ~ ⁷× ᴱᵃʳᵗʰ
ᵗᵉᵐᵖᵉʳ -
13:11 - 13:11GJ 357 D
ˢᵘᵖᵉʳ ᵉᵃʳᵗʰ
ᵈᶦˢᵗᵃⁿᶜᵉ: ~ ³¹ ᴸᶦᵍʰᵗ ʸᵉᵃʳˢ
ᵐᵃˢˢ: ~ ⁷× ᴱᵃʳᵗʰ
ᵗᵉᵐᵖᵉʳᵃ -
13:11 - 13:11GJ 357 D
ˢᵘᵖᵉʳ ᵉᵃʳᵗʰ
ᵈᶦˢᵗᵃⁿᶜᵉ: ~ ³¹ ᴸᶦᵍʰᵗ ʸᵉᵃʳˢ
ᵐᵃˢˢ: ~ ⁷× ᴱᵃʳᵗʰ
ᵗᵉᵐᵖᵉʳᵃᵗ -
13:11 - 13:11GJ 357 D
ˢᵘᵖᵉʳ ᵉᵃʳᵗʰ
ᵈᶦˢᵗᵃⁿᶜᵉ: ~ ³¹ ᴸᶦᵍʰᵗ ʸᵉᵃʳˢ
ᵐᵃˢˢ: ~ ⁷× ᴱᵃʳᵗʰ
ᵗᵉᵐᵖᵉʳᵃᵗᵘ -
13:11 - 13:11GJ 357 D
ˢᵘᵖᵉʳ ᵉᵃʳᵗʰ
ᵈᶦˢᵗᵃⁿᶜᵉ: ~ ³¹ ᴸᶦᵍʰᵗ ʸᵉᵃʳˢ
ᵐᵃˢˢ: ~ ⁷× ᴱᵃʳᵗʰ
ᵗᵉᵐᵖᵉʳᵃᵗᵘʳ -
13:11 - 13:11GJ 357 D
ˢᵘᵖᵉʳ ᵉᵃʳᵗʰ
ᵈᶦˢᵗᵃⁿᶜᵉ: ~ ³¹ ᴸᶦᵍʰᵗ ʸᵉᵃʳˢ
ᵐᵃˢˢ: ~ ⁷× ᴱᵃʳᵗʰ
ᵗᵉᵐᵖᵉʳᵃᵗᵘʳᵉ -
13:11 - 13:11GJ 357 D
ˢᵘᵖᵉʳ ᵉᵃʳᵗʰ
ᵈᶦˢᵗᵃⁿᶜᵉ: ~ ³¹ ᴸᶦᵍʰᵗ ʸᵉᵃʳˢ
ᵐᵃˢˢ: ~ ⁷× ᴱᵃʳᵗʰ
ᵗᵉᵐᵖᵉʳᵃᵗᵘʳᵉ: -
13:11 - 13:11GJ 357 D
ˢᵘᵖᵉʳ ᵉᵃʳᵗʰ
ᵈᶦˢᵗᵃⁿᶜᵉ: ~ ³¹ ᴸᶦᵍʰᵗ ʸᵉᵃʳˢ
ᵐᵃˢˢ: ~ ⁷× ᴱᵃʳᵗʰ
ᵗᵉᵐᵖᵉʳᵃᵗᵘʳᵉ: ~ -
13:11 - 13:11GJ 357 D
ˢᵘᵖᵉʳ ᵉᵃʳᵗʰ
ᵈᶦˢᵗᵃⁿᶜᵉ: ~ ³¹ ᴸᶦᵍʰᵗ ʸᵉᵃʳˢ
ᵐᵃˢˢ: ~ ⁷× ᴱᵃʳᵗʰ
ᵗᵉᵐᵖᵉʳᵃᵗᵘʳᵉ: ~ ⁻ -
13:11 - 13:11GJ 357 D
ˢᵘᵖᵉʳ ᵉᵃʳᵗʰ
ᵈᶦˢᵗᵃⁿᶜᵉ: ~ ³¹ ᴸᶦᵍʰᵗ ʸᵉᵃʳˢ
ᵐᵃˢˢ: ~ ⁷× ᴱᵃʳᵗʰ
ᵗᵉᵐᵖᵉʳᵃᵗᵘʳᵉ: ~ ⁻⁵ -
13:11 - 13:11GJ 357 D
ˢᵘᵖᵉʳ ᵉᵃʳᵗʰ
ᵈᶦˢᵗᵃⁿᶜᵉ: ~ ³¹ ᴸᶦᵍʰᵗ ʸᵉᵃʳˢ
ᵐᵃˢˢ: ~ ⁷× ᴱᵃʳᵗʰ
ᵗᵉᵐᵖᵉʳᵃᵗᵘʳᵉ: ~ ⁻⁵³ -
13:11 - 13:11GJ 357 D
ˢᵘᵖᵉʳ ᵉᵃʳᵗʰ
ᵈᶦˢᵗᵃⁿᶜᵉ: ~ ³¹ ᴸᶦᵍʰᵗ ʸᵉᵃʳˢ
ᵐᵃˢˢ: ~ ⁷× ᴱᵃʳᵗʰ
ᵗᵉᵐᵖᵉʳᵃᵗᵘʳᵉ: ~ ⁻⁵³° -
13:11 - 13:13GJ 357 D
ˢᵘᵖᵉʳ ᵉᵃʳᵗʰ
ᵈᶦˢᵗᵃⁿᶜᵉ: ~ ³¹ ᴸᶦᵍʰᵗ ʸᵉᵃʳˢ
ᵐᵃˢˢ: ~ ⁷× ᴱᵃʳᵗʰ
ᵗᵉᵐᵖᵉʳᵃᵗᵘʳᵉ: ~ ⁻⁵³°ᶜ -
13:13 - 13:14GJ 357 D
ˢᵘᵖᵉʳ ᵉᵃʳᵗʰ
ᵈᶦˢᵗᵃⁿᶜᵉ: ~ ³¹ ᴸᶦᵍʰᵗ ʸᵉᵃʳˢ
ᵐᵃˢˢ: ~ ⁷× ᴱᵃʳᵗʰ
ᵗᵉᵐᵖᵉʳᵃᵗᵘʳᵉ: ~ ⁻⁵³°ᶜ
How would life evolve... -
13:14 - 13:16GJ 357 D
ˢᵘᵖᵉʳ ᵉᵃʳᵗʰ
ᵈᶦˢᵗᵃⁿᶜᵉ: ~ ³¹ ᴸᶦᵍʰᵗ ʸᵉᵃʳˢ
ᵐᵃˢˢ: ~ ⁷× ᴱᵃʳᵗʰ
ᵗᵉᵐᵖᵉʳᵃᵗᵘʳᵉ: ~ ⁻⁵³°ᶜ
on these worlds? -
13:16 - 13:16GJ 357
ˢᵘᵖᵉʳ ᵉᵃʳᵗʰ
ᵈᶦˢᵗᵃⁿᶜᵉ: ~ ³¹ ᴸᶦᵍʰᵗ ʸᵉᵃʳˢ
ᵐᵃˢˢ: ~ ⁷× ᴱᵃʳᵗʰ
ᵗᵉᵐᵖᵉʳᵃᵗᵘʳᵉ: ~ ⁻⁵³°ᶜ
on these worlds? -
13:16 - 13:16GJ 357
ˢᵘᵖᵉʳ ᵉᵃʳᵗ
ᵈᶦˢᵗᵃⁿᶜᵉ: ~ ³¹ ᴸᶦᵍʰᵗ ʸᵉᵃʳˢ
ᵐᵃˢˢ: ~ ⁷× ᴱᵃʳᵗʰ
ᵗᵉᵐᵖᵉʳᵃᵗᵘʳᵉ: ~ ⁻⁵³°ᶜ
on these worlds? -
13:16 - 13:16GJ 357
ˢᵘᵖᵉʳ ᵉᵃʳ
ᵈᶦˢᵗᵃⁿᶜᵉ: ~ ³¹ ᴸᶦᵍʰᵗ ʸᵉᵃʳˢ
ᵐᵃˢˢ: ~ ⁷× ᴱᵃʳᵗʰ
ᵗᵉᵐᵖᵉʳᵃᵗᵘʳᵉ: ~ ⁻⁵³°ᶜ
on these worlds? -
13:16 - 13:16GJ 35
ˢᵘᵖᵉʳ ᵉᵃ
ᵈᶦˢᵗᵃⁿᶜᵉ: ~ ³¹ ᴸᶦᵍʰᵗ ʸᵉᵃʳ
ᵐᵃˢˢ: ~ ⁷× ᴱᵃʳᵗʰ
ᵗᵉᵐᵖᵉʳᵃᵗᵘʳᵉ: ~ ⁻⁵³°ᶜ
on these worlds? -
13:16 - 13:16GJ 35
ˢᵘᵖᵉʳ ᵉ
ᵈᶦˢᵗᵃⁿᶜᵉ: ~ ³¹ ᴸᶦᵍʰᵗ ʸᵉᵃ
ᵐᵃˢˢ: ~ ⁷× ᴱᵃʳᵗʰ
ᵗᵉᵐᵖᵉʳᵃᵗᵘʳᵉ: ~ ⁻⁵³°ᶜ
on these worlds? -
13:16 - 13:16GJ 35
ˢᵘᵖᵉʳ
ᵈᶦˢᵗᵃⁿᶜᵉ: ~ ³¹ ᴸᶦᵍʰᵗ ʸᵉ
ᵐᵃˢˢ: ~ ⁷× ᴱᵃʳᵗʰ
ᵗᵉᵐᵖᵉʳᵃᵗᵘʳᵉ: ~ ⁻⁵³°ᶜ
on these worlds? -
13:16 - 13:16GJ 3
ˢᵘᵖᵉ
ᵈᶦˢᵗᵃⁿᶜᵉ: ~ ³¹ ᴸᶦᵍʰᵗ ʸ
ᵐᵃˢˢ: ~ ⁷× ᴱᵃʳᵗ
ᵗᵉᵐᵖᵉʳᵃᵗᵘʳᵉ: ~ ⁻⁵³°ᶜ
on these worlds? -
13:16 - 13:16GJ 3
ˢᵘᵖ
ᵈᶦˢᵗᵃⁿᶜᵉ: ~ ³¹ ᴸᶦᵍʰᵗ
ᵐᵃˢˢ: ~ ⁷× ᴱᵃʳ
ᵗᵉᵐᵖᵉʳᵃᵗᵘʳᵉ: ~ ⁻⁵³°ᶜ
on these worlds? -
13:16 - 13:16GJ 3
ˢᵘ
ᵈᶦˢᵗᵃⁿᶜᵉ: ~ ³¹ ᴸᶦᵍʰ
ᵐᵃˢˢ: ~ ⁷× ᴱᵃ
ᵗᵉᵐᵖᵉʳᵃᵗᵘʳᵉ: ~ ⁻⁵³°ᶜ
on these worlds? -
13:16 - 13:16GJ
ˢ
ᵈᶦˢᵗᵃⁿᶜᵉ: ~ ³¹ ᴸᶦᵍ
ᵐᵃˢˢ: ~ ⁷× ᴱ
ᵗᵉᵐᵖᵉʳᵃᵗᵘʳᵉ: ~ ⁻⁵³°
on these worlds? -
13:16 - 13:16GJ
ᵈᶦˢᵗᵃⁿᶜᵉ: ~ ³¹ ᴸᶦ
ᵐᵃˢˢ: ~ ⁷×
ᵗᵉᵐᵖᵉʳᵃᵗᵘʳᵉ: ~ ⁻⁵³
on these worlds? -
13:16 - 13:16G
ᵈᶦˢᵗᵃⁿᶜᵉ: ~ ³¹ ᴸ
ᵐᵃˢˢ: ~ ⁷
ᵗᵉᵐᵖᵉʳᵃᵗᵘʳᵉ: ~ ⁻⁵
on these worlds? -
13:16 - 13:16G
ᵈᶦˢᵗᵃⁿᶜᵉ: ~ ³¹
ᵐᵃˢˢ: ~
ᵗᵉᵐᵖᵉʳᵃᵗᵘʳᵉ: ~ ⁻
on these worlds? -
13:16 - 13:16G
ᵈᶦˢᵗᵃⁿᶜᵉ: ~ ³
ᵐᵃˢˢ:
ᵗᵉᵐᵖᵉʳᵃᵗᵘʳᵉ: ~
on these worlds? -
13:16 - 13:16ᵈᶦˢᵗᵃⁿᶜᵉ: ~
ᵐᵃˢˢ
ᵗᵉᵐᵖᵉʳᵃᵗᵘʳᵉ:
on these worlds? -
13:16 - 13:16ᵈᶦˢᵗᵃⁿᶜᵉ:
ᵐᵃˢ
ᵗᵉᵐᵖᵉʳᵃᵗᵘʳᵉ
on these worlds? -
13:16 - 13:16ᵈᶦˢᵗᵃⁿᶜᵉ
ᵐᵃ
ᵗᵉᵐᵖᵉʳᵃᵗᵘʳ
on these worlds? -
13:16 - 13:16ᵈᶦˢᵗᵃⁿᶜ
ᵐ
ᵗᵉᵐᵖᵉʳᵃᵗᵘ
on these worlds? -
13:16 - 13:16ᵈᶦˢᵗᵃⁿ
ᵗᵉᵐᵖᵉʳᵃᵗ
on these worlds? -
13:16 - 13:16ᵈᶦˢᵗᵃ
ᵗᵉᵐᵖᵉʳᵃ
on these worlds? -
13:16 - 13:16ᵈᶦˢᵗ
ᵗᵉᵐᵖᵉʳ
on these worlds? -
13:16 - 13:16ᵈᶦˢ
ᵗᵉᵐᵖᵉ -
13:16 - 13:16ᵈᶦ
ᵗᵉᵐᵖ -
13:16 - 13:16ᵈ
ᵗᵉᵐ -
13:16 - 13:16ᵗᵉ
-
13:16 - 13:16ᵗ
-
13:19 - 13:19In the seas,
-
13:20 - 13:22gravity may not matter much at all.
-
13:30 - 13:31A high-gravity planet...
-
13:31 - 13:32isn't high-gravity all over,
-
13:34 - 13:34If you're in the sea,
-
13:34 - 13:36and that's where all life starts...
-
13:36 - 13:38there's very nearly no gravity,
-
13:38 - 13:39cause you're much the density-
-
13:39 - 13:43as the stuff around you.
-
13:43 - 13:44It's when the animals-
-
13:44 - 13:45come out on land,
-
13:46 - 13:48that they feel the gravity.
-
13:52 - 13:53High g-force...
-
13:53 - 13:54would necessitate-
-
13:54 - 13:56large bones and muscle mass,
-
13:56 - 13:59in complex life on land...
-
14:00 - 14:01They would also demand-
-
14:01 - 14:04a more robust circulatory system.
-
14:05 - 14:06And plant life could be stunted...
-
14:06 - 14:09by the energy cost of carrying nutrients-
-
14:09 - 14:13under stronger gravity.
-
14:17 - 14:19Low-gravity planets...
-
14:19 - 14:19would more easily-
-
14:19 - 14:22lose their atmospheres to space,
-
14:22 - 14:23and lack a magnetic field-
-
14:23 - 14:25to protect from cosmic rays.
-
14:36 - 14:37But smaller worlds-
-
14:37 - 14:39could be home to secret oases;
-
14:46 - 14:47huge cave systems...
-
14:48 - 14:51that provide hide-outs for life.
-
15:02 - 15:11With steadier temperatures and protection from cosmic rays,
life could thrive underground on planets with deadly surfaces. -
15:27 - 15:28The smallest possible-
-
15:28 - 15:29habitable planets...
-
15:29 - 15:32are estimated at 2.5%-
-
15:32 - 15:35Earth's mass.
-
15:35 - 15:38If surface life does evolve on these worlds,
-
15:39 - 15:41it could be a sight to behold.
-
15:45 - 15:47Plant life could grow to towering heights,
-
15:47 - 15:49able to carry nutrients higher,
-
15:49 - 15:51at lesser gravity.
-
15:59 - 16:03And without the need for bulky skeletons and muscle mass,
-
16:03 - 16:06animals could have body types, that boggle the mind.
-
16:23 - 16:27Despite our eager imagination, large complex lifeforms
are probably a cosmic rarity. -
16:31 - 16:35Here on Earth, it took three
billion years for evolution -
16:35 - 16:37to produce complex plant and animal life.
-
16:40 - 16:43Simple organisms are hardier,
more adaptable -
16:43 - 16:46and more widespread.
-
16:48 - 16:51The largest collection in the
museum of alien life -
16:51 - 16:55would likely be the "Hall of Microbes".
-
17:10 - 17:15Yet finding even the tiniest alien microbe
would be a profound discovery. -
17:30 - 17:35And bite-sized life could leave
a big footprint. -
17:36 - 17:40Like stromatolites on Earth, layers of
microbes could build up into huge -
17:40 - 17:41rock mounds over time.
-
17:42 - 17:44Leaving behind eery structures.
-
17:49 - 17:51And in big enough numbers
some alien -
17:51 - 17:54bacteria could leave a
distinct biosignature, -
17:56 - 17:59by exhaling gases that wouldn't
coexist naturally: -
17:59 - 18:01like oxygen and methane.
-
18:07 - 18:09There's ways to make oxygen without life;
-
18:09 - 18:11There's ways to make methane without life.
-
18:11 - 18:13But to have them in the atmosphere together?
-
18:13 - 18:16Is almost impossible unless you've got
biology making those gases at the surface. -
18:18 - 18:21And it would have a imprint on
the planet's spectrum of colors. -
18:23 - 18:28Next generation space telescopes
could find a signal like this, -
18:28 - 18:31on a world not far from home.
-
18:32 - 18:37The closest Sun-like star with an
Earth-like exoplanet in the -
18:37 - 18:40habitable zone is probably only
20 light years away -
18:40 - 18:42and can be seen with a naked eye.
-
18:46 - 18:52But there may be an even easier target to aim for
than tiny Earth-like planets. -
18:55 - 19:02The Brown Dwarfs: too small to wbe stars, to big to be planets.
-
19:06 - 19:10Most Brown Dwarfs are too hot
to support life as we know it. -
19:11 - 19:13But some are just cold enough.
-
19:14 - 19:15WISE 0855-0714
-
19:15 - 19:15WISE 0855-0714
Sub-Brown Dwarf -
19:15 - 19:15WISE 0855-0714
Sub-Brown Dwarf
Distance: 7 Light Years -
19:15 - 19:16WISE 0855-0714
Sub-Brown Dwarf
Distance: 7 Light Years
Mass: 3.10x Jupiter -
19:16 - 19:23WISE 0855-0714
Sub-Brown Dwarf
Distance: 7 Light Years
Mass: 3.10x Jupiter
Temperature: -50 - -13ºC -
19:24 - 19:29All the prime elements for life have
been detected inside their atmospheres. -
19:31 - 19:36And within these clouds, some layers
would provide ideal temperatures -
19:36 - 19:37and pressures for habitability.
-
19:46 - 19:50There could be photosynthetic
plankton in these skies, -
19:50 - 19:54kept aloft by churning upwinds.
-
19:58 - 20:01And with enough force, these upwinds
could even support larger, -
20:01 - 20:03more complex life.
-
20:06 - 20:08Predators...
-
20:16 - 20:24There are over 25 billion brown dwarfs in our galaxy alone,
and their sizes will make them easier targets for study. -
20:27 - 20:35The first specimen we discover from the museum of life may not be from a planet at all.
-
20:44 - 20:46This raises a crucial question...
-
20:48 - 20:50what if we've been looking in
all the wrong places? -
20:52 - 20:57What if nature has other ideas?
-
20:59 - 21:01EXHIBIT II
-
21:01 - 21:03EXHIBIT II
Life As We Know Don't It -
21:03 - 21:08EXHIBIT II
LIFE AS WE DON'T KNOW IT
ᴱˣᵒᵗᶦᶜ ᴮᶦᵒᶜʰᵉᵐᶦˢᵗʳᶦᵉˢ -
21:21 - 21:26Most of the Universe is too cold or too
hot for liquid water and the -
21:26 - 21:28biochemistry that supports
life as we know it. -
21:32 - 21:34But in case our biases are misleading,
-
21:35 - 21:36we have to cast a wide net.
-
21:39 - 21:41To search for life outside
the habitable zone, -
21:42 - 21:45in places that seem wildly hostile to us.
-
21:50 - 21:53Exotic environments will demand
exotic biochemistries. -
21:54 - 21:57And while no element can match
carbon's versatility, -
21:57 - 21:59one contender is a front runner.
-
22:08 - 22:11At first glance, silicon seem
similar to carbon. -
22:13 - 22:17It forms the same four-way bonds and is
also abundant in the Universe. -
22:19 - 22:23But a closer look reveals that these
two elements are false twins. -
22:27 - 22:32Silicon bonds are weaker and less prone
to forming large complex molecules. -
22:36 - 22:40Despite this, they can withstand
a wider range of temperatures, -
22:41 - 22:44opening up intriguing possibilities.
-
22:47 - 22:50Life based on the silicon atom
instead of carbon, -
22:51 - 22:53would be more resistant to
the extreme cold. -
22:55 - 22:58Providing a whole new range of weird forms.
-
23:01 - 23:03But silicon has a problem:
-
23:05 - 23:08in the presence of oxygen,
it binds into solid rock. -
23:10 - 23:13To avoid turning to stone, silicon beings
-
23:13 - 23:16might be confined to oxygen free environments.
-
23:17 - 23:19Like Saturn's frigid moon, Titan.
-
23:19 - 23:23TITAN
Saturnian Moon
Distance: 1,2 Million KM
Mass: .023X Earth
Temperature: -129ºC -
23:23 - 23:27Its vast lakes of liquid methane and
ethane could be an ideal medium -
23:27 - 23:29for silicon-based life,
-
23:29 - 23:31or other radical biochemistries.
-
23:37 - 23:40Without ample sunlight, beings on worlds
-
23:40 - 23:43like Titan, would likely be chemosynthetic.
-
23:43 - 23:46Deriving their energy by
breaking down rocks. -
24:02 - 24:04Such life forms could have ultra slow
-
24:04 - 24:08metabolisms and life cycles
measured in millions of years. -
24:16 - 24:21And frozen worlds aren't the only possible
harbor for exotic life. -
24:23 - 24:23CoRoT-7B
-
24:23 - 24:23CoRoT-7B
Super Earth -
24:23 - 24:24CoRoT-7B
Super Earth
Distance: ~520 Light Years -
24:24 - 24:24CoRoT-7B
Super Earth
Distance: ~520 Light Years
Mass: -8x Earth -
24:24 - 24:26CoRoT-7B
Super Earth
Distance: ~520 Light Years
Mass: -8x Earth
Temperature: 1026-1526ºC -
24:26 - 24:30In high temperatures, typically rigid
silicon oxygen bonds become more -
24:30 - 24:32flexible and reactive.
-
24:33 - 24:35Triggering more dynamic chemistry.
-
24:40 - 24:43This has led to a truly bizarre proposal:
-
24:44 - 24:49silicon-based life forms that live
inside molten silicate rock. -
25:01 - 25:03In theory, these forms could even exist
-
25:03 - 25:06deep beneath the Earth inside
magma chambers -
25:06 - 25:08as part of a shadow biosphere.
-
25:12 - 25:17If so, then the aliens are right
under our noses. -
25:21 - 25:23Other shadow biospheres have
been proposed: -
25:24 - 25:27forms of life living alongside us
that we don't even know are here. -
25:28 - 25:30Including tiny RNA-based life, small
-
25:30 - 25:34enough to go undetected by
existing instruments. -
25:47 - 25:51Clouds of dust and empty space might
seem like the last place you'd expect -
25:51 - 25:52to find anything living.
-
25:54 - 25:57But when cosmic dust makes
contact with plasma, -
25:58 - 25:59a type of ionized gas,
-
25:59 - 26:01something strange happens.
-
26:06 - 26:08In simulated conditions, dust particles,
-
26:08 - 26:11have been seen spontaneously
self-organizing -
26:11 - 26:14into helical structures that resemble DNA.
-
26:19 - 26:22These plasma crystals even begin
to exhibit life-like behavior: -
26:24 - 26:28replicating, evolving into more stable
forms and passing on information. -
26:36 - 26:39Could these crystals be considered alive?
-
26:42 - 26:49To some researchers, they meet all the criteria
to qualify as inorganic life forms. -
26:52 - 26:57So far, we have only ever seen them in computer simulations.
-
26:58 - 27:05But some speculate we could find them
among the ice particles in the rings of Uranus. -
27:12 - 27:16Plasma is the most common state
of matter in the Universe. -
27:18 - 27:21If complex evolving plasma
crystals really exist -
27:21 - 27:23and if they can be considered life,
-
27:23 - 27:25they could be its most common form.
-
27:39 - 27:43Or perhaps life is lurking in the
polar opposite environment: -
27:43 - 27:47inside the hearts of dead stars.
-
27:51 - 27:54When massive suns explode, some collapase into
-
27:54 - 27:57ultra dense cores called neutron stars.
-
27:57 - 27:58PSR B1509-58
Neutron Star
Distante: 17,000 Light Years
Spin Rate: ~7/second -
27:58 - 28:02Hulking masses of atomic nuclei
crammed together like sardines. -
28:06 - 28:08Conditions on the surface are mind-boggling:
-
28:09 - 28:12gravity is a hundred billion times
stronger than Earth's. -
28:16 - 28:19But beneath their iron nuclei
crust lies something strange: -
28:21 - 28:25a hot dense sea of neutrons
and subatomic particles. -
28:35 - 28:37Stripped of their electron shells, these
-
28:37 - 28:40nuclei would obey entirely
different laws of chemistry, -
28:40 - 28:43based not on the electromagnetic force,
-
28:43 - 28:45but the strong nuclear force,
-
28:45 - 28:47which binds nuclei together.
-
28:50 - 28:52In theory, these particles could link-up
-
28:52 - 28:55to form larger macronuclei,
which could then -
28:55 - 28:58combine into even bigger super nuclei.
-
29:07 - 29:10If so, then this bewildering environment
-
29:10 - 29:12would mimic the basic conditions for life.
-
29:12 - 29:17Heavy nucleon molecules floating
in a complex particle ocean. -
29:23 - 29:25Some scientists have proposed
the unimaginable: -
29:27 - 29:30exotic life forms drifting through
the strange particle sea, -
29:31 - 29:36living, evolving and dying on
incomprehensibly fast time scales. -
29:56 - 30:01There's probably no chance of ever detecting
such a strange breed of life. -
30:03 - 30:08But there may be hope for finding
an even more exotic form. -
30:19 - 30:22Life is not something that has to evolve naturally.
-
30:26 - 30:27It can be designed.
-
30:42 - 30:45And once intelligence is introduced into the evolutionary process,
-
30:46 - 30:48a Pandora's Box is opened.
-
31:06 - 31:13Free from typical biological limitations, synthetic and machine - based life could be the most successful of all.
-
31:17 - 31:20It could thrive almost anywhere, including the vaccum of space,
-
31:21 - 31:25opening up vast frontiers unavailable to biological organisms.
-
31:32 - 31:37And compared to the glacial pace of natural selection, technical evolution
-
31:37 - 31:42allows exponentially faster growth, adaptability and resilience.
-
31:56 - 32:00By some estimates, autonomous, self - replicating machines could colonize
-
32:00 - 32:04an entire galaxy in as little as a million years.
-
32:19 - 32:23We can't predict how hyper - intelligent life would organise itself,
-
32:27 - 32:30but in theory, there could be convergent evolution at play.
-
32:32 - 32:38The electrical properties of Silicon might make it a universal basis for machine intelligence,
-
32:39 - 32:42a redemption for its biological shortcomings.
-
33:03 - 33:05With all its potential advantages,
-
33:05 - 33:10With all its potential advantages, machine life may even be a universal endpoint:
-
33:10 - 33:15With all its potential advantages, machine life may even be a universal endpoint: the apex of evolutionary process.
-
33:53 - 33:58As the universe ages, perhaps machine intelligence would come to dominate,
-
33:59 - 34:04and naturally occurring biological life will be viewed as a quaint starting point.
-
34:10 - 34:12Perhaps, we ourselves will lead this transition,
-
34:13 - 34:20and the great human experiment would be merely a first link in a sprawling intergalactic chain of life.
-
34:51 - 35:02In the end, we are still the only beings we know of in the museum of alien life.
-
35:07 - 35:10To truly know ourselves, we will have to know:
-
35:10 - 35:13To truly know ourselves, we will have to know: are we the only ones?
-
35:27 - 35:32Loren Eisley has said, that one does not meet oneself until
-
35:32 - 35:37one catches the reflection from an eye other than human.
-
35:39 - 35:43One day that eye may be that of an intelligent alien.
-
35:46 - 35:51And the sooner we eschew our narrow view of evolution,
-
35:52 - 35:59the sooner we can truly explore our ultimate origins and destinations.
-
36:04 - 36:07We have seen what could be out there.
-
36:10 - 36:13And we know how we might find it.
-
36:16 - 36:19There is only one thing left to do.
-
36:22 - 36:26Go looking.
-
36:35 - 36:37HANDCRAFTED BY MELODYSHEEP
- Title:
- LIFE BEYOND II: The Museum of Alien Life (4K)
- Description:
-
Soundtrack: https://bit.ly/3lo7cnH Support this project on Patreon: http://patreon.com/melodysheep
What if there was a museum that contained every type of life form in the universe? This experience takes you on a tour through the possible forms alien life might take, from the eerily familiar to the utterly exotic, ranging from the inside of the Earth to the most hostile corners of the universe.
New research is upending our idea of life and where it could be hiding: not just on Earth-like planets, where beings could mimic what our planet has produced, but in far flung places like the hearts of dead stars and the rings of gas giant planets. Nowhere in the universe is off limits.
Only when we know what else is out there will we truly know ourselves. This thought experiment will give us a glimpse into what could be out there, how we might find it, and just how far nature’s imagination might stretch.
Big thanks to Protocol Labs for their continued support of this series: https://protocol.ai.
Concept, visuals, and score by melodysheep, aka John D. Boswell. Narrated by Will Crowley. Additional visuals by Lynn Huberty, Tim Stupak, NASA, and Evolve. Featuring soundbites from Nick Lane, Jonathan Losos, Caleb Scharf, Jack Cohen, and Jill Tarter.
Featuring clips from Lynn Huberty’s amazing film “SHYAMA”: https://bit.ly/3d6xtUF
Thanks especially to:
Lynn Huberty
Juan Benet
Rowdy Jansen
Eddy Adams: http://www.eddyadams.com
Kimi Ushida: http://Eff.org
Gregory Cohen: www.DesignFirebrand.com
Eric Capuano: http://reconinfosec.com
John Maier
Logan
Ali Aljumayd
Caleb Levesque
Eric Malette
Brandon Sanders
Tim StupakAnd to all my supporters on Patreon: Ada Cerna, Adam Orand, Ajish Balakrishnan, Aksel Tjønn, Ali Akın Kurnaz, Andrew Edwards, Andrew Valenti, Antoine C, Antoni Simelio, Augustas Babelis, Bhisham Mahtani, Bradley Gallant, Brant Stokes, Daniel Saltzman, Caleb Levesque, Case K., Cheshire 2e du nom, Chinmay Kumar, Chris Wilken, Christian Oehne, Christina Winikoff, Christopher Heald, Chung Tran, Colin Glover, Corentin Kerisit, Cozza38, Crystal, Dan Alvesved, Danaos Christopoulos, Dave LeCompte, Davee Hallinan, David Lyneham, david p boswell, David Southpaw, denise frey, Derick Yan, Dexter, dixon1829, Don Loristo, Dylan Webb, Eico Neumann, Eyubed Balcha, Ezri Dax, Gaétan Marras, Gary Wei, geekiskhan, Genesplicer, Giulia C., Håkon A. Hjortland, Hans Husurianto, Henry R. Seymour, Heribert Breidsamer, ilkercan Kaya, Iota Katari, is8ac, Jackie Pham, James O'Connor, Jayson Hale, Jean Neyrial, Jessica Turner, Jimpy, JM_Borg, Jordan Swickard, Jose Contreras, Joshua Oram, JousterL, Julian Büttner, Julio Hernández Camero, kaynen brown, Kristin & Alan Cameron, Laine Boswell, Lars Støttrup Nielsen, Laura, Laura Liddington, Layne Burnett, LemonHead, Lennart Klootwijk, Leo Botinelly, Leonard van Vliet, lloll887, Manu Galán García, Maraiu, Marco Cardamone, Mark Christopher, Mark T., Markus Oinonen, Marlin Balzer, Martin Majernik, Matthew Jacoby, Matthew Ullrich, Maxime Marois, Mehdi Bennani, Michael Li, Michelle Wilcox, Mike Norkus, Mind Wave, Mitchel Humpherys, Mohammed Aldaabil, Nathan, Nicholas Martin, Nikita Temryazansky, Nina Atesh, Nina Barton, Ninel, Patrick Keim, Patrick Schouten, Peycho Ivanov, PonWer, Preston Maness, Radu Turcan, Ramsey Elbasheer, Randall Bollig, Raz, RedOptics, Reg Reyes, Richard Sundvall, Richard Williams, Rob Phillips, Robin Kuenkel, Runi Winther Johnsen, Samih Fadli, Sandra, Sandro Heinimann, Scarlet Fortuna, Silas Rech, SilverFolfy, Smoka_Lad, SpartanLegends, Stefan, SunaScorpion, SymeSynth, The Cleaner, The Fellowship of Doge, TheHumungus, Timothé Wegiersky, Timothy E Plum, Trevor Robertson, Verissimus, Vinh Vo, Virgile Coulot, Whitney Champion, William Ronholm, Wise Doane, Wolfgang Bernecker, Yannic, ZAB, Алексей Козловский
Sources coming soon.
Peace and love,
melodysheeep
http://melodysheep.com
twitter: @musicalscience
instagram: @melodysheep_ - Video Language:
- English
- Duration:
- 38:00
bluereflega edited English subtitles for LIFE BEYOND II: The Museum of Alien Life (4K) | ||
bluereflega edited English subtitles for LIFE BEYOND II: The Museum of Alien Life (4K) | ||
bluereflega edited English subtitles for LIFE BEYOND II: The Museum of Alien Life (4K) | ||
bluereflega edited English subtitles for LIFE BEYOND II: The Museum of Alien Life (4K) | ||
bluereflega edited English subtitles for LIFE BEYOND II: The Museum of Alien Life (4K) | ||
bluereflega edited English subtitles for LIFE BEYOND II: The Museum of Alien Life (4K) | ||
bluereflega edited English subtitles for LIFE BEYOND II: The Museum of Alien Life (4K) | ||
bluereflega edited English subtitles for LIFE BEYOND II: The Museum of Alien Life (4K) |