[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.00,0:00:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the spirit of Jacques Cousteau, who said,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.00,0:00:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"People protect what they love,"
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.00,0:00:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want to share with you today what I love most in the ocean,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.00,0:00:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's the incredible number and variety
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.00,0:00:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of animals in it that make light.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.00,0:00:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My addiction began with this strange looking diving suit called Wasp;
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.00,0:00:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's not an acronym -- just somebody thought it looked like the insect.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.00,0:00:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was actually developed for use by the offshore oil industry
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.00,0:00:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for diving on oil rigs down to a depth of 2,000 feet.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.00,0:00:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Right after I completed my Ph.D.,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.00,0:00:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was lucky enough to be included with a group of scientists
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.00,0:00:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was using it for the first time
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.00,0:00:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a tool for ocean exploration.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.00,0:00:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We trained in a tank in Port Hueneme,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.00,0:00:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then my first open ocean dive
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.00,0:00:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was in Santa Barbara Channel.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.00,0:00:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was an evening dive.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.00,0:00:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I went down to a depth of 880 feet
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.00,0:00:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and turned out the lights.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.00,0:00:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the reason I turned out the lights is because I knew I would see
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.00,0:00:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this phenomenon of animals making light
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.00,0:00:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called bioluminescence.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.00,0:00:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I was totally unprepared
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.00,0:00:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for how much there was
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.00,0:01:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and how spectacular it was.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.00,0:01:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I saw chains of jellyfish called siphonophores
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.00,0:01:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that were longer than this room,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.00,0:01:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pumping out so much light
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.00,0:01:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I could read the dials and gauges
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.00,0:01:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,inside the suit without a flashlight;
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.00,0:01:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and puffs and billows
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.00,0:01:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of what looked like luminous blue smoke;
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.00,0:01:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and explosions of sparks
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.00,0:01:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that would swirl up out of the thrusters --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.00,0:01:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just like when you throw a log on a campfire and the embers swirl up off the campfire,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.00,0:01:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but these were icy, blue embers.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.00,0:01:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was breathtaking.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.00,0:01:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, usually if people are familiar with bioluminescence at all,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.00,0:01:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's these guys; it's fireflies.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.00,0:01:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there are a few other land-dwellers that can make light --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.00,0:01:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some insects, earthworms, fungi --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.00,0:01:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but in general, on land, it's really rare.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.00,0:01:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the ocean, it's the rule
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.00,0:01:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rather than the exception.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.00,0:01:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If I go out in the open ocean environment,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.00,0:01:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,virtually anywhere in the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.00,0:01:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I drag a net from 3,000 feet to the surface,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.00,0:01:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most of the animals --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.00,0:01:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in fact, in many places, 80 to 90 percent
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.00,0:01:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the animals that I bring up in that net --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.00,0:02:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,make light.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.00,0:02:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This makes for some pretty spectacular light shows.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.00,0:02:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now I want to share with you a little video
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.00,0:02:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I shot from a submersible.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.00,0:02:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I first developed this technique working from a little
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.00,0:02:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,single-person submersible called Deep Rover
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.00,0:02:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then adapted it for use on the Johnson Sea-Link,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.00,0:02:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which you see here.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.00,0:02:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, mounted in front of the observation sphere,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.00,0:02:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's a a three-foot diameter hoop
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.00,0:02:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a screen stretched across it.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.00,0:02:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And inside the sphere with me is an intensified camera
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.00,0:02:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's about as sensitive as a fully dark-adapted human eye,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.00,0:02:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,albeit a little fuzzy.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.00,0:02:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you turn on the camera, turn out the lights.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.00,0:02:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That sparkle you're seeing is not luminescence,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.00,0:02:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's just electronic noise
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.00,0:02:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on these super intensified cameras.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.00,0:02:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You don't see luminescence until the submersible
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.00,0:02:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,begins to move forward through the water,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.00,0:02:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but as it does, animals bumping into the screen
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.00,0:02:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are stimulated to bioluminesce.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.00,0:02:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, when I was first doing this,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.00,0:02:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all I was trying to do was count the numbers of sources.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.00,0:02:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I knew my forward speed, I knew the area,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.00,0:02:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so I could figure out how many hundreds of sources
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.00,0:02:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there were per cubic meter.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.00,0:02:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I started to realize that I could actually identify animals
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.00,0:03:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the type of flashes they produced.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.00,0:03:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, here, in the Gulf of Maine
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.00,0:03:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at 740 feet,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.00,0:03:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can name pretty much everything you're seeing there to the species level.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.00,0:03:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like those big explosions, sparks,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.00,0:03:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are from a little comb jelly,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.00,0:03:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there's krill and other kinds of crustaceans,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.00,0:03:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and jellyfish.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.00,0:03:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was another one of those comb jellies.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.00,0:03:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so I've worked with computer image analysis engineers
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.00,0:03:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to develop automatic recognition systems
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.00,0:03:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can identify these animals
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.00,0:03:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then extract the XYZ coordinate of the initial impact point.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.00,0:03:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we can then do the kinds of things that ecologists do on land,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.00,0:03:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and do nearest neighbor distances.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.00,0:03:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But you don't always have to go down to the depths of the ocean
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.00,0:03:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to see a light show like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.00,0:03:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can actually see it in surface waters.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.00,0:03:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is some shot, by Dr. Mike Latz at Scripps Institution,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.00,0:03:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of a dolphin swimming through bioluminescent plankton.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.00,0:03:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this isn't someplace exotic
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.00,0:03:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like one of the bioluminescent bays in Puerto Rico,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.00,0:03:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this was actually shot in San Diego Harbor.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.00,0:03:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And sometimes you can see it even closer than that,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.00,0:03:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the heads on ships --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.00,0:04:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's toilets, for any land lovers that are listening --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.00,0:04:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are flushed with unfiltered seawater
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.00,0:04:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that often has bioluminescent plankton in it.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.00,0:04:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, if you stagger into the head late at night
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.00,0:04:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you're so toilet-hugging sick
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.00,0:04:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you forget to turn on the light,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.00,0:04:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you may think that you're having a religious experience. (Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.00,0:04:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, how does a living creature make light?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.00,0:04:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, that was the question that 19th century
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.00,0:04:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,French physiologist Raphael Dubois,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.00,0:04:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,asked about this bioluminescent clam.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.00,0:04:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He ground it up and he managed to get out a couple of chemicals;
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.00,0:04:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one, the enzyme, he called luciferase;
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.00,0:04:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the substrate, he called luciferin
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.00,0:04:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after Lucifer the Lightbearer.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.00,0:04:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That terminology has stuck, but it doesn't actually refer to specific chemicals
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.00,0:04:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because these chemicals come in a lot of different shapes and forms.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.00,0:04:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, most of the people
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.00,0:04:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,studying bioluminescence today
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.00,0:04:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are focused on the chemistry, because these chemicals
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.00,0:04:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have proved so incredibly valuable
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.00,0:04:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for developing antibacterial agents,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.00,0:04:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cancer fighting drugs,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.00,0:04:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,testing for the presence of life on Mars,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.00,0:04:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,detecting pollutants in our waters --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.00,0:04:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is how we use it at ORCA.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.00,0:05:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 2008,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.00,0:05:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.00,0:05:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was awarded for work done
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.00,0:05:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on a molecule called green fluorescent protein
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.00,0:05:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was isolated from the bioluminescent chemistry
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.00,0:05:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of a jellyfish,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.00,0:05:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's been equated to the invention of the microscope,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.00,0:05:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in terms of the impact that it has had
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.00,0:05:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on cell biology and genetic engineering.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.00,0:05:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another thing all these molecules are telling us
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.00,0:05:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that, apparently, bioluminescence has evolved
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.00,0:05:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at least 40 times, maybe as many as 50 separate times
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.00,0:05:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in evolutionary history,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.00,0:05:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is a clear indication
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.00,0:05:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of how spectacularly important
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.00,0:05:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this trait is for survival.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.00,0:05:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, what is it about bioluminescence
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.00,0:05:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's so important to so many animals?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.00,0:05:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, for animals that are trying to avoid predators
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.00,0:05:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by staying in the darkness,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.00,0:05:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,light can still be very useful
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.00,0:05:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the three basic things that animals have to do to survive:
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.00,0:05:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's find food,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.00,0:05:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,attract a mate and avoid being eaten.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.00,0:05:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, for example, this fish
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.00,0:06:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has a built-in headlight behind its eye
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.00,0:06:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it can use for finding food
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.00,0:06:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or attracting a mate.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.00,0:06:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then when it's not using it, it actually can roll it down into its head
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.00,0:06:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just like the headlights on your Lamborghini.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.00,0:06:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This fish actually has high beams.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.00,0:06:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this fish, which is one of my favorites,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.00,0:06:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has three headlights on each side of its head.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.00,0:06:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, this one is blue,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.00,0:06:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's the color of most bioluminescence in the ocean
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.00,0:06:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because evolution has selected
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.00,0:06:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the color that travels farthest through seawater
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.00,0:06:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in order to optimize communication.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.00,0:06:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, most animals make blue light,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.00,0:06:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and most animals can only see blue light,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.00,0:06:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but this fish is a really fascinating exception
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.00,0:06:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it has two red light organs.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.00,0:06:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I have no idea why there's two,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.00,0:06:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's something I want to solve some day --
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.00,0:06:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but not only can it see blue light,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.00,0:06:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it can see red light.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.00,0:06:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it uses its red bioluminescence like a sniper's scope
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.00,0:06:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be able to sneak up on animals
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.00,0:06:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are blind to red light
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.00,0:06:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and be able to see them without being seen.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.00,0:06:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's also got a little chin barbel here
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.00,0:07:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a blue luminescent lure on it
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.00,0:07:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it can use to attract prey from a long way off.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.00,0:07:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And a lot of animals will use their bioluminescence as a lure.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.00,0:07:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is another one of my favorite fish.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.00,0:07:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a viperfish, and it's got a lure
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.00,0:07:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the end of a long fishing rod
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.00,0:07:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it arches in front of the toothy jaw
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.00,0:07:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that gives the viperfish its name.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.00,0:07:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The teeth on this fish are so long
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.00,0:07:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that if they closed inside the mouth of the fish,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.00,0:07:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it would actually impale its own brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.00,0:07:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So instead, it slides in grooves
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.00,0:07:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the outside of the head.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.00,0:07:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a Christmas tree of a fish;
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.00,0:07:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,everything on this fish lights up,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.00,0:07:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's not just that lure.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.00,0:07:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's got a built-in flashlight.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.00,0:07:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's got these jewel-like light organs on its belly
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.00,0:07:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it uses for a type of camouflage
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.00,0:07:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that obliterates its shadow,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.00,0:07:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so when it's swimming around and there's a predator looking up from below,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.00,0:07:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it makes itself disappear.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.00,0:07:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's got light organs in the mouth,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.00,0:07:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's got light organs in every single scale, in the fins,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.00,0:07:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a mucus layer on the back and the belly,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.00,0:07:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all used for different things --
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.00,0:08:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some of which we know about, some of which we don't.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.00,0:08:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we know a little bit more about bioluminescence thanks to Pixar,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.00,0:08:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'm very grateful to Pixar for sharing
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.00,0:08:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my favorite topic with so many people.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.00,0:08:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I do wish, with their budget,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.00,0:08:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they might have spent just a tiny bit more money
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.00,0:08:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to pay a consulting fee to some poor, starving graduate student,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.00,0:08:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who could have told them that those are the eyes
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.00,0:08:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of a fish that's been preserved in formalin.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.00,0:08:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are the eyes of a living anglerfish.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.00,0:08:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, she's got a lure that she sticks out
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.00,0:08:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in front of this living mousetrap
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.00,0:08:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of needle-sharp teeth
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.00,0:08:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in order to attract in some unsuspecting prey.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.00,0:08:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this one has a lure
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.00,0:08:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with all kinds of little interesting threads coming off it.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.00,0:08:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now we used to think that the different shape of the lure
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.00,0:08:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was to attract different types of prey,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.00,0:08:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but then stomach content analyses on these fish
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.00,0:08:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,done by scientists, or more likely their graduate students,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.00,0:08:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have revealed that
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.00,0:08:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they all eat pretty much the same thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.00,0:08:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, now we believe that the different shape of the lure
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.00,0:08:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is how the male recognizes the female
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.00,0:08:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the anglerfish world,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.00,0:08:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because many of these males
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.00,0:09:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are what are known as dwarf males.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.00,0:09:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This little guy
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.00,0:09:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has no visible means of self-support.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.00,0:09:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He has no lure for attracting food
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.00,0:09:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and no teeth for eating it when it gets there.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.00,0:09:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His only hope for existence on this planet
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.00,0:09:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is as a gigolo. (Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.00,0:09:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's got to find himself a babe
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.00,0:09:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then he's got to latch on for life.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.00,0:09:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this little guy
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.00,0:09:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has found himself this babe,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.00,0:09:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you will note that he's had the good sense
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.00,0:09:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to attach himself in a way that he doesn't actually have to look at her.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.00,0:09:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.00,0:09:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But he still knows a good thing when he sees it,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.00,0:09:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so he seals the relationship with an eternal kiss.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.00,0:09:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His flesh fuses with her flesh,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.00,0:09:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,her bloodstream grows into his body,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.00,0:09:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he becomes nothing more than a little sperm sac.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.00,0:09:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.00,0:09:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, this is a deep-sea version of Women's Lib.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.00,0:09:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She always knows where he is,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.00,0:09:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and she doesn't have to be monogamous,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.00,0:09:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because some of these females
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.00,0:09:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,come up with multiple males attached.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.00,0:09:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they can use it for finding food, for attracting mates.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.00,0:10:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They use it a lot for defense, many different ways.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.00,0:10:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A lot of them can release their luciferin or luferase in the water
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.00,0:10:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just the way a squid or an octopus will release an ink cloud.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.00,0:10:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This shrimp is actually
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.00,0:10:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,spewing light out of its mouth
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.00,0:10:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like a fire breathing dragon
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.00,0:10:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in order to blind or distract this viperfish
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.00,0:10:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that the shrimp can swim away into the darkness.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.00,0:10:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there are a lot of different animals that can do this:
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.00,0:10:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's jellyfish, there's squid,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.00,0:10:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's a whole lot of different crustaceans,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.00,0:10:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's even fish that can do this.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.00,0:10:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This fish is called the shining tubeshoulder
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.00,0:10:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it actually has a tube on its shoulder
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.00,0:10:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can squirt out light.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.00,0:10:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I was luck enough to capture one of these
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.00,0:10:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when we were on a trawling expedition
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.00,0:10:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,off the northwest coast of Africa for "Blue Planet,"
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.00,0:10:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the deep portion of "Blue Planet."
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.00,0:10:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we were using a special trawling net
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.00,0:10:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we were able to bring these animals up alive.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.00,0:10:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we captured one of these, and I brought it into the lab.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.00,0:10:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I'm holding it,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.00,0:10:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'm about to touch that tube on its shoulder,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.00,0:10:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when I do, you'll see bioluminescence coming out.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.00,0:10:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But to me, what's shocking
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.00,0:11:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is not just the amount of light,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.00,0:11:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the fact that it's not just luciferin and luciferase.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.00,0:11:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For this fish, it's actually whole cells
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.00,0:11:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with nuclei and membranes.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.00,0:11:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's energetically very costly for this fish to do this,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.00,0:11:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we have no idea why it does it --
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.00,0:11:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,another one of these great mysteries that needs to be solved.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.00,0:11:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, another form of defense
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.00,0:11:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is something called a burglar alarm --
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.00,0:11:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,same reason you have a burglar alarm on your car;
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.00,0:11:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the honking horn and flashing lights
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.00,0:11:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are meant to attract the attention of, hopefully,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.00,0:11:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the police that will come and take the burglar away --
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.00,0:11:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when an animal's caught in the clutches of a predator,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.00,0:11:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,its only hope for escape may be
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.00,0:11:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to attract the attention of something bigger and nastier
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.00,0:11:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that will attack their attacker,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.00,0:11:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thereby affording them a chance for escape.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.00,0:11:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This jellyfish, for example, has
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.00,0:11:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a spectacular bioluminescent display.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.00,0:11:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is us chasing it in the submersible.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.00,0:11:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's not luminescence, that's reflected light from the gonads.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.00,0:11:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We capture it in a very special device on the front of the submersible
Dialogue: 0,0:11:51.00,0:11:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that allows us to bring it up in really pristine condition,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.00,0:11:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bring it into the lab on the ship.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.00,0:11:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then to generate the display you're about to see,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:58.00,0:12:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all I did was touch it once per second
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.00,0:12:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on its nerve ring with a sharp pick
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.00,0:12:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's sort of like the sharp tooth of a fish.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.00,0:12:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And once this display gets going, I'm not touching it anymore.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.00,0:12:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is an unbelievable light show.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:10.00,0:12:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's this pinwheel of light,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:12.00,0:12:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I've done calculations that show that this could be seen
Dialogue: 0,0:12:14.00,0:12:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from as much as 300 feet away by a predator.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:17.00,0:12:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I thought, "You know,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:19.00,0:12:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that might actually make a pretty good lure."
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.00,0:12:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because one of the things that's frustrated me
Dialogue: 0,0:12:24.00,0:12:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a deep-sea explorer
Dialogue: 0,0:12:26.00,0:12:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is how many animals there probably are in the ocean that we know nothing about
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.00,0:12:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because of the way we explore the ocean.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:32.00,0:12:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The primary way that we know about what lives in the ocean
Dialogue: 0,0:12:35.00,0:12:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is we go out and drag nets behind ships.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:38.00,0:12:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I defy you to name any other branch of science
Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.00,0:12:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that still depends on hundreds of year-old technology.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:43.00,0:12:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The other primary way is we go down
Dialogue: 0,0:12:45.00,0:12:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with submersibles and remote-operated vehicles.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.00,0:12:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've made hundreds of dives in submersibles.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.00,0:12:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I'm sitting in a submersible though,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:52.00,0:12:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I know that I'm not unobtrusive at all --
Dialogue: 0,0:12:55.00,0:12:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've got bright lights and noisy thrusters --
Dialogue: 0,0:12:57.00,0:13:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,any animal with any sense is going to be long gone.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:00.00,0:13:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, I've wanted for a long time
Dialogue: 0,0:13:03.00,0:13:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to figure out a different way to explore.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:05.00,0:13:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, sometime ago, I got this idea for a camera system.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:08.00,0:13:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not exactly rocket science. We call this thing Eye-in-the-Sea.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:11.00,0:13:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And scientists have done this on land for years;
Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.00,0:13:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we just use a color that the animals can't see
Dialogue: 0,0:13:16.00,0:13:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then a camera that can see that color.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.00,0:13:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can't use infrared in the sea.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:20.00,0:13:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We use far-red light, but even that's a problem
Dialogue: 0,0:13:22.00,0:13:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it gets absorbed so quickly.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:24.00,0:13:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Made an intensified camera,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:26.00,0:13:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wanted to make this electronic jellyfish.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:28.00,0:13:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thing is, in science,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:31.00,0:13:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you basically have to tell the funding agencies what you're going to discover
Dialogue: 0,0:13:34.00,0:13:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before they'll give you the money.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:36.00,0:13:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I didn't know what I was going to discover,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:38.00,0:13:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so I couldn't get the funding for this.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:40.00,0:13:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I kluged this together, I got the Harvey Mudd Engineering Clinic
Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.00,0:13:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to actually do it as an undergraduate student project initially,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:46.00,0:13:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then I kluged funding from a whole bunch of different sources.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:49.00,0:13:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute
Dialogue: 0,0:13:51.00,0:13:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gave me time with their ROV
Dialogue: 0,0:13:54.00,0:13:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that I could test it and we could figure out,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:56.00,0:13:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you know, for example, which colors of red light we had to use
Dialogue: 0,0:13:59.00,0:14:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that we could see the animals, but they couldn't see us --
Dialogue: 0,0:14:02.00,0:14:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,get the electronic jellyfish working.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:05.00,0:14:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you can see just what a shoestring operation this really was,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:08.00,0:14:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we cast these 16 blue LEDs in epoxy
Dialogue: 0,0:14:11.00,0:14:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can see in the epoxy mold that we used,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:13.00,0:14:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the word Ziploc is still visible.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:16.00,0:14:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Needless to say, when it's kluged together like this,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:19.00,0:14:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there were a lot of trials and tribulations getting this working.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:22.00,0:14:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there came a moment when it all came together,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:24.00,0:14:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and everything worked.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:26.00,0:14:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, remarkably, that moment got caught on film
Dialogue: 0,0:14:28.00,0:14:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by photographer Mark Richards,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:30.00,0:14:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who happened to be there at the precise moment
Dialogue: 0,0:14:32.00,0:14:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we discovered that it all came together.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:35.00,0:14:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's me on the left,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:37.00,0:14:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my graduate student at the time, Erika Raymond,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:39.00,0:14:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Lee Fry, who was the engineer on the project.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:42.00,0:14:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we have this photograph posted in our lab in a place of honor
Dialogue: 0,0:14:45.00,0:14:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the caption: "Engineer satisfying two women at once." (Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:14:49.00,0:14:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we were very, very happy.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:51.00,0:14:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So now we had a system
Dialogue: 0,0:14:53.00,0:14:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we could actually take to some place
Dialogue: 0,0:14:55.00,0:14:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was kind of like an oasis on the bottom of the ocean
Dialogue: 0,0:14:57.00,0:15:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that might be patrolled by large predators.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:01.00,0:15:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, the place that we took it to
Dialogue: 0,0:15:03.00,0:15:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was this place called a Brine Pool,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:05.00,0:15:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is in the northern part of the Gulf of Mexico.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:07.00,0:15:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a magical place.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:09.00,0:15:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I know this footage isn't going to look like anything to you --
Dialogue: 0,0:15:11.00,0:15:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we had a crummy camera at the time --
Dialogue: 0,0:15:13.00,0:15:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I was ecstatic.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:15.00,0:15:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're at the edge of the Brine Pool,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:17.00,0:15:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's a fish that's swimming towards the camera.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:20.00,0:15:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's clearly undisturbed by us.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:22.00,0:15:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I had my window into the deep sea.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:25.00,0:15:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I, for the first time, could see what animals were doing down there
Dialogue: 0,0:15:28.00,0:15:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when we weren't down there disturbing them in some way.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:32.00,0:15:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Four hours into the deployment,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:34.00,0:15:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we had programmed the electronic jellyfish
Dialogue: 0,0:15:36.00,0:15:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to come on for the first time.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:38.00,0:15:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Eighty-six seconds after
Dialogue: 0,0:15:40.00,0:15:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it went into its pinwheel display,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:42.00,0:15:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we recorded this:
Dialogue: 0,0:15:45.00,0:15:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a squid, over six feet long,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:47.00,0:15:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is so new to science,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:49.00,0:15:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it cannot be placed in any known scientific family.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:53.00,0:15:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I could not have asked for a better proof of concept.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:56.00,0:15:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And based on this, I went back to the National Science Foundation
Dialogue: 0,0:15:58.00,0:16:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and said, "This is what we will discover."
Dialogue: 0,0:16:01.00,0:16:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they gave me enough money to do it right,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:03.00,0:16:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which has involved developing the world's first deep-sea webcam --
Dialogue: 0,0:16:06.00,0:16:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which has been installed in
Dialogue: 0,0:16:08.00,0:16:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Monterey Canyon for the past year --
Dialogue: 0,0:16:10.00,0:16:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and now, more recently,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:12.00,0:16:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a modular form of this system,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:14.00,0:16:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a much more mobile form
Dialogue: 0,0:16:16.00,0:16:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's a lot easier to launch and recover,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:18.00,0:16:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I hope can be used on Sylvia's "hope spots"
Dialogue: 0,0:16:21.00,0:16:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to help explore
Dialogue: 0,0:16:23.00,0:16:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and protect these areas,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:25.00,0:16:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and, for me, learn more about
Dialogue: 0,0:16:27.00,0:16:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the bioluminescence in these "hope spots."
Dialogue: 0,0:16:30.00,0:16:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So one of these take-home messages here
Dialogue: 0,0:16:33.00,0:16:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is, there is still a lot to explore in the oceans.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:36.00,0:16:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Sylvia has said
Dialogue: 0,0:16:38.00,0:16:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we are destroying the oceans before we even know what's in them,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:41.00,0:16:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and she's right.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:43.00,0:16:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if you ever, ever get an opportunity
Dialogue: 0,0:16:45.00,0:16:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to take a dive in a submersible,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:47.00,0:16:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,say yes -- a thousand times, yes --
Dialogue: 0,0:16:50.00,0:16:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and please turn out the lights.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:52.00,0:16:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I promise, you'll love it.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:54.00,0:16:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:56.00,0:16:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)