[Script Info] Title: [Events] Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.00,0:00:06.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, in that video, the University of\NMichigan, the unexpected underdog in the Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.09,0:00:13.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,competition for the National Science\NFoundation wins. And they win using, sort Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.09,0:00:20.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of an old fashion technique. Basically,\Nmany might say that was cheating, right? Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.57,0:00:25.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They didn't play exactly by the rules.\NThis is becoming an increasingly common Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.06,0:00:31.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,technique sometimes when, when an\Ninstitution wants to win a grant. They'll, Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.66,0:00:37.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they'll you know, they'll, they'll bring\Nso much more money to bear on but it's Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.84,0:00:42.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,kind of an obvious, obvious thing that\Nthey can, that they're going to win the Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.96,0:00:47.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,grant. So the, but, so there is actually a\Ncouple of schools that thought that was Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.71,0:00:53.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,kind of unfair. But the other thing to\Nthink about in this is the lobbyists Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.08,0:00:59.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,carefully crafted the15 million dollars. I\Nwould claim they carefully crafted the Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.08,0:01:03.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fifteen million dollars so this network\Nwould fail because they knew how much, if Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.84,0:01:09.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you leased the lines from AT&T, it\Nwould, it would cost so much that the only Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.54,0:01:14.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thing you could afford was 56 kilobit\Nlines for the network that was being Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.23,0:01:18.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,proposed. Now, when you think of 56\Nkilobits, right? So here, take your, take Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.89,0:01:23.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,your phone, right? You got your 3G and\Nyour 4G, and the thing that came before Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.62,0:01:27.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all those was EDGE. You remember EDGE?\NNow, of course, if you go to the wrong Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.86,0:01:32.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,place, you end up in a basement or\Nsomething, you go EDGE on your, on your Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.90,0:01:38.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,phone. Edge, the thing that's your phone's\Ndoing when it's doing real bad connection. Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.31,0:01:43.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Edge is 128 kilobits, which is twice what\Nthe national backbone for all the Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.48,0:01:49.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,scientists talking to all the computers in\Nthe country. 56 kilobits was the national Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.10,0:01:54.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,backbone that the lobbyists carefully\Nauthorized funds for. And there will be Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.86,0:02:01.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,only one conclusion at this point and that\Nwas that they wanted it to fail. And, as Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.35,0:02:06.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is said in the movie Jurassic Park, nature\Nfinds a way. And, and if, if you think Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.89,0:02:13.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about it the story that Doug van Holland\Njust told is like a perfect storm. Mci Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.08,0:02:19.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just started existing. You know, they just\Nstarted existing and so they wanted to do Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.35,0:02:25.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,something cool , and so they were willing\Nto take a risk. Doug had, just come from Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.16,0:02:30.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Carnegie Mellon University, where he had\Nworked with IBM before. So, what's the Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.38,0:02:36.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,likelihood that, here's a school that has\Na long network history, but didn't work on Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.39,0:02:42.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Arpanet. Knows IBM intimately. Just\Nit's just pretty amazing, you know, that, Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.10,0:02:50.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that this all happened. And so, but it\Ndid. Nature found a way just like in Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.21,0:02:56.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Jurassic Park and all the plans and all\Nthe attempts to, to, to box, to put and to Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.86,0:03:03.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,draw a fine line around this failed. And\Nso, the NSF net as Dough said, just took Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.40,0:03:09.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,off, alright. And the, going back to what\NLarry said, the, the key was is that each Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.87,0:03:15.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,school had to be, you know, first on it or\Nyou're going lose your physicist, right, Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.63,0:03:21.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it became a badge of honor. And so,\Nschools basically panicked and they found Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.32,0:03:27.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,money somewhere to run fiber, to run\Nnetworks to people's offices. This is a Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.23,0:03:33.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whole bunch of infrastructure that, that\Nneeded to be installed. And I wasn't at Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.15,0:03:38.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,University of Michigan at the time, I was\Nat Michigan State University at the time, Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.72,0:03:44.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just up the road. And I saw the internet\Nfor the first time in the, in the building Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.08,0:03:51.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's here in this upper left hand corner\Nof the, of the slide. And that is the what Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.04,0:03:57.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we used to call SI North, the school that\NI'm part of. It's really a rather Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.09,0:04:02.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nondescript building but they used to have\Nmonitors and watching all these things. Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.77,0:04:07.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, the traffic grew, the performance\Ngrew there's all kinds of things that, Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.93,0:04:13.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that had to be solved through this thing.\NIt started in 1988 and was supposed to go Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.83,0:04:19.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through 1993, for five years and it ended\Nup going through 1995. Now, the key thing Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.36,0:04:25.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is if you think about that time frame, you\Nknow, by early 1990s, things were pretty Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.19,0:04:30.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,universal. I mean we'd gone from will this\Nhappen to every, everyone had to be, you Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.04,0:04:34.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,know, everyone that mattered was pretty\Nmuch on the network. And the question was Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.21,0:04:38.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how much bandwidth, what with these\Nservers, how do we work with all these Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.54,0:04:44.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,things? And so the, the original NSF Net\Nwas aimed at research universities and Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.43,0:04:51.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they had made a bunch of rules about that.\NAnd, and there were some universities in Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.53,0:04:57.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,particular Cleveland the Case Western\NReserve at Cleveland it, well Cleveland Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.22,0:05:02.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,area, Case Western, around Case Western\NReserve University, had this thing called Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.01,0:05:06.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a Freenet. And these were bulletin board\Nsystems. And there was lots of bulletin Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.98,0:05:12.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,board systems but they were all very local\Nand some bulletin board systems started Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.17,0:05:16.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,having sort of partnerships with\Nuniversities and sneaking regular people Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.61,0:05:21.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,onto the Internet. I remember personally,\Njust in a working university, the internet Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.38,0:05:25.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was this cool thing. And, it was something\Nthat only we at universities could do. Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.62,0:05:29.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, we, we're the only ones that could\Nuse it and all you want to do is tell Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.50,0:05:33.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people about it. And then, things like\Nthese Freenets made it available to the Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.86,0:05:38.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,average citizen and that just created so\Nmuch more demand. And so, towards, you Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.78,0:05:43.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,know, early 1990, late 1980s, this\Nacademic only rule sort of started to be Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.62,0:05:49.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,relaxed and they made some rules about who\Ncould do what. And by, by this point in Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.30,0:05:55.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,time, the cat was totally out of the bag,\Nright. I mean the network was 45 megabits Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.27,0:06:01.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and all the schools on the planet. So, it\Nwas pretty tough at this point for the, Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.06,0:06:06.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the lobbyists to shut it down [laugh],\Nright? They had carefully laid plans, had Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.58,0:06:11.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,failed and out we go. Okay, and so we have\Nthis connectivity. And one thing I Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.80,0:06:17.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,remember about the connectivity in the\Nearly days is we used to have post-it Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.49,0:06:23.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,notes of all the cool servers where you\Ncould download software or where email Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.82,0:06:28.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,list were or, or newsgroups were. And, and\Nyou, you have to have post-it notes and Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.96,0:06:34.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,keep track of all these host names\Netcetera, etcetera, etcetera. And so, once Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.45,0:06:41.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the connectivity was there, and this was\Nhappening worldwide and in additional states Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.39,0:06:47.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as well. And the question was is how would\Nwe organize all this information? How Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.59,0:06:52.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would we make sense of it? And so we\Nstarted Illinois, University Illinois in Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.84,0:06:58.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the supercomput er centers and we moved to\Nthe University of Michigan, where the Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.89,0:07:04.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,first NSF Net happened, and then grew and\Nexpanded. And the, the next place on our Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.25,0:07:10.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stop is CERN, CERN High Energy Physics\NLab. And so, you probably know that the Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.10,0:07:16.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CERN is the birthplace of the web but\Nthat's not all it does. A matter of fact, Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.04,0:07:22.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it chose that the web was not it's purpose\Nbecause it's purpose is Physics, high Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.76,0:07:30.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Energy Physics. And. One of the things\Nabout experimental Physics is that, kinda Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.02,0:07:38.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like super computers. The in order to make\Nthe next step in physics research, you Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.54,0:07:43.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,need to you need to build a bigger\Nexperiment and a bigger experiment. So, it Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.98,0:07:48.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,used to be that a physicist could learn\Nthings about electrons and neutrons by Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.04,0:07:53.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,something about the size of this table\Nlike a cloud chamber. And something would Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.49,0:07:58.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,go through and they could write a little\Npaper. And then once, once you've seen Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.15,0:08:02.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,everything you can see and things and the\Nsize of this table, you'll say, well, I'll Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.77,0:08:07.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,do something ten times larger than the\Ntable. And then I get a new set of papers Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.50,0:08:11.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a new set of results and at some\Npoint, you've, you've gained as much Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.27,0:08:15.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Physics as you can gain from that. And\Nthis repeats itself, and it gets larger Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.98,0:08:21.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and larger and larger. And it gets to the\Npoint where you literally can only afford Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.55,0:08:26.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to have one experimental facility in the\Nentire world. And this is what CERN is Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.41,0:08:31.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dedicated to. It's dedicated to the notion\Nof if you're going to build a physics Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.04,0:08:36.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,experiment, let's build it here at CERN.\NAnd there's a whole structure around this Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.06,0:08:41.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where people come from all over the world.\NIt physically straddles the border between Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.04,0:08:47.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,France and Switzerland. It's got, you\Nknow, that Switzerland of course, has you Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.52,0:08:53.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,know, has really good relationships and\Npeople can come and, you know, even Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.01,0:08:58.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Russian, you know, back when there was\Nsome tension between governments, Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.24,0:09:04.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,scientists can still get together and\Nwork. And the lead time on these projects Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.59,0:09:10.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is fifteen to twenty years and the, the\Nsize of the things that they build is just Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.23,0:09:16.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gigantic like the, the Atl as the, the,\Nthe, the, most recent detector is like six Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.63,0:09:24.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stories tall and took years to build. So,\Nthese people have to work and build and Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.16,0:09:32.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,think. And it turns out that they have a\Nlot of fun. So I'm going to introduce you Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.54,0:09:40.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in this next slide to the Cernettes. So,\Nthe Cernettes, is a musical group from Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.15,0:09:46.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CERN. And, and so basically you [laugh],\Nyou, you can view some of the videos that Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.64,0:09:51.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have here. You don't have to, but I\Nsuggest that you do. They're just pure Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.74,0:09:57.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fun. Their, their, their music is about\Nthe web, about high-energy physics, about Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.15,0:10:02.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,colliders, and about supercomputers. And\Nyou see the women sitting around the Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.58,0:10:08.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,supercomputer in one of their music\Nvideos. And so, it's just kind of fun. But Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.61,0:10:14.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,remember that the reason that these people\Nare together is to mix something that Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.93,0:10:21.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can't be made separately. So, take a look\Nand then come back. Well, welcome back. So Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.69,0:10:28.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,continuing. I have been to CERN many\Ntimes. The first time that I went to CERN Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.10,0:10:34.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was to do a lecture recording. And I have\Nbeen working for many years, since 1999, Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.52,0:10:41.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a physicist named Steven Goldfarb.\NThat's Steven Goldfribe right there. He is Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.68,0:10:48.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the lead singer of the, of the Canettes\NBlues Band. And everyone else in the Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.32,0:10:54.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Canettes Blues Band is also a physicist,\N[inaudible] physicist. She actually is I Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.11,0:11:01.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,believe the secretary general something.\NSo, these people are all physicist and, Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.06,0:11:06.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and, and so they, they play together,\Nright? You saw the Cernettes, if you Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.12,0:11:10.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,choose to see. And now, here we have the\NCanettes. This is a blues band. Part of Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.59,0:11:15.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the reason that they do blues is because,\Nyou know, these people come from America Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.28,0:11:20.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they like the blues, and there might\Nnot be a blues band so they just make one. Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.16,0:11:24.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They actually have a club. The CERN\Nprovides a place for them to play music Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.34,0:11:30.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they have lots of fun. And so, so, the\Nother thing I like about CERN, if you ever Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.09,0:11:35.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,get a chance to visit go in the back, this\Nis the cafeteria right by the building 40. Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.70,0:11:41.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they have steak. I mean, the food is\Njust magnificent. I mean, it's Europe. Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.70,0:11:46.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's, it's France and Switzerland, after\Nall. And, and there's, I just have so many Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.78,0:11:52.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fond memories of hanging out at this, at\Nthis cafe. And so, then we have over here Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.78,0:11:59.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not a lot of people probably have a family\Nphoto, deep inside the detector pit, of Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.03,0:12:04.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Atlas. And so and so, let's see,\Nwhere's my, there's my wife, Teresa, right Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.08,0:12:10.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there, my son, Brent there's me and\Nthere's my daughter, Mandy. And so we took Dialogue: 0,0:12:10.07,0:12:15.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a family trip to CERN and now, you can't\Ngo in, let me clear this bit here, let me Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.60,0:12:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,clear this. You can't go in the detector\Nanymore, right. So, this is the five Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.00,0:12:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stories, this is where the beam comes in.\NSo, down there that`s the 2.5 stories and Dialogue: 0,0:12:26.00,0:12:30.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then up is another 2.5 stories. We happen\Nto be in the middle when we are taking Dialogue: 0,0:12:30.55,0:12:35.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this picture. If you are to go into, into\Nthis area right now, this is full of Dialogue: 0,0:12:35.62,0:12:40.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,equipment, okay. Just absolutely, just\Nfull. Go look for the Atlas detector. And, Dialogue: 0,0:12:41.11,0:12:46.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and basically you actually can't go in cuz\Nit's all full of radiation now, too. And Dialogue: 0,0:12:46.83,0:12:52.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we got in one of the, this was not,\Nthis was early on. I came back and got Dialogue: 0,0:12:52.67,0:13:02.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,another tour when it was almost done. And\Nso, this just is fun, but really smart Dialogue: 0,0:13:02.18,0:13:11.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people. And so, that's sort of the, the\Nkey message here. So I'm going to show you Dialogue: 0,0:13:12.33,0:13:21.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,another video and this video is optional\Nand this is a video of blues, our blues Dialogue: 0,0:13:21.45,0:13:26.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,band, Steven Goldfarb, and other\Nphysicists and then I, I showed up and Dialogue: 0,0:13:26.68,0:13:33.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sang with them. And so, this again is\Noptional. So again, what I say is as you Dialogue: 0,0:13:33.04,0:13:40.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,see the crowd shots, most of the crowd are\Nalso physicists. They work really hard and Dialogue: 0,0:13:40.01,0:13:54.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they play really hard. Okay. Welcome back.\NSo, why did I waste all that time showing Dialogue: 0,0:13:54.04,0:14:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you music videos and other silly things?\NWell, I mentioned that innovation springs Dialogue: 0,0:14:02.00,0:14:08.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from a culture. It doesn't spring from\Nsort of like someone saying you innovate Dialogue: 0,0:14:08.02,0:14:14.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,right now. It springs from a culture of\Nfun and accepting new ideas and trying new Dialogue: 0,0:14:14.06,0:14:20.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,things and then attempting to do\Nsomething. And maybe, maybe you don't even Dialogue: 0,0:14:20.04,0:14:25.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,accomplish w hat you tried to do but you,\Nyou run into something really cool along Dialogue: 0,0:14:25.78,0:14:33.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the way. And that really is the story of\Nthe web. You know the internet was there. Dialogue: 0,0:14:33.41,0:14:38.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The packets were moving. We could move\Nfiles. We could, move images. We could Dialogue: 0,0:14:38.40,0:14:43.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,move video. But we couldn't find it and it\Nlooked ugly. But frankly, to those of us Dialogue: 0,0:14:43.79,0:14:48.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using it, who cared if it was ugly. Once\Nyou figured it out, it was just, just Dialogue: 0,0:14:48.90,0:14:55.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,totally awesome. And so, this group,\NRobert Cailliau and Tim Berners-Lee were Dialogue: 0,0:14:55.08,0:14:59.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,working at CERN. And they had a problem to\Nsolve. And the problem they wanted to Dialogue: 0,0:14:59.94,0:15:04.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,solve was the distributed documentation\Nfor physicists. Now, these people have to Dialogue: 0,0:15:04.66,0:15:09.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,build things that take twenty years with\Nthousands of people spread all over the Dialogue: 0,0:15:09.66,0:15:14.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,earth. So, they have to like come up with\Ndesigns. They have to share the designs. Dialogue: 0,0:15:14.34,0:15:18.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They have to write reports. They have to\Ntell, you know, they have to do some kind Dialogue: 0,0:15:18.70,0:15:23.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of an audit. So, they needed to sort of\Nwrite documents. Except they wanted to Dialogue: 0,0:15:23.37,0:15:28.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,share them. And they wanted to use this\Nnew internet thing to allow the collective Dialogue: 0,0:15:28.08,0:15:32.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,editing of documents. Now, that starts to\Nsound a little bit like Wikipedia, but Dialogue: 0,0:15:32.09,0:15:35.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's not. What they wanted to, what they\Nwanted was the documents to be on Dialogue: 0,0:15:35.99,0:15:39.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,different computers and then link the\Ndocuments together and make it so you Dialogue: 0,0:15:39.85,0:15:43.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could edit them. So, certain documents\Nmight be in Poland, and certain documents Dialogue: 0,0:15:43.95,0:15:47.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,might be in Switzerland, and certain\Ndocuments might be in the United States of Dialogue: 0,0:15:47.91,0:15:51.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,America, other documents might be in\NJapan. And they wanted to be able to edit Dialogue: 0,0:15:51.86,0:15:57.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,them all and then link them all together\Nand edit them both locally and remotely as Dialogue: 0,0:15:57.41,0:16:04.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well. And so, they created effectively a\Nhypertext text editor with hyper links in Dialogue: 0,0:16:04.49,0:16:11.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it. Alright, these links from one web, one\Nonline document to another. They had to Dialogue: 0,0:16:11.48,0:16:17.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,figure out the format to write these\Ndocuments in. Then they had to figure out Dialogue: 0,0:16:17.08,0:16:22.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a way to represent links. And then they\Nhad to figure out a network protocol to Dialogue: 0,0:16:22.76,0:16:27.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,move the data back and forth, to store and\Nretrieve the documents. And all that Dialogue: 0,0:16:27.81,0:16:33.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,becomes HTTP, the hypertext transf er\Nprotocol, HTML, the hypertext markup Dialogue: 0,0:16:33.56,0:16:39.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,language. Web servers, which is where the\NHTPD web servers, which is where the Dialogue: 0,0:16:39.38,0:16:45.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,documents are stored. And web browsers.\NAnd so, they had to build a complete Dialogue: 0,0:16:45.62,0:16:51.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,infrastructure to create the document,\Ndistributed documentation environment that Dialogue: 0,0:16:51.51,0:16:57.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they had imagined. So, lets go meet Robert\NCailliau at CERN, in his office just Dialogue: 0,0:16:57.93,0:17:04.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,across the street from where the coffee\Nshop and the steaks are at in the CERN