The dangers of "willful blindness"
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0:01 - 0:05In the northwest corner
of the United States, -
0:05 - 0:08right up near the Canadian border,
-
0:08 - 0:12there's a little town
called Libby, Montana, -
0:12 - 0:16and it's surrounded
by pine trees and lakes -
0:16 - 0:21and just amazing wildlife
-
0:21 - 0:26and these enormous trees
that scream up into the sky. -
0:26 - 0:30And in there is a little town
called Libby, -
0:30 - 0:34which I visited, which feels
kind of lonely, -
0:34 - 0:36a little isolated.
-
0:36 - 0:40And in Libby, Montana,
there's a rather unusual woman -
0:40 - 0:42named Gayla Benefield.
-
0:42 - 0:44She always felt a little bit
of an outsider, -
0:44 - 0:47although she's been there
almost all her life, -
0:47 - 0:49a woman of Russian extraction.
-
0:49 - 0:51She told me when she went to school,
-
0:51 - 0:53she was the only girl who ever chose
-
0:53 - 0:56to do mechanical drawing.
-
0:56 - 1:00Later in life, she got
a job going house to house -
1:00 - 1:04reading utility meters -- gas
meters, electricity meters. -
1:04 - 1:07And she was doing the work
in the middle of the day, -
1:07 - 1:11and one thing particularly
caught her notice, which was, -
1:11 - 1:15in the middle of the day
she met a lot of men -
1:15 - 1:19who were at home, middle
aged, late middle aged, -
1:19 - 1:25and a lot of them seemed
to be on oxygen tanks. -
1:25 - 1:27It struck her as strange.
-
1:27 - 1:31Then, a few years later, her
father died at the age of 59, -
1:31 - 1:35five days before he was due
to receive his pension. -
1:35 - 1:36He'd been a miner.
-
1:36 - 1:41She thought he must just have
been worn out by the work. -
1:41 - 1:45But then a few years
later, her mother died, -
1:45 - 1:48and that seemed stranger still,
-
1:48 - 1:51because her mother came
from a long line of people -
1:51 - 1:55who just seemed to live forever.
-
1:55 - 1:58In fact, Gayla's uncle
is still alive to this day, -
1:58 - 2:01and learning how to waltz.
-
2:01 - 2:04It didn't make sense that Gayla's mother
-
2:04 - 2:06should die so young.
-
2:06 - 2:11It was an anomaly, and she kept
puzzling over anomalies. -
2:11 - 2:13And as she did, other ones came to mind.
-
2:13 - 2:14She remembered, for example,
-
2:14 - 2:18when her mother had broken a leg
and went into the hospital, -
2:18 - 2:19and she had a lot of x-rays,
-
2:19 - 2:22and two of them were leg
x-rays, which made sense, -
2:22 - 2:27but six of them were chest
x-rays, which didn't. -
2:27 - 2:30She puzzled and puzzled over every piece
-
2:30 - 2:32of her life and her parents' life,
-
2:32 - 2:36trying to understand what she was seeing.
-
2:36 - 2:38She thought about her town.
-
2:38 - 2:41The town had a vermiculite mine in it.
-
2:41 - 2:44Vermiculite was used
for soil conditioners, -
2:44 - 2:47to make plants grow faster and better.
-
2:47 - 2:50Vermiculite was used to insulate lofts,
-
2:50 - 2:53huge amounts of it put under the roof
-
2:53 - 2:57to keep houses warm
during the long Montana winters. -
2:57 - 2:59Vermiculite was in the playground.
-
2:59 - 3:01It was in the football ground.
-
3:01 - 3:03It was in the skating rink.
-
3:03 - 3:07What she didn't learn until she started
working this problem -
3:07 - 3:14is vermiculite is a very
toxic form of asbestos. -
3:14 - 3:16When she figured out the puzzle,
-
3:16 - 3:19she started telling everyone she could
-
3:19 - 3:21what had happened, what had
been done to her parents -
3:21 - 3:24and to the people
that she saw on oxygen tanks -
3:24 - 3:28at home in the afternoons.
-
3:28 - 3:29But she was really amazed.
-
3:29 - 3:32She thought, when everybody knows,
they'll want to do something, -
3:32 - 3:34but actually nobody wanted to know.
-
3:34 - 3:36In fact, she became so annoying
-
3:36 - 3:39as she kept insisting
on telling this story -
3:39 - 3:42to her neighbors, to her friends,
to other people in the community, -
3:42 - 3:44that eventually a bunch
of them got together -
3:44 - 3:46and they made a bumper sticker,
-
3:46 - 3:49which they proudly displayed
on their cars, which said, -
3:49 - 3:51"Yes, I'm from Libby, Montana,
-
3:51 - 3:57and no, I don't have asbestosis."
-
3:57 - 4:00But Gayla didn't stop.
She kept doing research. -
4:00 - 4:03The advent of the Internet
definitely helped her. -
4:03 - 4:05She talked to anybody she could.
-
4:05 - 4:08She argued and argued,
and finally she struck lucky -
4:09 - 4:11when a researcher came through town
-
4:11 - 4:13studying the history of mines in the area,
-
4:13 - 4:16and she told him her story,
and at first, of course, -
4:16 - 4:19like everyone, he didn't believe her,
-
4:19 - 4:21but he went back to Seattle
and he did his own research -
4:21 - 4:25and he realized that she was right.
-
4:25 - 4:29So now she had an ally.
-
4:29 - 4:32Nevertheless, people still
didn't want to know. -
4:32 - 4:36They said things like, "Well,
if it were really dangerous, -
4:36 - 4:39someone would have told us."
-
4:39 - 4:42"If that's really why everyone was dying,
-
4:42 - 4:46the doctors would have told us."
-
4:46 - 4:50Some of the guys used
to very heavy jobs said, -
4:50 - 4:52"I don't want to be a victim.
-
4:52 - 4:54I can't possibly be a victim, and anyway,
-
4:54 - 5:00every industry has its accidents."
-
5:01 - 5:04But still Gayla went on,
and finally she succeeded -
5:04 - 5:07in getting a federal
agency to come to town -
5:07 - 5:11and to screen the inhabitants
of the town -- -
5:11 - 5:1615,000 people -- and what they discovered
-
5:16 - 5:19was that the town had a mortality rate
-
5:19 - 5:2580 times higher than anywhere
in the United States. -
5:25 - 5:29That was in 2002, and even at that moment,
-
5:29 - 5:33no one raised their hand to say, "Gayla,
-
5:33 - 5:37look in the playground where
your grandchildren are playing. -
5:37 - 5:42It's lined with vermiculite."
-
5:42 - 5:45This wasn't ignorance.
-
5:45 - 5:48It was willful blindness.
-
5:48 - 5:51Willful blindness is a legal
concept which means, -
5:51 - 5:54if there's information that you
could know and you should know -
5:54 - 5:58but you somehow manage not to know,
-
5:58 - 6:01the law deems that you're willfully blind.
-
6:01 - 6:04You have chosen not to know.
-
6:04 - 6:09There's a lot of willful
blindness around these days. -
6:09 - 6:12You can see willful blindness in banks,
-
6:12 - 6:15when thousands of people
sold mortgages to people -
6:15 - 6:16who couldn't afford them.
-
6:16 - 6:18You could see them in banks
-
6:18 - 6:20when interest rates were manipulated
-
6:20 - 6:23and everyone around knew
what was going on, -
6:23 - 6:26but everyone studiously ignored it.
-
6:26 - 6:29You can see willful blindness
in the Catholic Church, -
6:29 - 6:34where decades of child abuse went ignored.
-
6:34 - 6:36You could see willful blindness
-
6:36 - 6:41in the run-up to the Iraq War.
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6:41 - 6:44Willful blindness exists
on epic scales like those, -
6:44 - 6:47and it also exists on very small scales,
-
6:47 - 6:51in people's families,
in people's homes and communities, -
6:51 - 6:57and particularly in organizations
and institutions. -
6:57 - 7:01Companies that have been studied
for willful blindness -
7:01 - 7:03can be asked questions like,
-
7:03 - 7:06"Are there issues at work
-
7:06 - 7:09that people are afraid to raise?"
-
7:09 - 7:12And when academics have
done studies like this -
7:12 - 7:14of corporations in the United States,
-
7:14 - 7:19what they find is 85
percent of people say yes. -
7:19 - 7:22Eighty-five percent of people
know there's a problem, -
7:22 - 7:24but they won't say anything.
-
7:24 - 7:28And when I duplicated
the research in Europe, -
7:28 - 7:30asking all the same questions,
-
7:30 - 7:33I found exactly the same number.
-
7:33 - 7:37Eighty-five percent.
That's a lot of silence. -
7:37 - 7:39It's a lot of blindness.
-
7:39 - 7:43And what's really interesting is that when
I go to companies in Switzerland, -
7:43 - 7:47they tell me, "This
is a uniquely Swiss problem." -
7:47 - 7:51And when I go to Germany, they say,
"Oh yes, this is the German disease." -
7:51 - 7:53And when I go to companies
in England, they say, -
7:53 - 7:57"Oh, yeah, the British
are really bad at this." -
7:57 - 8:01And the truth is, this is a human problem.
-
8:01 - 8:08We're all, under certain
circumstances, willfully blind. -
8:08 - 8:10What the research shows
is that some people are blind -
8:10 - 8:14out of fear. They're
afraid of retaliation. -
8:14 - 8:17And some people are blind
because they think, well, -
8:17 - 8:20seeing anything is just futile.
-
8:20 - 8:22Nothing's ever going to change.
-
8:22 - 8:24If we make a protest, if we protest
against the Iraq War, -
8:24 - 8:26nothing changes, so why bother?
-
8:26 - 8:31Better not to see this stuff at all.
-
8:31 - 8:34And the recurrent theme
that I encounter all the time -
8:34 - 8:36is people say, "Well, you know,
-
8:36 - 8:40the people who do see,
they're whistleblowers, -
8:40 - 8:42and we all know what happens to them."
-
8:42 - 8:46So there's this profound
mythology around whistleblowers -
8:46 - 8:51which says, first of all,
they're all crazy. -
8:51 - 8:53But what I've found going around the world
-
8:53 - 8:56and talking to whistleblowers
is, actually, -
8:56 - 9:01they're very loyal and quite
often very conservative people. -
9:01 - 9:05They're hugely dedicated
to the institutions that they work for, -
9:05 - 9:07and the reason that they speak up,
-
9:07 - 9:10the reason they insist on seeing,
-
9:10 - 9:14is because they care so
much about the institution -
9:14 - 9:17and want to keep it healthy.
-
9:17 - 9:19And the other thing that people often say
-
9:19 - 9:23about whistleblowers is,
"Well, there's no point, -
9:23 - 9:25because you see what happens to them.
-
9:25 - 9:26They are crushed.
-
9:26 - 9:30Nobody would want to go
through something like that." -
9:30 - 9:33And yet, when I talk to whistleblowers,
-
9:34 - 9:39the recurrent tone that I hear is pride.
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9:39 - 9:41I think of Joe Darby.
-
9:41 - 9:44We all remember the photographs
of Abu Ghraib, -
9:45 - 9:48which so shocked the world
and showed the kind of war -
9:48 - 9:51that was being fought in Iraq.
-
9:51 - 9:54But I wonder who remembers Joe Darby,
-
9:54 - 9:57the very obedient, good soldier
-
9:57 - 10:02who found those photographs
and handed them in. -
10:02 - 10:06And he said, "You know,
I'm not the kind of guy -
10:06 - 10:10to rat people out, but some things
just cross the line. -
10:10 - 10:12Ignorance is bliss, they say,
-
10:12 - 10:16but you can't put
up with things like this." -
10:16 - 10:19I talked to Steve Bolsin,
a British doctor, -
10:19 - 10:23who fought for five years
to draw attention -
10:23 - 10:28to a dangerous surgeon
who was killing babies. -
10:28 - 10:30And I asked him why
he did it, and he said, -
10:30 - 10:34"Well, it was really my daughter
who prompted me to do it. -
10:34 - 10:37She came up to me one night,
and she just said, -
10:37 - 10:40'Dad, you can't let the kids die.'"
-
10:40 - 10:43Or I think of Cynthia Thomas,
-
10:43 - 10:47a really loyal army
daughter and army wife, -
10:47 - 10:50who, as she saw her friends and relations
-
10:50 - 10:54coming back from the Iraq
War, was so shocked -
10:54 - 10:56by their mental condition
-
10:56 - 11:00and the refusal of the military
to recognize and acknowledge -
11:00 - 11:03post-traumatic stress syndrome
-
11:03 - 11:08that she set up a cafe
in the middle of a military town -
11:08 - 11:14to give them legal, psychological
and medical assistance. -
11:14 - 11:17And she said to me, she said,
"You know, Margaret, -
11:17 - 11:21I always used to say I didn't
know what I wanted to be -
11:21 - 11:23when I grow up.
-
11:23 - 11:27But I've found myself in this cause,
-
11:27 - 11:32and I'll never be the same."
-
11:32 - 11:36We all enjoy so many freedoms today,
-
11:36 - 11:38hard-won freedoms:
-
11:38 - 11:41the freedom to write and publish
without fear of censorship, -
11:41 - 11:45a freedom that wasn't here
the last time I came to Hungary; -
11:45 - 11:47a freedom to vote,
which women in particular -
11:47 - 11:50had to fight so hard for;
-
11:50 - 11:53the freedom for people of different
ethnicities and cultures -
11:53 - 11:58and sexual orientation to live
the way that they want. -
11:58 - 12:03But freedom doesn't exist
if you don't use it, -
12:03 - 12:05and what whistleblowers do,
-
12:05 - 12:08and what people like Gayla Benefield do
-
12:08 - 12:12is they use the freedom that they have.
-
12:12 - 12:16And what they're very
prepared to do is recognize -
12:16 - 12:18that yes, this is going to be an argument,
-
12:18 - 12:21and yes I'm going to have a lot of rows
-
12:21 - 12:25with my neighbors
and my colleagues and my friends, -
12:25 - 12:28but I'm going to become
very good at this conflict. -
12:28 - 12:31I'm going to take on the naysayers,
-
12:31 - 12:36because they'll make my argument
better and stronger. -
12:36 - 12:38I can collaborate with my opponents
-
12:38 - 12:43to become better at what I do.
-
12:43 - 12:45These are people of immense persistence,
-
12:45 - 12:50incredible patience,
and an absolute determination -
12:50 - 12:56not to be blind and not to be silent.
-
12:56 - 12:59When I went to Libby, Montana,
-
12:59 - 13:02I visited the asbestosis clinic
-
13:02 - 13:06that Gayla Benefield brought into being,
-
13:06 - 13:09a place where at first some of the people
-
13:09 - 13:12who wanted help and needed
medical attention -
13:12 - 13:15went in the back door
-
13:15 - 13:18because they didn't want to acknowledge
-
13:18 - 13:20that she'd been right.
-
13:20 - 13:23I sat in a diner, and I watched
-
13:23 - 13:27as trucks drove up and down the highway,
-
13:27 - 13:31carting away the earth out of gardens
-
13:31 - 13:38and replacing it with fresh,
uncontaminated soil. -
13:38 - 13:41I took my 12-year-old daughter with me,
-
13:41 - 13:44because I really wanted her to meet Gayla.
-
13:44 - 13:47And she said, "Why? What's the big deal?"
-
13:47 - 13:49I said, "She's not a movie star,
-
13:49 - 13:53and she's not a celebrity,
and she's not an expert, -
13:53 - 13:56and Gayla's the first person who'd say
-
13:56 - 13:59she's not a saint.
-
13:59 - 14:02The really important thing about Gayla
-
14:02 - 14:05is she is ordinary.
-
14:05 - 14:10She's like you, and she's like me.
-
14:10 - 14:16She had freedom,
and she was ready to use it." -
14:16 - 14:17Thank you very much.
-
14:17 - 14:22(Applause)
- Title:
- The dangers of "willful blindness"
- Speaker:
- Margaret Heffernan
- Description:
-
Gayla Benefield was just doing her job -- until she uncovered an awful secret about her hometown that meant its mortality rate was 80 times higher than anywhere else in the U.S. But when she tried to tell people about it, she learned an even more shocking truth: People didn’t want to know. In a talk that’s part history lesson, part call-to-action, Margaret Heffernan demonstrates the danger of "willful blindness" and praises ordinary people like Benefield who are willing to speak up. (Filmed at TEDxDanubia.)
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TEDTalks
- Duration:
- 14:38
Krystian Aparta edited English subtitles for The dangers of willful blindness | ||
Thu-Huong Ha approved English subtitles for The dangers of willful blindness | ||
Thu-Huong Ha edited English subtitles for The dangers of willful blindness | ||
Thu-Huong Ha edited English subtitles for The dangers of willful blindness | ||
Thu-Huong Ha edited English subtitles for The dangers of willful blindness | ||
Morton Bast accepted English subtitles for The dangers of willful blindness | ||
Morton Bast edited English subtitles for The dangers of willful blindness | ||
Joseph Geni edited English subtitles for The dangers of willful blindness |