Disappearance of a 50,000 men Egyptian army | Olaf Kaper | TEDxEde
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0:14 - 0:16Ever since I was a little boy,
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0:16 - 0:20I had this passion for anything
to do with ancient Egypt, -
0:20 - 0:21and I couldn't explain it.
-
0:21 - 0:23My parents were surprised.
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0:23 - 0:28They didn't know what this would lead to,
but I assured them it would be all right, -
0:28 - 0:30and so I went on to study Egyptology.
-
0:30 - 0:34And now I'm doing research
that has led me to find out -
0:34 - 0:38something about one of the greatest
mysteries of the ancient world. -
0:38 - 0:40That's the story I want to tell you.
-
0:42 - 0:45So, I went to study Egyptology.
-
0:45 - 0:49That means you study ancient hieroglyphs,
you study archaeological remains, -
0:49 - 0:55and you try to find out as much as you can
about this ancient culture. -
0:55 - 0:56You may think that Egyptology
-
0:56 - 1:01is a very tiny little edge
of human knowledge. -
1:01 - 1:03Well, it's pretty large;
-
1:03 - 1:06Egypt has a history
of more than 5,000 years, -
1:07 - 1:10and to cover everything
from that enormous history -
1:10 - 1:11is too much.
-
1:11 - 1:16So my colleagues, Egyptologists,
also specialize even further. -
1:16 - 1:18They do one or two periods
of that history, -
1:18 - 1:25or they work on particular types
of material, on religion, etc. -
1:25 - 1:29When the time came for me to choose
my specialization in Egyptology, -
1:29 - 1:33I decided to work on material
that had been more or less neglected, -
1:33 - 1:36that was the least studied of all -
-
1:36 - 1:41in the time when Egypt started to change
from the ancient pharaonic culture -
1:41 - 1:47to a more modern Hellenistic type
of society, the Greco-Roman period. -
1:47 - 1:51And I got involved in
an archaeological project in Egypt, -
1:51 - 1:56where I worked on Roman period
remains in the desert, -
1:56 - 1:59in the oases of the Western Desert.
-
2:00 - 2:04Now, you could say that I painted myself
into a pretty corner there; -
2:04 - 2:05being an Egyptologist
-
2:05 - 2:07and also working in a period
-
2:07 - 2:12that was considered the least interesting
and irrelevant of all. -
2:14 - 2:19Still, it has led me to some new ideas.
-
2:19 - 2:24And I first want to take you back
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2:24 - 2:28to the ancient world
and to the Greek historian Herodotus. -
2:29 - 2:32Herodotus came to Egypt, ancient Egypt.
-
2:32 - 2:36He traveled around in the time
of the pharaohs around 450 BC, -
2:36 - 2:39and it's something
I would love to do myself - -
2:39 - 2:42to be able to travel around
in the days of the pharaohs. -
2:42 - 2:45He wrote down exactly
what he heard and saw - -
2:45 - 2:46very valuable material.
-
2:46 - 2:49One of the stories he relates
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2:49 - 2:54is that of a Persian army
sent out into the Western Desert -
2:54 - 2:56and it never came back.
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2:57 - 2:58What happened?
-
2:58 - 3:01Cambyses II, the Persian king,
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3:01 - 3:03came with a large army,
-
3:04 - 3:07he conquered Egypt,
and he went down further south. -
3:07 - 3:12And when he was in Thebes,
in the south, in modern-day Luxor, -
3:12 - 3:18he split off 50,000 men of his army,
and he sent them into the Western Desert -
3:18 - 3:21to attack the worshippers
of Amun, the Amonians, -
3:21 - 3:25and they would set fire
to the oracle of Amun - -
3:25 - 3:27that was their purpose.
-
3:31 - 3:36Well, somehow, they traveled with a guide,
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3:36 - 3:38they set off from Thebes,
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3:38 - 3:41and they traveled for seven days
through the desert -
3:41 - 3:45until they reached a city called Oasis.
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3:46 - 3:49Then they went on further, Herodotus says,
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3:49 - 3:54they travel towards the Amonians
and hold somewhere, -
3:54 - 3:57and then when they were having
breakfast there, -
3:57 - 4:01a sand storm comes up,
a huge wind of extraordinary force, -
4:01 - 4:03and the sand makes them disappear.
-
4:03 - 4:07Herodotus says
they never reach the Amonians -
4:07 - 4:10and they never come back
to the Nile Valley. -
4:11 - 4:15This is one of the great mysteries
of the ancient world, -
4:15 - 4:16and of course,
-
4:16 - 4:22many people have been wondering
what happened to them, -
4:22 - 4:25and many people in modern times
-
4:25 - 4:28have tried to find
the remains of this army -
4:28 - 4:32because the idea of having
a complete army from the Persian period -
4:32 - 4:35covered in a sand dune
that would just all be there to excavate - -
4:35 - 4:37it's just too good to be true.
-
4:37 - 4:39(Laughter)
-
4:39 - 4:41Of course, they would travel
with their animals, -
4:41 - 4:44they would have their weapons
with them, coins - -
4:44 - 4:47whatever was in their possession
-
4:47 - 4:49would still be there.
-
4:49 - 4:52So many people have sought for this army.
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4:54 - 4:59To me, it has always been
a bit too good to be true. -
4:59 - 5:01I had trouble with
this story of Herodotus; -
5:01 - 5:05there are several things, actually,
which don't add up. -
5:07 - 5:12First of all, the Persians
traveled with 50,000 men. -
5:12 - 5:17That's a huge amount for desert journeys,
especially for longer desert journeys. -
5:17 - 5:18There they go,
-
5:18 - 5:21seven days through the desert
before they reach the first stop. -
5:21 - 5:23It's completely impractical. Why?
-
5:23 - 5:26Well, they all have to take
their own water and food, -
5:26 - 5:31and then all the animals that travel
with them to carry this water and food -
5:31 - 5:33also need water and food, and so on.
-
5:33 - 5:37The caravan would be huge -
far too impractical. -
5:37 - 5:41Then, there is also the point of Thebes:
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5:41 - 5:42They were sent out from Thebes;
-
5:42 - 5:45Cambyses sent them
into the Western Desert from Thebes -
5:45 - 5:47and to go to the Amonians.
-
5:47 - 5:51Well, there was an oracle of Amun,
a very famous oracle, -
5:51 - 5:52that also Alexander the Great visited.
-
5:52 - 5:56And that's in Siwa, that's up in the north
of the Western Desert. -
5:56 - 5:58You don't go there from Thebes.
-
5:58 - 6:01When you want to go to Siwa,
you travel the northern coast, -
6:01 - 6:04and that would be far more sensible.
-
6:04 - 6:06So, again, I don't understand.
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6:07 - 6:08Then the matter of death:
-
6:08 - 6:12This army disappears
in a sand dune, in a storm. -
6:12 - 6:16Well, I traveled a lot
in the Western Desert myself, -
6:16 - 6:20and I spoke to many travelers
who are very experienced in the Sahara. -
6:20 - 6:23And sandstorms are pretty nasty -
-
6:23 - 6:26they can be a huge nuisance,
they can last for days, -
6:28 - 6:32you can run out of water,
you can lose your way - -
6:33 - 6:34but it doesn't kill you.
-
6:34 - 6:38The sandstorm -
certainly with a large army - -
6:38 - 6:43it's inconceivable that it would actually
kill this amount of people. -
6:43 - 6:45So, to me,
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6:45 - 6:49the legend recorded by Herodotus
was just that, a legend, a myth, -
6:49 - 6:51something that couldn't have
happened in reality. -
6:51 - 6:55But still, it's attractive; it's a story.
-
6:55 - 6:58People like to believe the unbelievable.
-
6:59 - 7:05Just the idea is attractive because it is
about hidden treasure as well - -
7:05 - 7:07hidden treasure somewhere
out in the Egyptian desert. -
7:09 - 7:11To me, as a scientist,
-
7:11 - 7:15I was interested in the story
because I wanted to find out, -
7:15 - 7:17Where does it come from?
-
7:17 - 7:18What is the basis in reality?
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7:18 - 7:20Why did this story come up?
-
7:20 - 7:24And in my work in the archaeology
of the Western Desert, -
7:24 - 7:29I actually came across material
that helped me to solve this puzzle. -
7:30 - 7:31Since about 10 years,
-
7:31 - 7:36I excavate with a team of Americans
and Italians from New York University. -
7:36 - 7:39We excavate in a city
in the oasis of Dakhla, -
7:39 - 7:44and the city has a temple
that functioned for about 1,500 years. -
7:44 - 7:49And one of the first pieces we found
was written in hieroglyphs, -
7:49 - 7:52and it contained a name,
a royal name, "Petubastis" - -
7:52 - 7:53well, very interesting,
-
7:53 - 7:56but there are several kings
with this name, Petubastis; -
7:56 - 7:58I couldn't place him
and it was just one piece. -
7:58 - 8:01Then 2014, in January,
-
8:01 - 8:05we found further pieces,
and that helped them to solve this. -
8:05 - 8:09And it turned out
that this was Petubastis IV, -
8:11 - 8:14a king that was almost unknown.
-
8:14 - 8:18It was a huge surprise
because this king was a guerilla leader, -
8:18 - 8:21he was a rebel,
he was in the early Persian period, -
8:21 - 8:25he was challenging the authorities
and claiming royal titles, -
8:25 - 8:26but up in the north of the country.
-
8:26 - 8:30We had a few references to his name,
and that was all we knew of him. -
8:32 - 8:36We had four blocks
with the tutelary of this king. -
8:36 - 8:40We had some further inscriptions;
they could be pieced together. -
8:40 - 8:43And it turned out that this was a gateway,
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8:43 - 8:49a decorated doorway, that was inscribed
with full titles of this Petubastis IV, -
8:49 - 8:54and an inscription saying that he built
this temple for the local god of the city. -
8:56 - 8:58It was a big discovery.
-
8:58 - 9:02I realized immediately
that this would be something big -
9:02 - 9:05because it didn't add up.
-
9:05 - 9:09I was very much confused, actually,
when we found it. -
9:10 - 9:11I went home.
-
9:11 - 9:12And in the evening,
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9:13 - 9:15I was sitting in our excavation house,
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9:15 - 9:18on a bench in front
of the house in the dark, -
9:18 - 9:21and I sat there for several hours
because I couldn't work it out. -
9:21 - 9:26We had found evidence
for a rebel leader, a guerrilla fighter, -
9:26 - 9:28a Che Guevara of the ancient world,
-
9:29 - 9:32building a temple out in a corner
of the country where he wasn't known, -
9:32 - 9:35and - building a temple -
guerrilla leaders don't build temples. -
9:35 - 9:37It didn't add up.
-
9:37 - 9:42And besides, there was no books
bout this Petubastis number four, -
9:42 - 9:44we didn't know anything about him,
-
9:44 - 9:47and suddenly, he turns up
and he built a temple in the oasis. -
9:49 - 9:52I sat for hours there -
the moon was coming up, -
9:52 - 9:55the noise of crickets in the fields.
-
9:57 - 10:00I was sort of waiting
for things to add up, -
10:03 - 10:05and suddenly, it struck me:
-
10:05 - 10:07I could connect the story;
-
10:07 - 10:13I could connect the points
of the Petubastis's blocks that we found -
10:13 - 10:15to other material that we knew.
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10:15 - 10:17Let me explain.
-
10:17 - 10:24Cambyses II came with his huge army
and went down the Nile, -
10:25 - 10:29and when he sent out his army from Thebes,
-
10:30 - 10:36that is exactly because we had
Petubastis IV in the Dakhla Oasis - -
10:36 - 10:38this was his home base.
-
10:38 - 10:41We have the enemy now
of the Persian army -
10:41 - 10:47who was challenging the army in such a way
that 50,000 men or something similar -
10:47 - 10:52had to be sent out
into the Western Desert to be defeated. -
10:52 - 10:57Now, we can assume
that there was a battle; -
10:57 - 11:00there must have been
an Egyptian force in the oasis, -
11:00 - 11:02and there must have been a confrontation -
-
11:02 - 11:05perhaps more confrontations,
we don't know that yet - -
11:05 - 11:07but we should be looking for a battlefield
-
11:07 - 11:12somewhere in the region
between Thebes and the Oasis of Dakhla. -
11:12 - 11:16And that's the reason why in the end,
there was a temple built in the oasis. -
11:16 - 11:19We know that Petubastis won the battle
-
11:19 - 11:22because he went on
to claim the capital of Egypt. -
11:22 - 11:24He went on to the north,
-
11:24 - 11:26and that's where
we already found his name. -
11:27 - 11:31So, suddenly, it made a lot of sense:
-
11:32 - 11:34We should be looking for a battle field
-
11:34 - 11:40rather than a lost army
lost in a sand dune. -
11:43 - 11:49I think that the story that I found
-
11:49 - 11:52gives back this king
[his place in] the king list of Egypt. -
11:52 - 11:57My story is about
a forgotten king, basically. -
11:57 - 12:02This Petubastis IV was far more important
than we made him out to be. -
12:02 - 12:04He was actually in charge
for several years; -
12:04 - 12:07we can now estimate that he must
have been in charge for several years. -
12:07 - 12:10He had enough power.
-
12:10 - 12:14He had enough influence
to have temples built in his name, -
12:14 - 12:16which is quite something special.
-
12:17 - 12:20Okay, we have another king
in the king list of Egypt added. -
12:20 - 12:22To me personally,
-
12:22 - 12:27the story is also very much
about the choices I have made in my life. -
12:29 - 12:34To me, I realized early on
where my passion was, -
12:34 - 12:39that I wanted to become an Egyptologist,
and in the end, that's what I did. -
12:42 - 12:46I think it's actually
the most important thing -
12:46 - 12:47you can do in your life:
-
12:47 - 12:48follow your passion,
-
12:48 - 12:51find out where your passion is
and follow it, -
12:51 - 12:52wherever it may take you,
-
12:53 - 12:55and in the end,
-
12:55 - 12:58it may enable you
to rewrite a part of history. -
13:00 - 13:02Thank you very much.
-
13:02 - 13:04(Applause)
- Title:
- Disappearance of a 50,000 men Egyptian army | Olaf Kaper | TEDxEde
- Description:
-
Ever heard the story about the Persian king Cambyses who sent his army of 50,000 men into the desert and they never came back? They supposedly just disappeared. This is one of the great mysteries which Olaf has solved.
Olaf Kaper is professor in Egyptology at the university of Leiden. He forms part of an international excavation team in the Dakhla Oasis in the Western Desert of Egypt, and he is reconstructing the history of that area and the temples of the ancient Egyptian religion.
This talk was given at a TEDx event using the TED conference format but independently organized by a local community. Learn more at http://ted.com/tedx
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TEDxTalks
- Duration:
- 13:13
Amanda Chu commented on English subtitles for Disappearance of a 50,000 men Egyptian army | Olaf Kaper | TEDxEde | ||
Maria Ruzsane Cseresnyes commented on English subtitles for Disappearance of a 50,000 men Egyptian army | Olaf Kaper | TEDxEde | ||
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Peter van de Ven edited English subtitles for Disappearance of a 50,000 men Egyptian army | Olaf Kaper | TEDxEde | ||
Peter van de Ven edited English subtitles for Disappearance of a 50,000 men Egyptian army | Olaf Kaper | TEDxEde | ||
Amanda Chu edited English subtitles for Disappearance of a 50,000 men Egyptian army | Olaf Kaper | TEDxEde |
Maria Ruzsane Cseresnyes
https://www.ancient-origins.net/news-history-archaeology/has-mystery-lost-persian-army-finally-been-solved-001778
Petubastis III or Petubastis IV ?
Amanda Chu
Hi Maria,
I also found the story from the speaker's university news archive when I was transcribing the talk:
https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/en/news/archive-divers/2014/06/leiden-egyptologist-unravels-ancient-mystery
It also states the discovery was of Petubastis III. But this article and the page you cited were published in 2014, and the talk was giving in 2015. My first guess was that there was an update in the speaker's research. As I dug further, it turns out that Petubastis III and Petubastis IV were the same person. Please see footnote 26 on page 164 of this article in the Journal of Near Eastern Studies, published in October, 2018, which was based on or an extension of the speaker's research project:
https://www.academia.edu/36842074/_The_Worst_Revolt_of_the_Bisitun_Crisis_A_Chronological_Reconstruction_of_the_Egyptian_Revolt_under_Petubastis_IV_Journal_of_Near_Eastern_Studies_77_no._2_October_2018_157-173
If you cannot open the page, please see the introduction to this wiki page:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petubastis_III ,
which also states that the third and the fourth were one and the same.
I hope my answer is satisfactory :)
Cheers,
Amanda