How do you save a shark you know nothing about?
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0:00 - 0:03Basking sharks are awesome creatures. They are just magnificent.
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0:03 - 0:05They grow 10 meters long.
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0:05 - 0:07Some say bigger.
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0:07 - 0:09They might weigh up to two tons.
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0:09 - 0:11Some say up to five tons.
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0:11 - 0:13They're the second largest fish in the world.
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0:13 - 0:16They're also harmless plankton-feeding animals.
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0:16 - 0:18And they are thought to be able
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0:18 - 0:21to filter a cubic kilometer of water every hour
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0:21 - 0:24and can feed on 30 kilos of zoo plankton a day to survive.
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0:24 - 0:26They're fantastic creatures.
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0:26 - 0:29And we're very lucky in Ireland, we have plenty of basking sharks
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0:29 - 0:31and plenty of opportunities to study them.
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0:31 - 0:33They were also very important to coast communities
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0:33 - 0:35going back hundreds of years,
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0:35 - 0:38especially the around the Claddagh, Duff, Connemara region
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0:38 - 0:40where subsistence farmers used to sail out
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0:40 - 0:42on their hookers and open boats
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0:42 - 0:44sometimes way off shore, sometimes to a place called the Sunfish Bank,
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0:44 - 0:46which is about 30 miles west of Achill Island,
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0:46 - 0:48to kill the basking sharks.
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0:48 - 0:50This is an old woodcut from the 17, 1800s.
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0:50 - 0:53So they were very important, and they were important for the oil out of their liver.
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0:53 - 0:55A third of the size of the basking shark is their liver, and it's full of oil.
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0:55 - 0:57You get gallons of oil from their liver.
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0:57 - 0:59And that oil was used especially for lighting,
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0:59 - 1:01but also for dressing wounds and other things.
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1:01 - 1:03In fact, the streetlights in 1742
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1:03 - 1:05of Galway, Dublin and Waterford
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1:05 - 1:07were linked with sunfish oil.
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1:07 - 1:09And "sunfish" is one of the words for basking sharks.
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1:09 - 1:11So they were incredibly important animals.
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1:11 - 1:14They've been around a long time, have been very important to coast communities.
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1:14 - 1:17Probably the best documented basking shark fishery in the world
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1:17 - 1:19is that from Achill Island.
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1:19 - 1:21This is Keem Bay up in Achill Island.
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1:21 - 1:24And sharks used to come into the bay.
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1:24 - 1:27And the fishermen would tie a net off the headland,
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1:27 - 1:29string it out along the other net.
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1:29 - 1:32And as the shark came round, it would hit the net, the net would collapse on it.
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1:32 - 1:34It would often drown and suffocate.
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1:34 - 1:37Or at times, they would row out in their small currachs
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1:37 - 1:39and kill it with a lance through the back of the neck.
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1:39 - 1:42And then they'd tow the sharks back to Purteen Harbor,
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1:42 - 1:44boil them up, use the oil.
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1:44 - 1:47They used to use the flesh as well for fertilizer
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1:47 - 1:51and also would fin the sharks.
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1:51 - 1:53This is probably the biggest threat to sharks worldwide --
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1:53 - 1:55it is the finning of sharks.
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1:55 - 1:57We're often all frightened of sharks thanks to "Jaws."
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1:57 - 1:59Maybe five or six people get killed
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1:59 - 2:01by sharks every year.
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2:01 - 2:04There was someone recently, wasn't there? Just a couple weeks ago.
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2:04 - 2:07We kill about 100 million sharks a year.
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2:07 - 2:09So I don't know what the balance is,
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2:09 - 2:12but I think sharks have got more right to be fearful of us than we have of them.
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2:12 - 2:14It was a well-documented fishery,
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2:14 - 2:16and as you can see here, it peaked in the 50s
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2:16 - 2:18where they were killing 1,500 sharks a year.
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2:18 - 2:21And it declined very fast -- a classic boom and bust fishery,
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2:21 - 2:24which suggests that a stock has been depleted
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2:24 - 2:26or there's low reproductive rates.
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2:26 - 2:28And they killed about 12,000 sharks in this period,
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2:28 - 2:31literally just by stringing a manila rope
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2:31 - 2:33off the tip of Keem Bay
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2:33 - 2:35at Achill Island.
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2:35 - 2:37Sharks were still killed up into the mid-80s,
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2:37 - 2:40especially after places like Dunmore East in County Waterford.
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2:40 - 2:43And about two and a half, 3,000 sharks were killed up till '85,
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2:43 - 2:45many by Norwegian vessels.
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2:45 - 2:48The black, you can't really see this, but these are Norwegian basking shark hunting vessels,
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2:48 - 2:50and the black line in the crow's nest
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2:50 - 2:52signifies this is a shark vessel
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2:52 - 2:54rather than a whaling vessel.
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2:54 - 2:57The importance of basking sharks to the coast communities
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2:57 - 2:59is recognized through the language.
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2:59 - 3:01Now I don't pretend to have any Irish,
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3:01 - 3:04but in Kerry they were often known as "Ainmhide na seolta,"
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3:04 - 3:06the monster with the sails.
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3:06 - 3:09And another title would be "Liop an da lapa,"
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3:09 - 3:12the unwieldy beast with two fins.
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3:12 - 3:15"Liabhan mor," suggesting a big animal.
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3:15 - 3:17Or my favorite, "Liabhan chor greine,"
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3:17 - 3:19the great fish of the sun.
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3:19 - 3:21And that's a lovely, evocative name.
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3:21 - 3:24On Tory Island, which is a strange place anyway, they were known as muldoons,
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3:24 - 3:26and no one seems to know why.
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3:26 - 3:28Hope there's no one from Tory here; lovely place.
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3:28 - 3:31But more commonly all around the island,
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3:31 - 3:33they were known as the sunfish.
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3:33 - 3:36And this represents their habit of basking on the surface when the sun is out.
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3:36 - 3:39There's great concern that basking sharks are depleted
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3:39 - 3:41all throughout the world.
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3:41 - 3:43Some people say it's not population decline.
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3:43 - 3:45It might be a change in the distribution of plankton.
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3:45 - 3:47And it's been suggested that basking sharks would make
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3:47 - 3:49fantastic indicators of climate change,
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3:49 - 3:51because they're basically continuous plankton recorders
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3:51 - 3:53swimming around with their mouth open.
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3:53 - 3:56They're now listed as vulnerable under the IUCN.
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3:56 - 3:59There's also moves in Europe to try and stop catching them.
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3:59 - 4:02There's now a ban on catching them and even landing them
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4:02 - 4:04and even landing ones that are caught accidentally.
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4:04 - 4:06They're not protected in Ireland.
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4:06 - 4:08In fact, they have no legislative status in Ireland whatsoever,
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4:08 - 4:10despite our importance for the species
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4:10 - 4:13and also the historical context within which basking sharks reside.
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4:14 - 4:16We know very little about them.
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4:16 - 4:18And most of what we do know
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4:18 - 4:20is based on their habit of coming to the surface.
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4:20 - 4:22And we try to guess what they're doing
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4:22 - 4:24from their behavior on the surface.
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4:24 - 4:27I only found out last year, at a conference on the Isle of Man,
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4:27 - 4:30just how unusual it is to live somewhere
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4:30 - 4:33where basking sharks regularly, frequently and predictably
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4:33 - 4:35come to the surface to "bask."
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4:35 - 4:37And it's a fantastic opportunity in science
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4:37 - 4:39to see and experience basking sharks,
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4:39 - 4:41and they are awesome creatures.
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4:41 - 4:44And it gives us a fantastic opportunity to actually study them, to get access to them.
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4:44 - 4:47So what we've been doing a couple of years -- but last year was a big year --
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4:47 - 4:50is we started tagging sharks
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4:50 - 4:52so we could try to get some idea
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4:52 - 4:54of sight fidelity and movements and things like that.
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4:54 - 4:56So we concentrated mainly
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4:56 - 4:58in North Donegal and West Kerry
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4:58 - 5:01as the two areas where I was mainly active.
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5:01 - 5:03And we tagged them very simply, not very hi-tech,
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5:03 - 5:05with a big, long pole.
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5:05 - 5:07This is a beachcaster rod
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5:07 - 5:09with a tag on the end.
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5:09 - 5:12Go up in your boat and tag the shark.
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5:12 - 5:14And we were very effective.
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5:14 - 5:16We tagged 105 sharks last summer.
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5:16 - 5:18We got 50 in three days
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5:18 - 5:20off Inishowen Peninsula.
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5:20 - 5:23Half the challenge is to get access, is to be in the right place at the right time.
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5:23 - 5:25But it's a very simple and easy technique.
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5:25 - 5:27I'll show you what they look like.
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5:27 - 5:29We use a pole camera on the boat
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5:29 - 5:31to actually film shark.
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5:31 - 5:33One is to try and work out the gender of the shark.
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5:33 - 5:36We also deployed a couple of satellite tags, so we did use hi-tech stuff as well.
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5:36 - 5:38These are archival tags.
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5:38 - 5:40So what they do is they store the data.
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5:40 - 5:42A satellite tag only works when the air is clear of the water
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5:42 - 5:44and can send a signal to the satellite.
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5:44 - 5:47And of course, sharks, fish, are underwater most of the time.
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5:47 - 5:50So this tag actually works out the locations of shark
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5:50 - 5:53depending on the timing and the setting of the sun,
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5:53 - 5:55plus water temperature and depth.
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5:55 - 5:58And you have to kind of reconstruct the path.
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5:58 - 6:01What happens is that you set the tag to detach from the shark after a fixed period,
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6:01 - 6:03in this case it was eight months,
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6:03 - 6:07and literally to the day the tag popped off, drifted up, said hello to the satellite
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6:07 - 6:10and sent, not all the data, but enough data for us to use.
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6:10 - 6:12And this is the only way to really work out
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6:12 - 6:15the behavior and the movements when they're under water.
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6:15 - 6:18And here's a couple of maps that we've done.
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6:18 - 6:21That one, you can see that we tagged both off Kerry.
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6:21 - 6:24And basically it spent all its time, the last eight months, in Irish waters.
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6:24 - 6:26Christmas day it was out on the shelf edge.
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6:26 - 6:28And here's one that we haven't ground-truthed it yet
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6:28 - 6:30with sea surface temperature and water depth,
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6:30 - 6:32but again, the second shark kind of spent most of its time
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6:32 - 6:34in and around the Irish Sea.
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6:34 - 6:36Colleagues from the Isle of Man last year
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6:36 - 6:38actually tagged one shark
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6:38 - 6:41that went from the Isle of Man all the way out to Nova Scotia in about 90 days.
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6:41 - 6:44That's nine and a half thousand kilometers. We never thought that happened.
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6:44 - 6:46Another colleague in the States
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6:46 - 6:49tagged about 20 sharks off Massachusetts, and his tags didn't really work.
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6:49 - 6:51All he knows is where he tagged them
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6:51 - 6:53and he knows where they popped off.
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6:53 - 6:55And his tags popped off in the Caribbean
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6:55 - 6:57and even in Brazil.
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6:57 - 6:59And we thought that basking sharks were temperate animals
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6:59 - 7:01and only lived in our latitude.
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7:01 - 7:04But in actual fact, they're obviously crossing the Equator as well.
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7:04 - 7:06So very simple things like that,
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7:06 - 7:08we're trying to learn about basking sharks.
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7:08 - 7:11One thing that I think
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7:11 - 7:13is a very surprising and strange thing
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7:13 - 7:16is just how low the genetic diversity of sharks are.
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7:16 - 7:19Now I'm not a geneticist, so I'm not going to pretend to understand the genetics.
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7:19 - 7:22And that's why it's great to have collaboration.
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7:22 - 7:24Whereas I'm a field person,
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7:24 - 7:26I get panic attacks if I have to spend too many hours
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7:26 - 7:29in a lab with a white coat on -- take me away.
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7:29 - 7:32So we can work with geneticists who understand that.
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7:32 - 7:34So when they looked at the genetics of basking sharks,
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7:34 - 7:37they found that the diversity was incredibly low.
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7:37 - 7:39If you look at the first line really,
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7:39 - 7:42you can see that all these different shark species are all quite similar.
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7:42 - 7:44I think this means basically that they're all sharks
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7:44 - 7:46and they've come from a common ancestry.
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7:46 - 7:49If you look at nucleotide diversity,
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7:49 - 7:52which is more genetics that are passed on through parents,
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7:52 - 7:55you can see that basking sharks, if you look at the first study,
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7:55 - 7:57was an order of magnitude less diversity
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7:57 - 7:59than other shark species.
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7:59 - 8:01And you see that this work was done in 2006.
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8:01 - 8:04Before 2006, we had no idea of the genetic variability of basking sharks.
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8:04 - 8:07We had no idea, did they distinguish into different populations?
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8:07 - 8:09Were there subpopulations?
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8:09 - 8:11And of course, that's very important if you want to know
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8:11 - 8:13what the population size is and the status of the animals.
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8:14 - 8:16So Les Noble in Aberdeen
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8:16 - 8:18kind of found this a bit unbelievable really.
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8:18 - 8:21So he did another study
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8:21 - 8:24using microsatellites,
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8:24 - 8:27which are much more expensive, much more time consuming,
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8:27 - 8:30and, to his surprise, came up with almost identical results.
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8:30 - 8:32So it does seem to be
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8:32 - 8:35that basking sharks, for some reason, have incredibly low diversity.
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8:35 - 8:37And it's thought maybe it was a bottleneck, a genetic bottleneck
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8:37 - 8:39thought to be 12,000 years ago,
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8:39 - 8:42and this has caused a very low diversity.
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8:42 - 8:44And yet, if you look at whale sharks,
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8:44 - 8:47which is the other plankton eating large shark,
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8:47 - 8:49its diversity is much greater.
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8:49 - 8:51So it doesn't really make sense at all.
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8:51 - 8:53They found that there was no genetic differentiation
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8:53 - 8:56between any of the world's oceans of basking sharks.
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8:56 - 8:58So even though basking sharks are found throughout the world,
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8:58 - 9:00you couldn't tell the difference genetically
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9:00 - 9:03from one from the Pacific, the Atlantic, New Zealand, or from Ireland, South Africa.
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9:03 - 9:05They all basically seem the same.
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9:05 - 9:08But again, it's kind of surprising. You wouldn't really expect that.
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9:08 - 9:10I don't understand this. I don't pretend to understand this.
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9:10 - 9:12And I suspect most geneticists don't understand it either,
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9:12 - 9:14but they produce the numbers.
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9:14 - 9:16So you can actually estimate the population size
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9:16 - 9:18based on the diversity of the genetics.
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9:18 - 9:21And Rus Hoelzel came up with an effective population size:
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9:21 - 9:238,200 animals.
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9:23 - 9:25That's it.
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9:25 - 9:278,000 animals in the world.
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9:27 - 9:29You're thinking, "That's just ridiculous. No way."
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9:29 - 9:31So Les did a finer study
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9:31 - 9:33and he found out it came out about 9,000.
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9:33 - 9:36And using different microsatellites gave the different results.
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9:36 - 9:39But the average of all these studies came out --
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9:39 - 9:41the mean is about 5,000,
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9:41 - 9:43which I personally don't believe,
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9:43 - 9:45but then I am a skeptic.
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9:45 - 9:47But even if you toss a few numbers around,
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9:47 - 9:50you're probably talking of an effective population of about 20,000 animals.
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9:50 - 9:52Do you remember how many they killed off Achill there
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9:52 - 9:55in the 70s and the 50s?
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9:55 - 9:57So what it tells us actually
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9:57 - 10:00is that there's actually a risk of extinction of this species
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10:00 - 10:02because its population is so small.
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10:02 - 10:05In fact, of those 20,000, 8,000 were thought to be females.
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10:05 - 10:08There's only 8,000 basking shark females in the world?
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10:08 - 10:10I don't know. I don't believe it.
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10:10 - 10:12The problem with this
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10:12 - 10:14is they were constrained with samples.
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10:14 - 10:16They didn't get enough samples
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10:16 - 10:18to really explore the genetics
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10:18 - 10:20in enough detail.
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10:20 - 10:23So where do you get samples from
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10:23 - 10:25for your genetic analysis?
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10:25 - 10:27Well one obvious source is dead sharks,
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10:27 - 10:29Dead sharks washed up.
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10:29 - 10:32We might get two or three dead sharks washed up in Ireland a year,
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10:32 - 10:34if we're kind of lucky.
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10:34 - 10:36Another source would be fisheries bycatch.
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10:36 - 10:39We were getting quite a few caught in surface drift nets.
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10:39 - 10:42That's banned now, and that'll be good news for the sharks.
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10:42 - 10:44And some are caught in nets, in trawls.
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10:44 - 10:47This is a shark that was actually landed in Howth just before Christmas,
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10:47 - 10:50illegally, because you're not allowed to do that under E.U. law,
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10:50 - 10:53and was actually sold for eight euros a kilo as shark steak.
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10:53 - 10:56They even put a recipe up on the wall, until they were told this was illegal.
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10:56 - 10:59And they actually did get a fine for that.
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10:59 - 11:01So if you look at all those studies I showed you,
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11:01 - 11:04the total number of samples worldwide
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11:04 - 11:06is 86 at present.
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11:06 - 11:08So it's very important work,
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11:08 - 11:10and they can ask some really good questions,
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11:10 - 11:12and they can tell us about population size
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11:12 - 11:15and subpopulations and structure,
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11:15 - 11:18but they're constrained by lack of samples.
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11:18 - 11:20Now when we were out tagging our sharks,
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11:20 - 11:23this is how we tagged them on the front of a RIB -- get in there fast --
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11:23 - 11:25occasionally the sharks do react.
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11:25 - 11:28And on one occasion when we were up in Malin Head up in Donegal,
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11:28 - 11:31a shark smacked the side of the boat with his tail,
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11:31 - 11:34more, I think, in startle to the fact that a boat came near it,
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11:34 - 11:36rather than the tag going in.
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11:36 - 11:39And that was fine. We got wet. No problem.
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11:39 - 11:41And then when myself and Emmett
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11:41 - 11:43got back to Malin Head, to the pier,
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11:43 - 11:46I noticed some black slime on the front of the boat.
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11:46 - 11:48And I remembered -- I used to spend a lot of time out on commercial fishing boats --
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11:48 - 11:50I remember fishermen telling me they can always tell
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11:50 - 11:52when a basking shark's been caught in the net
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11:52 - 11:54because it leaves this black slime behind.
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11:54 - 11:56So I was thinking that must have come from the shark.
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11:56 - 11:58Now we had an interest
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11:58 - 12:00in getting tissue samples for genetics
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12:00 - 12:02because we knew they were very valuable.
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12:02 - 12:04And we would use conventional methods --
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12:04 - 12:06I have a crossbow, you see the crossbow in my hand there,
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12:06 - 12:09which we use to sample whales and dolphins for genetic studies as well.
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12:09 - 12:11So I tried that, I tried many techniques.
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12:11 - 12:13All it was doing was breaking my arrows
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12:13 - 12:15because the shark skin is just so strong.
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12:15 - 12:17There was no way we were going to get a sample from that.
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12:17 - 12:20So that wasn't going to work.
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12:20 - 12:23So when I saw the black slime on the bow of the boat,
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12:23 - 12:26I thought, "If you take what you're given in this world ..."
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12:26 - 12:28So I scraped it off.
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12:28 - 12:31And I had a little tube with alcohol in it to send to the geneticists.
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12:31 - 12:33So I scraped the slime off and I sent it off to Aberdeen.
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12:33 - 12:35And I said, "You might try that."
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12:35 - 12:37And they sat on it for months actually.
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12:37 - 12:39It was only because we had a conference on the Isle of Man.
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12:39 - 12:41But I kept emailing, saying,
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12:41 - 12:43"Have you had a chance to look at my slime yet?"
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12:43 - 12:45And he was like, "Yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah. Later, later, later."
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12:45 - 12:47Anyway he thought he'd better do it,
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12:47 - 12:49because I never met him before
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12:49 - 12:51and he might lose face if he hadn't done the thing I sent him.
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12:51 - 12:54And he was amazed that they actually got DNA from the slime.
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12:54 - 12:56And they amplified it and they tested it
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12:56 - 12:58and they found, yes, this was actually basking shark DNA,
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12:58 - 13:01which was got from the slime.
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13:01 - 13:03And so he was all very excited.
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13:03 - 13:06It became known as Simon's shark slime.
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13:06 - 13:09And I thought, "Hey, you know, I can build on this."
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13:09 - 13:11So we thought, okay, we're going to try to get out
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13:11 - 13:13and get some slime.
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13:13 - 13:17So having spent three and a half thousand on satellite tags,
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13:19 - 13:22I then thought I'd invest 7.95 -- the price is still on it --
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13:22 - 13:25in my local hardware store in Kilrush
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13:25 - 13:27for a mop handle
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13:27 - 13:30and even less money on some oven cleaners.
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13:30 - 13:33And I wrapped the oven cleaner around the end of the mop handle
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13:33 - 13:35and was desperate, desperate
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13:35 - 13:38to have an opportunity
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13:38 - 13:40to get some sharks.
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13:40 - 13:42Now this was into August now,
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13:42 - 13:44and normally sharks peak at June, July.
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13:44 - 13:46And you rarely see them.
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13:46 - 13:49You can only rarely be in the right place to find sharks into August.
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13:49 - 13:51So we were desperate.
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13:51 - 13:54So we rushed out to Blasket as soon as we heard there were sharks there
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13:54 - 13:56and managed to find some sharks.
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13:56 - 13:58So by just rubbing the mop handle down the shark
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13:58 - 14:00as it swam under the boat --
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14:00 - 14:02you see, here's a shark that's running under the boat here --
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14:02 - 14:04we managed to collect slime.
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14:04 - 14:06And here it is.
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14:06 - 14:09Look at that lovely, black shark slime.
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14:09 - 14:12And in about half an hour,
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14:12 - 14:15we got five samples, five individual sharks,
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14:15 - 14:18were sampled using Simon's shark slime sampling system.
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14:18 - 14:20(Laughter)
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14:20 - 14:25(Applause)
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14:25 - 14:28I've been working on whales and dolphins in Ireland for 20 years now,
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14:28 - 14:30and they're kind of a bit more dramatic.
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14:30 - 14:32You probably saw the humpback whale footage
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14:32 - 14:34that we got there a month or two ago off County Wexford.
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14:34 - 14:37And you always think you might have some legacy you can leave the world behind.
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14:37 - 14:39And I was thinking of humpback whales breaching
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14:39 - 14:41and dolphins.
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14:41 - 14:43But hey, sometimes these things are sent to you
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14:43 - 14:45and you just have to take them when they come.
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14:45 - 14:47So this is possibly going to be my legacy --
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14:47 - 14:49Simon's shark slime.
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14:49 - 14:51So we got more money this year
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14:51 - 14:54to carry on collecting more and more samples.
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14:54 - 14:56And one thing that is kind of very useful
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14:56 - 14:59is that we use a pole cameras -- this is my colleague Joanne with a pole camera --
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14:59 - 15:01where you can actually look underneath the shark.
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15:01 - 15:04And what you're trying to look at is the males have claspers,
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15:04 - 15:07which kind of dangle out behind the back of the shark.
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15:07 - 15:09So you can quite easily tell the gender of the shark.
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15:09 - 15:11So if we can tell the gender of the shark
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15:11 - 15:13before we sample it,
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15:13 - 15:16we can tell the geneticist this was taken from a male or a female.
-
15:16 - 15:18Because at the moment, they actually have no way genetically
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15:18 - 15:20of telling the difference between a male and a female,
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15:20 - 15:22which I found absolutely staggering,
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15:22 - 15:25because they don't know what primers to look for.
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15:25 - 15:27And being able to tell the gender of a shark
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15:27 - 15:29has got very important
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15:29 - 15:32for things like policing the trade
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15:32 - 15:36in basking shark and other species through societies,
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15:36 - 15:38because it is illegal to trade any sharks.
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15:38 - 15:40And they are caught and they are on the market.
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15:40 - 15:42So as a field biologist,
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15:42 - 15:44you just want to get encounters with these animals.
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15:44 - 15:46You want to learn as much as you can.
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15:46 - 15:49They're often quite brief. They're often very seasonally constrained.
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15:49 - 15:52And you just want to learn as much as you can as soon as you can.
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15:52 - 15:54But isn't it fantastic
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15:54 - 15:57that you can then offer these samples
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15:57 - 16:00and opportunities to other disciplines, such as geneticists,
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16:00 - 16:03who can gain so much more from that.
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16:03 - 16:05So as I said,
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16:05 - 16:08these things are sent to you in strange ways. Grab them while you can.
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16:08 - 16:10I'll take that as my scientific legacy.
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16:10 - 16:13Hopefully I might get something a bit more dramatic and romantic before I die.
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16:13 - 16:16But for the time being, thank you for that.
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16:16 - 16:18And keep an eye out for sharks.
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16:18 - 16:21If you're more interested, we have a basking shark website now just set up.
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16:21 - 16:24So thank you and thank you for listening.
-
16:24 - 16:26(Applause)
- Title:
- How do you save a shark you know nothing about?
- Speaker:
- Simon Berrow
- Description:
-
They're the second largest fish in the world, they're almost extinct, and we know almost nothing about them. At TEDxDublin, Simon Berrow describes the fascinating basking shark ("Great Fish of the Sun" in Irish), and the exceptional -- and wonderfully low-tech -- ways he's learning enough to save them.
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TEDTalks
- Duration:
- 16:26
Brian Greene edited English subtitles for How do you save a shark you know nothing about? | ||
Krystian Aparta commented on English subtitles for How do you save a shark you know nothing about? | ||
Krystian Aparta edited English subtitles for How do you save a shark you know nothing about? | ||
Krystian Aparta edited English subtitles for How do you save a shark you know nothing about? | ||
TED edited English subtitles for How do you save a shark you know nothing about? | ||
TED added a translation |
Krystian Aparta
The English transcript was updated on 10/11/2016.