How we experience awe -- and why it matters

Before I get started,

I'm really excited to be here

actually to just watch
what's going to happen, from here.

So, with that said,

we're going to start with
what is one of our greatest needs,

one of our greatest needs for our brain.

And instead of telling you,
I want to show you.

In fact, I want you to feel it.

There's a lot I want you to feel
in the next 14 minutes.

So if we could all stand up, right.

We're all going to conduct
a piece of Strauss together.

Alright, and you all know it.

Are you ready?

Alright.

Ready, one, two, three.

It's just the end.

(Music: Richard Strauss
"Also Sprach Zarathustra")

Right?

You know where it's going.

(Music)

Oh, it's coming.

(Music stops)

Oh!

(Laughter)

Right?

Collective coitus interruptus.

OK, you can all sit down.

(Laughter)

We have a fundamental need for closure.

(Laughter)

We love closure.

(Applause)

I was told the story that when Mozart,

just before he would go to bed,
he'd go to the piano and go

da-da-da-da-da

his father, who was already in bed,

think, "Ah,"

he'd have to get up
and hit the final note to the cord

before he could go back to sleep.

So the need for closure

leads us to thinking
about what is our greatest fear.

Think, what is our greatest fear
growing up, even now?

And it's the fear of the dark.

We hate uncertainty.

We hate to not know.

We hate it.

Think about horror films.

Horror films are always shot in the dark,

in the forest,

at night,

in the depths of the sea,

the blackness of space.

And the reason is because
dying was easy during evolution.

If you weren't sure that was a predator,

it was too late.

Your brain evolved to predict.

And if you couldn't predict, you died.

And the way your brain predicts

is by encoding the bias and assumptions
that were useful in the past.

But those assumptions
just don't stay inside your brain.

You project them out into the world.

There is no bird there.

You're projecting the meaning
onto the screen.

Everything I'm saying to you right now
is literally meaningless.

(Laughter)

You're creating the meaning
and projecting it onto me.

And what's true for objects
is true for other people.

While you can measure
their "what" and their "when,"

you can never measure their "why."

So we color other people,

we project a meaning onto them

based on our biases and our experience.

Which is why the best of design

is almost always about
decreasing uncertainty.

So when we step into uncertainty,

our bodies respond
physiologically and mentally.

Your immune system
will start deteriorating.

Your brain cells wither and even die.

Your creativity and intelligence decrease.

We often go from fear to anger,
almost too often.

Why? Because fear is a state of certainty.

You become morally judgmental.

You become an extreme version of yourself.

If you're a conservative,
you become more conservative.

If you're a liberal,
you become more liberal.

Because you go to a place of familiarity.

The problem is that the world changes.

And we have to adapt or die.

And if you want to shift from A to B,

the first step is not B.

The first step is to go from A to not-A.

To let go of your bias and assumptions.

To step into the very place
that our brain evolved to avoid.

To step into the place of the unknown.

But it's so essential
that we go to this place,

that our brain gave us a solution.

Evolution gave us a solution.

And it's possibly one of the most profound
perceptual experiences.

And it's the experience of awe.

(Music)

(Applause)

(Music)

(Applause)

(Music)

(Applause)

(Music)

(Applause)

(Cheers)

(Applause)

Beau Lotto: Ah, how wonderful, right?

So, right now you're probably all feeling,

at some level or another awe.

Right?

So what's happening
inside your brain right now?

And for thousands of years,

we've been thinking and writing
and experiencing awe

and we know so little about it.

And so to try to understand
what is it and what does it do,

my lab of misfits had just
the wonderful opportunity and the pleasure

to work with who are some of the greatest
creators of awe that we know,

the writers, the creators,
the directors, the accountants,

the people who are Cirque Du Soleil.

And so we went to Las Vegas

and we recorded the brain activity

of people while they are
watching the performance,

over 10 performances of "O,"

which is iconic Cirque performance,

and we also measure
the behavior before the performance,

as well as a different group
after the performance.

And so we had over 200 people involved.

So what is awe?

What is happening
inside your brain right now?

It's a brain state.

OK?

The front part of your brain,
the prefrontal cortex,

which is responsible
for your executive function,

your attentional control,

is now being downregulated.

The part of your brain called
the DMN, default mode network,

which is the interaction
between multiple areas in your brain,

which is active during, sort of, ideation,

creative thinking in terms
of divergent thinking and daydreaming,

is now being upregulated.

And right about now,

the activity in your
prefrontal cortex is changing.

It's becoming asymmetrical
in its activity.

Biased towards the right,

which is highly correlated
when people step forward into the world,

as opposed to step back.

In fact, the activity across the brains
of all these people was so correlated,

that we're able to train
an artificial neural network

to predict whether or not
people are experiencing awe

to an accuracy of 75 percent on average,

with a maximum of 83 percent.

So what does this brain state do, right?

Well, others have demonstrated,

for instance, professors
Haidt and Keltner,

have told us that people feel small
but connected to the world.

And their pro-social behavior increases,

because they feel an increased
affinity towards others.

And we've also shown, in this study,

that people have a less need
for cognitive control.

They're more comfortable with uncertainty
without having closure.

And their appetite
for risk also increases.

They actually seek risk
and they are better able at taking it.

And something that
was really quite profound,

is that when we ask people,

"Are you someone who has propensity
to experience awe?"

They were more likely
to give a positive response

after the performance than they were.

They literally redefined themselves
and their history.

So, awe is possibly the perception
that is bigger than us.

And in the words of Joseph Campbell,

awe is what enables us to move forward.

Or in the words of a dear friend,

probably one of our
greatest photographers,

still living photographers,
Duane Michaels,

he said to me just the other day

that maybe it gives us the curiosity
to overcome our cowardice.

So, who cares? Why should we care?

Well, consider conflict,

which seems to be so omnipresent
in our society at the moment.

If you and I are in conflict,

it's as if we're at the opposite
ends of the same line.

And my aim is to prove that you're wrong
and to shift you towards me.

The problem is, you are doing
exactly the same.

You're trying to prove that I'm wrong
and to shift me towards you.

Notice that conflict is the setup
to win but not learn.

Your brain only learns if we move.

Life is movement.

So what if we could use awe,

not to get rid of conflict,

conflict is essential.

Conflict is how your brain expands,

it's how your brain learns.

But rather, to enter conflict
in a different way.

And what if we could enter it,

awe could enable us to enter it
in at least two different ways?

One, to give us the humility
and courage to not know.

Right?

To enter conflict with a question
instead of an answer.

What would happen then?

To enter the conflict
with uncertainty instead of certainty.

And the second is
in entering conflict that way

to seek to understand,
rather than convince.

Because everyone
makes sense to themselves, right?

And to understand another person,

is to understand the biases
and assumptions

that give rise to their behavior.

And we've actually initiated a pilot study

to look to see whether
we could use art-induced awe

to facilitate toleration.

And the results are actually
incredibly positive.

We can mitigate against anger and hate

through the experience of awe
generated by art.

So where can we find awe,

given how important it is?

So, what if --

A suggestion.

That awe is not just
to be found in the grandeur.

Awe is essential.

Often it's scale, right,
the mountains, the sun scape.

But what if we could actually
rescale ourselves?

And find the impossible in the simple?

And if this is true,

and our data are right,

then endeavors like science,

adventure, art, ideas, love,

a TED conference, performance,

are not only inspired by awe.

But could actually be our ladders
into uncertainty,

to help us expand.

Thank you very much.

(Applause)

Please, come up.

(Applause)

(Cheers)

(Applause)