The chilling aftershock of a brush with death

In April 2003, just as American troops began rolling into Baghdad, a shell smashed into the building author and war correspondent Jean-Paul Mari was reporting from. There he had a face-to-face encounter with death, beginning his acquaintance with a phantom that has haunted those who have risked their lives on battlefields since ancient times. "What is this thing that can kill you without leaving any visible scars?" Mari asks. We know it as post-traumatic stress disorder -- or, as Mari describes it, an experience with the void of death. In this probing talk, he searches for answers to questions about mortality and psychosis and in the aftermath of horror and trauma.

It was April 8, 2003.

I was in Baghdad,
covering the war in Iraq.

That day, Americans tanks
started arriving in Baghdad.

We were just a few journalists
in the Palestine Hotel,

and, as happens in war,

the fighting began to approach
outside our windows.

Baghdad was covered
in black smoke and oil.

It smelled awful.

We couldn't see a thing,
but we knew what was happening.

Of course, I was supposed
to be writing an article,

but that's how it always goes --

you're supposed to be writing
and something big happens.

So I was in my room on the 16th floor,

writing and looking out the window
every now and then

to see what was happening.

Suddenly, there was a huge explosion.

During the previous three weeks,

there had been shelling
with half-ton missiles,

but this time, the shock --

I felt it inside of me,

and I thought, "It's very close.

It's very, very close."

So I went down to see what was happening.

I went down to the 15th floor

to take a look.

And I saw people, journalists,
screaming in the hallways.

I walked into a room

and realized that it had
been hit by a missile.

Someone had been wounded.

There was a man near the window,

a cameraman named Taras Protsyuk,

lying face-down.

Having worked in a hospital before,
I wanted to help out.

So I turned him over.

And when I turned him over,

I noticed that he was open
from sternum to pubis,

but I couldn't see anything,
nothing at all.

All I saw was a white, pearly,
shiny spot that blinded me,

and I didn't understand what was going on.

Once the spot disappeared
and I could see his wound,

which was very serious,

my buddies and I put a sheet
underneath him,

and we carried him onto an elevator
that stopped at each of the 15 floors.

We put him in a car
that took him to the hospital.

He died on the way to the hospital.

The Spanish cameraman José Couso,
who was on the 14th floor and also hit --

because the shell had exploded
between the two floors --

died on the operating table.

As soon as the car left, I went back.

There was that article
I was supposed to write --

which I had to write.

And so --

I returned to the hotel lobby
with my arms covered in blood,

when one of the hotel gofers stopped me

and asked me to pay the tax
I hadn't paid for 10 days.

I told him to get lost.

And I said to myself:
"Clear your head, put it all aside.

If you want to write,
you need to put it all aside."

And that's what I did.

I went upstairs, wrote
my article and sent it off.

Later, aside from the feeling
of having lost my colleagues,

something else was bothering me.

I kept seeing that shiny, pearly spot,

and I couldn't understand what it meant.

And then, the war was over.

Later, I thought: "That's not possible.
I can't just not know what happened."

Because it wasn't the first time,
and it didn't only happen to me.

I have seen things like that
happen to others

in my 20 to 35 years of reporting.

I have seen things
that had an effect on me too.

For example, there was this man
I knew in Lebanon,

a 25-year-old veteran
who had been fighting for five years --

a real veteran -- who we would
follow everywhere.

He would crawl in the dark
with confidence --

he was a great soldier, a true soldier --

so we would follow him,
knowing that we would be safe with him.

And one day, as I was told --

and I've seen him again since --

he was back in the camp, playing cards,

when someone came in next door,

and discharged their weapon.

As the gun went off,

that blast, that one shot,
made him duck quickly under the table,

like a child.

He was shaking, panicking.

And since then, he has never
been able to get up and fight.

He ended up working as a croupier

in a Beirut casino
where I later found him,

because he couldn't sleep,
so it was quite a suitable job.

So I thought to myself,

"What is this thing that can kill you

without leaving
any visible scars?

How does that happen?

What is this unknown thing?"

It was too common to be coincidental.

So I started to investigate --

that's all I know how to do.

I started to investigate

by looking through books,

reaching out to psychiatrists,

going to museums, libraries, etc.

Finally, I discovered
that some people knew about this --

often military psychiatrists --

and that what we were dealing with
was called trauma.

Americans call it PTSD
or traumatic neurosis.

It was something

that existed,

but that we never spoke about.

So, this trauma --

what is it?

Well, it's an encounter with death.

I don't know if you've ever had
an experience with death --

I'm not talking about dead bodies,

or someone's grandfather
lying in a hospital bed,

or someone who got hit by a car.

I'm talking about facing
the void of death.

And that is something
no one is supposed to see.

People used to say,

"Neither the sun, nor death
can be looked at with a steady eye."

A human being should not
have to face the void of death.

But when that happens,

it can remain invisible for a while --

days, weeks, months, sometimes years.

And then, at some point,

it explodes,

because it's something
that has entered your brain --

a sort of window between an image
and your mind --

that has penetrated your brain,

staying there and taking up
all the space inside.

And there are people --
men, women,

who suddenly no longer sleep.

And they experience
horrible anxiety attacks --

panic attacks, not just minor fears.

They suddenly don't want to sleep,

because when they do, they have
the same nightmare every night.

They see the same image every night.

What type of image?

For example, a soldier
who enters a building

and comes face to face
with another soldier aiming at him.

He looks at the gun,
straight down the barrel.

And this barrel suddenly
becomes enormous, deformed.

It becomes fluffy, swallowing everything.

And he says --

later he will say, "I saw death.

I saw myself dead, therefore I'm dead."

And from then on, he knows he is dead.

It is not a perception --
he is convinced that he is dead.

In reality, someone came in,
the guy left or didn't shoot, whatever,

and he didn't actually get shot --

but to him, he died in that moment.

Or it can be the smell
of a mass grave --

I saw a lot of that in Rwanda.

It can be the voice of a friend calling,

and they're being slaughtered
and there's nothing you can do.

You hear that voice,

and you wake up every night --
for weeks, months --

in a trance-like state,
anxious and terrified,

like a child.

I have seen men cry --

just like children --

from seeing the same image.

So having that image
of horror in your brain,

seeing the void of death --

that analogue of horror
which is hiding something --

will completely take over.

You cannot do anything, anything at all.

You cannot work anymore,

you cannot love anymore.

You go home and don't recognize anyone.

You don't even recognize yourself.

You hide and don't leave the house,
you lock yourself in, you become ill.

I know people who placed small cans
outside their house with coins inside,

in case someone tried to get in.

All of a sudden, you feel
like you want to die or kill

or hide or run away.

You want to be loved,
but you hate everyone.

It's a feeling that seizes you entirely

day in and day out,

and you suffer tremendously.

And no one understands.

They say, "There's nothing wrong with you.
You seem fine, you have no injuries.

You went to war, came back; you're fine."

These people suffer tremendously.

Some commit suicide.

After all, suicide is like updating
your daily planner --

I'm already dead,
I might as well commit suicide.

Plus, there is no more pain.

Some commit suicide,
others end up under the bridge, drinking.

Everyone remembers
that grandfather or uncle or neighbor

who used to drink, never said a word,

always in a bad mood, beat his wife

and who would end up either sinking
into alcoholism or dying.

And why do we not talk about this?

We don't talk about it because it's taboo.

It's not like we don't have the words
to express the void of death.

But others don't want hear it.

The first time I returned
from an assignment,

They said, "Oh! He's back."

There was a fancy dinner --
white tablecloth, candles, guests.

"Tell us everything!"

Which I did.

After 20 minutes, people
were giving me dirty looks,

the hostess had her nose in the ashtray.

It was horrible and I realized
I ruined the whole evening.

So I don't talk about it anymore.

We're just not ready to listen.

People say outright: "Please, stop."

Is that a rare occurrence?

No, it's extremely common.

One third of the soldiers
who died in Iraq --

well, not "died," let me re-phrase that --

one third of the US soldiers
who went to Iraq

suffer from PTSD.

In 1939, there were still 200,000 soldiers
from the First World War

that were being treated
in British psychiatric hospitals.

In Vietnam, 54,000 people died --

Americans.

In 1987, the US government
identified 102,000 --

twice as many --

102,000 veterans who died
from committing suicide.

Twice as many deaths by suicide
than by combat in Vietnam.

So you see, this relates to everything,

not just modern warfare,
but also ancient wars --

you can read about it,
the evidence is there.

So why do we not talk about it?

Why have we not talked about it?

The problem is that
if you don't talk about it,

you're heading for disaster.

The only way to heal --

and the good news here
is that this is treatable --

think Munch's The Scream, Goya, etc. --

it's indeed treatable.

The only way to heal from this trauma,

from this encounter with death
that overwhelms, petrifies and kills you

is to find a way to express it.

People used to say,

"Language is the only thing
that holds all of us together."

Without language, we're nothing.

It's the thing that makes us human.

In the face of such a horrible image --

a wordless image of oblivion
that obsesses us --

the only way to cope with it

is to put human words to it.

Because these people
feel excluded from humanity.

No one wants to see them anymore
and they don't want to see anyone.

They feel dirty, defiled, ashamed.

Someone said, "Doctor,
I don't use the subway anymore

because I'm afraid people
will see the horror in my eyes."

Another guy thought he had
a terrible skin disease

and spent six months with dermatologists,
going from doctor to doctor.

And then one day, they sent him
to a psychiatrist.

During his second session,
he told the psychiatrist

he had a terrible skin disease
from head to toe.

The psychiatrist asked,
"Why are you in this state?"

And the man said, "Well, because
I'm dead, so I must be rotting away."

So you see this is something
that has a profound effect on people.

In order to heal,
we need to talk about it.

The horror needs to be put into words --

human words, so we can organize it
and talk about it again.

We have to look death in the face.

And if we can do that,
if we can talk about these things,

then step by step,
by working it out verbally,

we can reclaim our place in humanity.

And it is important.

Silence kills us.

So what does this mean?

It means that after a trauma,

without question, we lose
our "unbearable lightness of being,"

that sense of immortality
that keeps us here --

meaning, if we're here, we almost feel
like we're immortal, which we're not,

but if we didn't believe that,
we'd say, "What's the point of it all?"

But trauma survivors have lost
that feeling of immortality.

They've lost their lightness.

But they have found something else.

So this means that if we manage
to look death in the face,

and actually confront it,
rather than keep quiet and hide,

like some of the men or women I know did,

such as Michael from Rwanda,
Carole from Iraq, Philippe from the Congo

and other people I know,

like Sorj Chalandon, now a great writer,

who gave up field assignments
after a trauma.

Five friends of mine committed suicide,

they're the ones
who did not survive the trauma.

So if we can look death in the face,

if we, mortal humans, human mortals,

understand that we are human
and mortal, mortal and human,

if we can confront death
and identify it once again

as the most mysterious place
of all mysterious places,

since no one has ever seen it --

if we can give it back this meaning,

yes, we may die,

survive

and come back to life,

but we'll come back stronger than before.

Much stronger.

Thank you.

(Applause)