Bdelloid rotifers: a new biological model? | Karine Van Doninck | TEDxUNamur
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0:11 - 0:13Good evening.
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0:13 - 0:17Here you see a little petri dish
that we use in the lab -
0:17 - 0:20with a dry leaf, completely dry,
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0:20 - 0:22and on there, there are females.
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0:22 - 0:24Why do I say females?
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0:24 - 0:28Because that's their way of life:
They live and evolve without males; -
0:28 - 0:31they got rid of males.
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0:31 - 0:32And also, they are dry.
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0:32 - 0:36They can dry up,
and we can wait for years, -
0:36 - 0:39put them in the freezer,
and get them back. -
0:39 - 0:43Tonight we will do a live experiment
with one of my scientists, Boris, -
0:43 - 0:45to resurrect these animals for you,
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0:45 - 0:46these females.
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0:48 - 0:50Thanks, Boris.
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0:52 - 0:53So look around you.
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0:54 - 0:58There is an amazing diversity
of living organisms on this planet, -
0:58 - 1:02from bacteria to fungi to plants
to animals to human - -
1:02 - 1:04nothing looks alike.
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1:05 - 1:11But do you know that all this diversity
arose once from a universal ancestor -
1:11 - 1:14around 3.5 billion years ago?
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1:14 - 1:19And this ancestor of all living organisms
was a single simple cell, -
1:19 - 1:21something like a bacterium.
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1:21 - 1:26But how do we know that all life
has evolved from a single cell? -
1:27 - 1:31We know this because we all
share the same alphabet; -
1:31 - 1:34we have the same DNA code.
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1:34 - 1:38DNA is a magical molecule of life.
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1:38 - 1:43And DNA is only made up
of four chemical building blocks: -
1:44 - 1:47cytosine, guanine, adenine, thymine.
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1:47 - 1:51So only four letters
that make the whole alphabet of life. -
1:52 - 1:58So yes, from bacteria to human,
we only need four letters, -
1:59 - 2:03but then, what's our DNA
instruction book looking like? -
2:04 - 2:09In each of our cells, we have
around three billion of those letters, -
2:09 - 2:12organized on 23 pairs of chromosomes.
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2:12 - 2:13So you see here,
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2:13 - 2:16it's a compaction of these four letters.
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2:16 - 2:21But what makes you different from me
is that these letters change. -
2:21 - 2:25These letters change
between all these individuals. -
2:25 - 2:31So if we all have the same genetic code,
it means we are all related. -
2:31 - 2:32Yes, we are.
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2:32 - 2:34We are all cousins from each other.
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2:34 - 2:36But then, you may wonder:
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2:36 - 2:40How did we evolve to so many complex forms
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2:40 - 2:43from such a single cell a long time ago?
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2:43 - 2:48And that's when I want you to remember
the card game we have been playing. -
2:48 - 2:53What's essential for evolution
is genetic variation, -
2:53 - 2:55its changes in these letters.
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2:55 - 2:59So these letters change randomly.
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2:59 - 3:02And most of these changes are neutral,
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3:02 - 3:05they have no effect
on the fitness of the individual, -
3:05 - 3:09but if a change is an advantage,
it can be selected. -
3:09 - 3:10Remember?
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3:10 - 3:13We select if a positive mutation appears.
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3:13 - 3:14Why is it selected?
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3:14 - 3:17Because the individual gets an advantage
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3:17 - 3:19and it might reproduce
more than the others -
3:19 - 3:21so the mutation is transmitted.
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3:22 - 3:23And we know
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3:24 - 3:26that natural selection is cumulative,
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3:26 - 3:29that we can accumulate
this positive mutation, -
3:29 - 3:32which is important
for adaptation and evolution. -
3:32 - 3:34So as I said, during the card game,
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3:34 - 3:39there is nothing of intelligence
or a creator out there -
3:39 - 3:40for evolution.
-
3:41 - 3:43And look at cancer development.
-
3:43 - 3:46Cancer development
is also an evolutionary process; -
3:46 - 3:48it follows this same mechanism.
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3:48 - 3:54Each of our cells accumulate
randomly these changes, these mutations, -
3:54 - 3:58but if one of these normal cells
suddenly gets a growth advantage - -
3:58 - 4:02a mutation that gives it a growth
advantage compared to the other cells - -
4:02 - 4:05it will start to grow quicker -
-
4:05 - 4:07an uncontrolled proliferation -
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4:07 - 4:09and cancer can occur.
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4:09 - 4:11And of course, it's a problem to human.
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4:11 - 4:12We know it.
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4:12 - 4:15But you know, animals also get cancer.
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4:15 - 4:17But do all of them get cancer?
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4:18 - 4:22There are a few mysterious species
that don't develop cancer. -
4:23 - 4:24What are they?
-
4:24 - 4:27The most notorious one
is this naked mole rat. -
4:27 - 4:29Very cute animal, no?
-
4:29 - 4:30(Laughter)
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4:30 - 4:33For scientists,
it's a very interesting animal. -
4:33 - 4:35It's very small. It's like a mouse.
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4:35 - 4:39But it lives for 30 years,
and a mouse lives for four years. -
4:39 - 4:41What's also interesting is
-
4:41 - 4:44if you inject the cancer cell
in this animal, -
4:44 - 4:46it will not develop.
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4:46 - 4:47And why?
-
4:47 - 4:49Scientists have searched
for this for years -
4:49 - 4:51and found that they
have this kind of molecule - -
4:51 - 4:54a high molecular mass, hyaluronan;
-
4:54 - 4:57it's a kind of super sugar -
-
4:57 - 5:00that is secreted around
the cells of these animals, -
5:00 - 5:03and it makes their tissue very elastic.
-
5:03 - 5:04And why is it important?
-
5:04 - 5:08Because these animals dig into the soil,
they make these burrows, -
5:08 - 5:11and so their tissue
needs to be very elastic. -
5:11 - 5:13So it's an adaptation to this.
-
5:13 - 5:14But what's interesting
-
5:14 - 5:18is that this molecule,
when it's secreted around the cell, -
5:18 - 5:21prevents the cell from dividing
or proliferating further. -
5:22 - 5:23So you immediately see
-
5:23 - 5:27the interesting application
of the discovery of such a molecule. -
5:27 - 5:30But if you think this is
the only interesting animal out there, -
5:30 - 5:31you’re wrong.
-
5:31 - 5:36Nature is full of mysterious species,
where we can discover so much. -
5:37 - 5:41Nature has been an inspiration
to scientists for so many years. -
5:41 - 5:44Like Albert Einstein said,
-
5:44 - 5:49"We know less than one thousandth of 1%
of what nature has to reveal to us." -
5:49 - 5:52And if we start to destroy our nature,
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5:52 - 5:55we will not even discover
everything that's out there. -
5:55 - 5:57Look at this gecko.
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5:57 - 6:03This gecko, we know,
can run quickly on vertical glass. -
6:03 - 6:04But how?
-
6:04 - 6:08How can these animals
adhere so strongly to glass -
6:08 - 6:10and then just run on it?
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6:10 - 6:11And so, for long,
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6:11 - 6:13scientists looked at the molecule:
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6:13 - 6:17What kind of molecule is secreted
that makes them like a glue, -
6:17 - 6:19like a strong adhesion?
-
6:19 - 6:21And in fact, by looking at these fingers,
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6:21 - 6:24they found there's nothing
of a molecule that is secreted, -
6:24 - 6:26but it's a structure.
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6:26 - 6:27What they discovered
-
6:27 - 6:32is that underneath these fingers,
there are these hair-like structures, -
6:32 - 6:33millions of them.
-
6:33 - 6:36And if you look even
at the nanoscopic level, -
6:36 - 6:38you see that at the end
of all of these hairs, -
6:38 - 6:43you have hundreds of these
spatula-likes structures. -
6:43 - 6:45And when these are
in strong contact with glass, -
6:45 - 6:49it creates a strong adhesion
just through simple Van der Waals forces, -
6:49 - 6:53the simple forces
that make this strong adhesion. -
6:53 - 6:56And when they rotate their fingers,
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6:56 - 7:00this force releases immediately
and they can run further. -
7:00 - 7:01And of course,
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7:01 - 7:05laboratories have now been interested
to reconstruct these nano-structures -
7:05 - 7:08to make strong adhesives.
-
7:09 - 7:10And that's what I want to show you:
-
7:10 - 7:15It's so interesting to study biology
because there's so much to discover, -
7:15 - 7:17because there has been
such a long evolution -
7:17 - 7:22of all kinds of specimens
with all kinds of different adaptations. -
7:22 - 7:25And what has puzzled me is reproduction.
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7:25 - 7:28You know that for life,
it's essential to reproduce; -
7:28 - 7:31we need to reproduce
or the species will go extinct. -
7:31 - 7:34But do you know that sexual reproduction,
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7:34 - 7:36the one we all know,
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7:36 - 7:39is the queen of problems
in evolutionary biology? -
7:39 - 7:41For us scientists, it's really a puzzle.
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7:42 - 7:43And why?
-
7:43 - 7:47Think about all the energy you need
to spend to find a partner, -
7:47 - 7:50all the strategies the male's developed
-
7:50 - 7:54to try to attract a female,
to try to fertilize her, -
7:54 - 7:57to the point that there is
a battle of sexes. -
7:57 - 7:59Believe me -
-
7:59 - 8:03a man penis is boring
compared to this insect penis. -
8:03 - 8:05This is a penis of a bean weevil,
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8:05 - 8:07full of spines,
-
8:07 - 8:12and the males with the longest spines
are those that fertilize most of the eggs. -
8:12 - 8:15Of course, the female cannot
reproduce anymore afterwards, -
8:15 - 8:19but at least, the male is sure
he has transmitted his genes. -
8:19 - 8:21A look at this fruit fly.
-
8:21 - 8:25You might have many fruit flies
in summer around your trash bin. -
8:25 - 8:28This fruit fly, Drosophila bifurca,
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8:28 - 8:32produces giant sperm,
20 times its body size. -
8:32 - 8:33It's like, you men,
-
8:33 - 8:37you would have a sperm
that is twenty times your body size, -
8:37 - 8:39like a building of 12 stories.
-
8:39 - 8:40(Laughter)
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8:40 - 8:41Wow!
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8:41 - 8:45But at least, when it
transmits this to the female, -
8:45 - 8:47the receptacle of the female is filled,
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8:47 - 8:50there is no space for another sperm,
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8:50 - 8:53so it's sure to transmit its genes.
-
8:53 - 8:57But then, why did such a complicated mode
of reproduction evolve? -
8:57 - 8:59And why is it so omnipresent?
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8:59 - 9:01Is it not just simpler to clone yourself?
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9:01 - 9:04One individual makes a new individual?
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9:04 - 9:09So why is sexual reproduction
so prevalent in nature? -
9:10 - 9:12In fact, for us biologists,
-
9:12 - 9:17sex is just about mixing genetic material
of one individual with another individual -
9:17 - 9:22to create each generation
of offsprings that are all different. -
9:22 - 9:24And that's a force of sexual reproduction:
-
9:24 - 9:29It creates every generation
this genetic variability -
9:29 - 9:31that is essential for evolution.
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9:31 - 9:35So does it mean that animals
that lose sexual reproduction -
9:35 - 9:38or that abandon it
or have no sexual reproduction -
9:38 - 9:40cannot evolve, cannot adapt?
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9:40 - 9:42That's what we thought
-
9:42 - 9:44until we discovered
-
9:44 - 9:46what has been called
an evolutionary scandal -
9:46 - 9:48or an ancient sexual scandal:
-
9:48 - 9:52It's a microscopic world of animals,
the bdelloid rotifers. -
9:52 - 9:57These are females cloning themselves;
never has any male been discovered. -
9:57 - 10:02They exist since millions of years
and we found them everywhere. -
10:02 - 10:05And they are not only interesting
-
10:05 - 10:09because they can reproduce without males
and evolve without males, -
10:09 - 10:11we can also dry them out.
-
10:11 - 10:12I showed you:
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10:12 - 10:14We can just take them, here in the park,
-
10:14 - 10:19a piece of lichen, a dry lichen,
bring it back to the lab, -
10:19 - 10:21and what you see -
-
10:21 - 10:23that's also what you see
on the microscope - -
10:23 - 10:25is this dry lichen
and then they are introns. -
10:25 - 10:29But when we add water,
they start to live again. -
10:29 - 10:30So these animals -
-
10:30 - 10:34We can dry them out
at any stage in their life, -
10:34 - 10:36and we can keep them dry.
-
10:36 - 10:38We can put them in the -80 freezer.
-
10:38 - 10:41We can send them
to collaborators in the US, -
10:41 - 10:43and if they add water, they live again.
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10:44 - 10:47And it's not only one species.
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10:47 - 10:49You could think, "Yeah,
but it's just this rare animal." -
10:49 - 10:53No, it's more than 400 species
being described -
10:53 - 10:57as having diversified
into many morphological forms - -
10:57 - 11:00all females reproducing without males,
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11:00 - 11:03most of them being able to dry out.
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11:03 - 11:06And of course this makes the newspaper:
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11:06 - 11:08["Asexual reproduction is possible."]
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11:08 - 11:10Yes, it's possible.
-
11:11 - 11:15But then, of course, you might think,
"How did these females evolve?" -
11:15 - 11:17How do they create variability? -
-
11:17 - 11:19because we know
it's essential for evolution. -
11:19 - 11:24So, if they just cloned themselves,
how do they ever evolve and adapt? -
11:25 - 11:26And so, as a scientist,
-
11:26 - 11:29it is important to have
these hypothesis to think of. -
11:29 - 11:30So our hypothesis is -
-
11:30 - 11:32It's easy to work with this animal.
-
11:32 - 11:35You take a female in the wild,
you start to clone it in the lab, -
11:35 - 11:38you have millions of identical females,
-
11:38 - 11:39we dry them up,
-
11:41 - 11:42and then, our question was,
-
11:42 - 11:44"Do these females -
-
11:44 - 11:48What happens to the genetic
material of these females -
11:48 - 11:49when we dry them up?"
-
11:49 - 11:50We know from bacteria
-
11:50 - 11:54that drying up breaks
their genetic material into pieces. -
11:54 - 11:57Is this also happening in these animals?
-
11:58 - 12:01And then, what if they don't
repair perfectly these pieces, -
12:01 - 12:03is this a way to create variability? -
-
12:03 - 12:04meaning,
-
12:04 - 12:09if you replace males by drying up,
you might also evolve. -
12:09 - 12:11And so, that's what we tested.
-
12:12 - 12:15So Boris has designed
a very nice protocol in the lab -
12:15 - 12:19to dry them up
with a high survival rate. -
12:19 - 12:22And what happened to these females
when they are dried up? -
12:22 - 12:26You see, the longer they are dried up,
the more their DNA is broken. -
12:26 - 12:29The simpler the gel
and the DNA migrates through it, -
12:29 - 12:31the smaller the pieces.
-
12:31 - 12:37And when we hydrate them,
what you see is that they start to repair. -
12:37 - 12:43So they can come out of drying,
they have their broken DNA - -
12:43 - 12:45but they can survive
with broken DNA apparently - -
12:45 - 12:47and then they start to repair.
-
12:48 - 12:49And you know,
-
12:49 - 12:51if you have a cancer cell,
-
12:51 - 12:55it's known that sometimes
during a division some DNA breaks, -
12:55 - 12:59and it repairs this broken DNA
but not perfectly, -
12:59 - 13:01and you can have an aggressive
cancer that appears. -
13:01 - 13:03What they do in proton therapy is
-
13:03 - 13:08use proton radiation to completely destroy
the DNA of cancer cells -
13:08 - 13:13so the cells get completely broken DNA,
and molecules too. -
13:13 - 13:17So we thought if we do
proton radiation to these animals, -
13:17 - 13:19what happens?
-
13:19 - 13:21So we took, again, a female,
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13:24 - 13:26we dry it up,
-
13:26 - 13:28we add proton radiation,
-
13:28 - 13:30and what happens?
-
13:30 - 13:32DNA gets completely broken.
-
13:32 - 13:35And this 800 grays
of proton radiation are huge doses. -
13:35 - 13:38There are no living cells
that can survive this. -
13:39 - 13:40But what's amazing here is -
-
13:40 - 13:43you really see the DNA
is completely broken - -
13:43 - 13:49when we re-hydrate these females,
99% of them survive. -
13:49 - 13:54So they come out of drying
with a completely broken DNA, -
13:54 - 13:56without a problem,
-
13:56 - 13:58and then they start to repair.
-
13:58 - 14:00And of course, the question is,
-
14:00 - 14:03"Do they really repair perfectly?
-
14:03 - 14:07Or do they put all the pieces
of DNA back together -
14:07 - 14:09into their 12 chromosomes? -
-
14:09 - 14:11because we found they had 12 chromosomes -
-
14:11 - 14:14or is that just creating
some variability?" -
14:14 - 14:18So we have here preliminary results
that I'm just showing you tonight, -
14:19 - 14:21where we did this experiments,
-
14:21 - 14:22where we dry them up,
-
14:22 - 14:24we irradiate them,
-
14:24 - 14:27and then we look at its genomic structure.
-
14:27 - 14:29Not going too much into detail,
-
14:29 - 14:31but what you see here is, for example,
-
14:31 - 14:34pieces of the ridge
of the genome from a female -
14:34 - 14:37before she was radiated or dried up.
-
14:37 - 14:39Then we dry it up, we irradiate it,
-
14:39 - 14:42and we look at whether
these pieces come back. -
14:42 - 14:46You see here - everything is destroyed,
and whether we get these pieces back - -
14:46 - 14:50showing it's stitching back
all these DNA pieces together -
14:50 - 14:52into these 12 chromosomes.
-
14:52 - 14:53So they can do this:
-
14:53 - 14:56They reconstruct their genome as before,
-
14:56 - 14:59or at least, that's what
it seems to look like. -
14:59 - 15:03And even the descendants
have that same structure -
15:03 - 15:06as a parent’s alignment.
-
15:06 - 15:09So is there no genetic
scrambling going on? -
15:09 - 15:10That's possible.
-
15:10 - 15:14Maybe they don't, indeed,
make a completely new genome; -
15:14 - 15:16they keep their genome.
-
15:16 - 15:19But what we then ask ourselves is:
-
15:19 - 15:23"How can you survive
when you are irradiated, -
15:23 - 15:28because not only your DNA is broken,
but also your molecules must be broken?" -
15:28 - 15:31But they must keep
their molecules somehow intact -
15:31 - 15:34because you need these molecules
to repair your DNA. -
15:35 - 15:36So what do they have?
-
15:36 - 15:37What's their secret?
-
15:37 - 15:40What did we find
by sequencing the first genome, -
15:40 - 15:44really sequencing the entire
alphabet of this animal? -
15:44 - 15:48We found that they have
a huge amount of antioxidants. -
15:48 - 15:50Antioxidants are essential
-
15:50 - 15:53to protect yourself
from these damaged cells. -
15:53 - 15:55We all have antioxidants.
-
15:55 - 15:57That's because our cells
accumulate damages, -
15:57 - 16:01a kind of what we call oxidative stress,
-
16:01 - 16:04and your proteins, your DNA -
everything gets damages. -
16:04 - 16:05That's why we get older.
-
16:05 - 16:09And that's why you put all these creams on
that are full of antioxidants, -
16:09 - 16:12to try to prevent the aging of your cells,
-
16:12 - 16:13but it will not.
-
16:13 - 16:18But here, these animals
have a huge amount of these antioxidants. -
16:18 - 16:20So next time, think about it,
-
16:20 - 16:23don't buy all these expensive creams
full of antioxidants, -
16:23 - 16:25just drink some rotifers.
-
16:25 - 16:27You find them in the nature
and they might help. -
16:27 - 16:29(Laughter)
-
16:29 - 16:30But of course,
-
16:30 - 16:32these are all things we discovered,
-
16:32 - 16:33but as a scientist,
-
16:33 - 16:37when you discover things,
you have even more questions. -
16:37 - 16:38And so recently,
-
16:38 - 16:40I obtained a grant
from the European Research Council -
16:40 - 16:44to really try to demystify
all these mysteries we found. -
16:44 - 16:47We found they have
this huge amount of antioxidants, -
16:47 - 16:49but are they really effective?
-
16:49 - 16:52How do they repair this broken genome?
-
16:52 - 16:54What are the molecules,
the mechanism they have -
16:54 - 16:58to repair such a broken genome
to survive drying, freezing? -
16:59 - 17:01Then one last thing we discovered is
-
17:01 - 17:05by sequencing their genome,
we found, among their genetic material, -
17:05 - 17:10genetic material
from bacteria, plants, fungi - -
17:10 - 17:14so they seem to integrate DNA
from their environment. -
17:15 - 17:16And that's of course puzzling.
-
17:16 - 17:18But we also thought,
-
17:18 - 17:20If they can integrate this foreign DNA,
-
17:20 - 17:24can they also integrate DNA
from other females out there, -
17:24 - 17:26other rotifers that also dry up?
-
17:26 - 17:28And the first results we got on this
-
17:28 - 17:33is that we found some signatures
of DNA exchange between these females, -
17:33 - 17:37and we think it's not conventional sex,
because we never found males, -
17:37 - 17:40so they are not using the strategy
that all animals do - -
17:40 - 17:43a sperm and an ovocyte
to exchange DNA. -
17:44 - 17:47So what is the strategy? We have no idea.
-
17:47 - 17:49We call it sapphomixis -
-
17:49 - 17:53it's a mixing of genetic
material between females. -
17:53 - 17:58And you immediately see here
why it's so beautiful to be a scientist - -
17:58 - 18:02you discover a lot,
but you have even more questions. -
18:02 - 18:03But what's for sure
-
18:03 - 18:08is that we have a very interesting
model organism here to understand, -
18:08 - 18:11"How can they evolve without males?
-
18:12 - 18:14How does sapphomixis happen?
-
18:14 - 18:16And how can they survive
such extreme conditions -
18:16 - 18:20as drying up, freezing,
and high doses of radiation?" -
18:20 - 18:23There's so much still to discover there.
-
18:23 - 18:26And one of our next challenges
is to send them to space. -
18:26 - 18:30We got a grant from
the European Space Agency -
18:30 - 18:35to send, in 2019, rotifers to space, RISE.
-
18:35 - 18:38Why? Because space is also
an extreme environment. -
18:38 - 18:39We have no idea at the moment
-
18:39 - 18:42what this extreme environment has
-
18:42 - 18:45as pressure on astronauts
or any living animal. -
18:45 - 18:48This is a very interesting
model organism to send out there -
18:48 - 18:52and to understand much better
what space is like. -
18:52 - 18:54And of course,
-
18:54 - 18:57I cannot end this presentation
without thanking all the funding -
18:57 - 19:01but especially all the people
in my lab - many are here. -
19:02 - 19:04This work is never done by one person.
-
19:05 - 19:08A lab is really a group
of persons working, -
19:08 - 19:09tackling these questions.
-
19:09 - 19:10A lot of frustrations.
-
19:10 - 19:12They know it better than me right now.
-
19:13 - 19:16And then, I would like to thank
the rotifer and Boris -
19:16 - 19:18with the whole experiment
-
19:18 - 19:20because thanks to these rotifers,
-
19:20 - 19:26I'm really happy to go every day,
or almost every day, to my work. -
19:26 - 19:29At least, when I know I can do science
and I can work with rotifers, -
19:29 - 19:31I'm a happy person.
-
19:31 - 19:33Thank you.
-
19:33 - 19:35(Applause)
- Title:
- Bdelloid rotifers: a new biological model? | Karine Van Doninck | TEDxUNamur
- Description:
-
All living beings are connected and share a common ancestor - the tree of life. Life involves change. It comprises those processes such as reproduction, variation and inheritance. Reproduction is vital and occurs in various modes, sexual reproduction being the dominant one in the eukaryotic kingdom. Nevertheless, several types of reproductive modes evolved and persist.
One of the main interests of the Karine Van Doninck lab is to tackle fundamental questions related to the evolution of asexual reproductive modes and to understand the factors contributing to genomic variation and adaptation. Karine studies especially bdelloid rotifers employing a specific mode of asexual reproduction. Rotifers from the Class Bdelloidea are common microscopic metazoans that appear to be obligate ancient asexuals (“all-female asexuality”). They have a worldwide distribution, occurring preferentially in ephemerally aquatic habitats such as mosses and lichens because they can survive desiccation at any stage of their life cycle.
This talk was given at a TEDx event using the TED conference format but independently organized by a local community. Learn more at https://www.ted.com/tedx
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TEDxTalks
- Duration:
- 19:45
Peter van de Ven edited English subtitles for Bdelloid rotifers: a new biological model? | Karine Van Doninck | TEDxUNamur | ||
Peter van de Ven approved English subtitles for Bdelloid rotifers: a new biological model? | Karine Van Doninck | TEDxUNamur | ||
Peter van de Ven accepted English subtitles for Bdelloid rotifers: a new biological model? | Karine Van Doninck | TEDxUNamur | ||
Peter van de Ven edited English subtitles for Bdelloid rotifers: a new biological model? | Karine Van Doninck | TEDxUNamur | ||
Peter van de Ven edited English subtitles for Bdelloid rotifers: a new biological model? | Karine Van Doninck | TEDxUNamur | ||
Peter van de Ven edited English subtitles for Bdelloid rotifers: a new biological model? | Karine Van Doninck | TEDxUNamur | ||
Peter van de Ven edited English subtitles for Bdelloid rotifers: a new biological model? | Karine Van Doninck | TEDxUNamur | ||
Amanda Chu edited English subtitles for Bdelloid rotifers: a new biological model? | Karine Van Doninck | TEDxUNamur |