The linguistic genius of babies
-
0:00 - 0:03I want you to take a look at this baby.
-
0:03 - 0:06What you're drawn to are her eyes
-
0:06 - 0:09and the skin you love to touch.
-
0:09 - 0:12But today I'm going to talk to you about something you can't see --
-
0:12 - 0:15what's going on up in that little brain of hers.
-
0:16 - 0:18The modern tools of neuroscience
-
0:18 - 0:21are demonstrating to us that what's going on up there
-
0:21 - 0:24is nothing short of rocket science.
-
0:24 - 0:26And what we're learning
-
0:26 - 0:28is going to shed some light
-
0:28 - 0:31on what the romantic writers and poets
-
0:31 - 0:34described as the "celestial openness"
-
0:34 - 0:36of the child's mind.
-
0:36 - 0:38What we see here
-
0:38 - 0:40is a mother in India,
-
0:40 - 0:42and she's speaking Koro,
-
0:42 - 0:44which is a newly discovered language.
-
0:44 - 0:46And she's talking to her baby.
-
0:46 - 0:48What this mother --
-
0:48 - 0:51and the 800 people who speak Koro in the world --
-
0:51 - 0:54understands [is] that, to preserve this language,
-
0:54 - 0:57they need to speak it to the babies.
-
0:57 - 1:00And therein lies a critical puzzle.
-
1:00 - 1:02Why is it that you can't preserve a language
-
1:02 - 1:05by speaking to you and I, to the adults?
-
1:05 - 1:08Well, it's got to do with your brain.
-
1:08 - 1:10What we see here
-
1:10 - 1:13is that language has a critical period for learning.
-
1:13 - 1:16The way to read this slide is to look at your age on the horizontal axis.
-
1:16 - 1:19(Laughter)
-
1:19 - 1:21And you'll see on the vertical
-
1:21 - 1:23your skill at acquiring a second language.
-
1:23 - 1:25Babies and children are geniuses
-
1:25 - 1:27until they turn seven,
-
1:27 - 1:30and then there's a systematic decline.
-
1:30 - 1:32After puberty, we fall off the map.
-
1:32 - 1:35No scientists dispute this curve,
-
1:35 - 1:37but laboratories all over the world
-
1:37 - 1:40are trying to figure out why it works this way.
-
1:40 - 1:42Work in my lab is focused
-
1:42 - 1:44on the first critical period in development --
-
1:44 - 1:46and that is the period in which
-
1:46 - 1:49babies try to master which sounds are used in their language.
-
1:49 - 1:52We think, by studying how the sounds are learned,
-
1:52 - 1:54we'll have a model for the rest of language,
-
1:54 - 1:57and perhaps for critical periods that may exist in childhood
-
1:57 - 1:59for social, emotional
-
1:59 - 2:01and cognitive development.
-
2:01 - 2:03So we've been studying the babies
-
2:03 - 2:05using a technique that we're using all over the world
-
2:05 - 2:07and the sounds of all languages.
-
2:07 - 2:09The baby sits on a parent's lap,
-
2:09 - 2:11and we train them to turn their heads when a sound changes --
-
2:11 - 2:13like from "ah" to "ee."
-
2:13 - 2:15If they do so at the appropriate time,
-
2:15 - 2:17the black box lights up
-
2:17 - 2:19and a panda bear pounds a drum.
-
2:19 - 2:21A six-monther adores the task.
-
2:21 - 2:23What have we learned?
-
2:23 - 2:25Well, babies all over the world
-
2:25 - 2:27are what I like to describe
-
2:27 - 2:29as "citizens of the world."
-
2:29 - 2:32They can discriminate all the sounds of all languages,
-
2:32 - 2:35no matter what country we're testing and what language we're using,
-
2:35 - 2:38and that's remarkable because you and I can't do that.
-
2:38 - 2:40We're culture-bound listeners.
-
2:40 - 2:42We can discriminate the sounds of our own language,
-
2:42 - 2:44but not those of foreign languages.
-
2:44 - 2:46So the question arises:
-
2:46 - 2:48when do those citizens of the world
-
2:48 - 2:51turn into the language-bound listeners that we are?
-
2:51 - 2:54And the answer: before their first birthdays.
-
2:54 - 2:57What you see here is performance on that head-turn task
-
2:57 - 2:59for babies tested in Tokyo and the United States,
-
2:59 - 3:01here in Seattle,
-
3:01 - 3:03as they listened to "ra" and "la" --
-
3:03 - 3:06sounds important to English, but not to Japanese.
-
3:06 - 3:09So at six to eight months the babies are totally equivalent.
-
3:09 - 3:12Two months later something incredible occurs.
-
3:12 - 3:14The babies in the United States are getting a lot better,
-
3:14 - 3:16babies in Japan are getting a lot worse,
-
3:16 - 3:18but both of those groups of babies
-
3:18 - 3:21are preparing for exactly the language that they are going to learn.
-
3:21 - 3:24So the question is: what's happening
-
3:24 - 3:26during this critical two-month period?
-
3:26 - 3:28This is the critical period for sound development,
-
3:28 - 3:30but what's going on up there?
-
3:30 - 3:32So there are two things going on.
-
3:32 - 3:35The first is that the babies are listening intently to us,
-
3:35 - 3:38and they're taking statistics as they listen to us talk --
-
3:38 - 3:40they're taking statistics.
-
3:40 - 3:43So listen to two mothers speaking motherese --
-
3:43 - 3:46the universal language we use when we talk to kids --
-
3:46 - 3:49first in English and then in Japanese.
-
3:49 - 3:52(Video) English Mother: Ah, I love your big blue eyes --
-
3:52 - 3:55so pretty and nice.
-
3:56 - 4:02Japanese Mother: [Japanese]
-
4:02 - 4:04Patricia Kuhl: During the production of speech,
-
4:04 - 4:06when babies listen,
-
4:06 - 4:08what they're doing is taking statistics
-
4:08 - 4:11on the language that they hear.
-
4:11 - 4:14And those distributions grow.
-
4:14 - 4:16And what we've learned
-
4:16 - 4:19is that babies are sensitive to the statistics,
-
4:19 - 4:22and the statistics of Japanese and English are very, very different.
-
4:22 - 4:25English has a lot of Rs and Ls.
-
4:25 - 4:27The distribution shows.
-
4:27 - 4:29And the distribution of Japanese is totally different,
-
4:29 - 4:32where we see a group of intermediate sounds,
-
4:32 - 4:35which is known as the Japanese "R."
-
4:35 - 4:37So babies absorb
-
4:37 - 4:39the statistics of the language
-
4:39 - 4:41and it changes their brains;
-
4:41 - 4:43it changes them from the citizens of the world
-
4:43 - 4:46to the culture-bound listeners that we are.
-
4:46 - 4:48But we as adults
-
4:48 - 4:50are no longer absorbing those statistics.
-
4:50 - 4:53We're governed by the representations in memory
-
4:53 - 4:56that were formed early in development.
-
4:56 - 4:58So what we're seeing here
-
4:58 - 5:01is changing our models of what the critical period is about.
-
5:01 - 5:04We're arguing from a mathematical standpoint
-
5:04 - 5:07that the learning of language material may slow down
-
5:07 - 5:09when our distributions stabilize.
-
5:09 - 5:12It's raising lots of questions about bilingual people.
-
5:12 - 5:16Bilinguals must keep two sets of statistics in mind at once
-
5:16 - 5:19and flip between them, one after the other,
-
5:19 - 5:21depending on who they're speaking to.
-
5:21 - 5:23So we asked ourselves,
-
5:23 - 5:26can the babies take statistics on a brand new language?
-
5:26 - 5:28And we tested this by exposing American babies
-
5:28 - 5:30who'd never heard a second language
-
5:30 - 5:33to Mandarin for the first time during the critical period.
-
5:33 - 5:35We knew that, when monolinguals were tested
-
5:35 - 5:38in Taipei and Seattle on the Mandarin sounds,
-
5:38 - 5:40they showed the same pattern.
-
5:40 - 5:42Six to eight months, they're totally equivalent.
-
5:42 - 5:45Two months later, something incredible happens.
-
5:45 - 5:48But the Taiwanese babies are getting better, not the American babies.
-
5:48 - 5:51What we did was expose American babies during this period
-
5:51 - 5:53to Mandarin.
-
5:53 - 5:56It was like having Mandarin relatives come and visit for a month
-
5:56 - 5:58and move into your house
-
5:58 - 6:00and talk to the babies for 12 sessions.
-
6:00 - 6:02Here's what it looked like in the laboratory.
-
6:02 - 6:24(Video) Mandarin Speaker: [Mandarin]
-
6:24 - 6:26PK: So what have we done to their little brains?
-
6:26 - 6:29(Laughter)
-
6:29 - 6:31We had to run a control group
-
6:31 - 6:33to make sure that just coming into the laboratory
-
6:33 - 6:35didn't improve your Mandarin skills.
-
6:35 - 6:37So a group of babies came in and listened to English.
-
6:37 - 6:39And we can see from the graph
-
6:39 - 6:41that exposure to English didn't improve their Mandarin.
-
6:41 - 6:43But look at what happened to the babies
-
6:43 - 6:45exposed to Mandarin for 12 sessions.
-
6:45 - 6:47They were as good as the babies in Taiwan
-
6:47 - 6:50who'd been listening for 10-and-a-half months.
-
6:50 - 6:52What it demonstrated
-
6:52 - 6:54is that babies take statistics on a new language.
-
6:54 - 6:58Whatever you put in front of them, they'll take statistics on.
-
6:58 - 7:00But we wondered what role
-
7:00 - 7:02the human being played
-
7:02 - 7:04in this learning exercise.
-
7:04 - 7:06So we ran another group of babies
-
7:06 - 7:09in which the kids got the same dosage, the same 12 sessions,
-
7:09 - 7:11but over a television set
-
7:11 - 7:14and another group of babies who had just audio exposure
-
7:14 - 7:16and looked at a teddy bear on the screen.
-
7:16 - 7:19What did we do to their brains?
-
7:19 - 7:22What you see here is the audio result --
-
7:22 - 7:24no learning whatsoever --
-
7:24 - 7:27and the video result --
-
7:27 - 7:29no learning whatsoever.
-
7:29 - 7:31It takes a human being
-
7:31 - 7:33for babies to take their statistics.
-
7:33 - 7:35The social brain is controlling
-
7:35 - 7:37when the babies are taking their statistics.
-
7:37 - 7:39We want to get inside the brain
-
7:39 - 7:41and see this thing happening
-
7:41 - 7:43as babies are in front of televisions,
-
7:43 - 7:45as opposed to in front of human beings.
-
7:45 - 7:47Thankfully, we have a new machine,
-
7:47 - 7:49magnetoencephalography,
-
7:49 - 7:51that allows us to do this.
-
7:51 - 7:53It looks like a hair dryer from Mars.
-
7:53 - 7:55But it's completely safe,
-
7:55 - 7:58completely non-invasive and silent.
-
7:58 - 8:00We're looking at millimeter accuracy
-
8:00 - 8:02with regard to spatial
-
8:02 - 8:04and millisecond accuracy
-
8:04 - 8:06using 306 SQUIDs --
-
8:06 - 8:08these are Superconducting
-
8:08 - 8:10QUantum Interference Devices --
-
8:10 - 8:12to pick up the magnetic fields
-
8:12 - 8:14that change as we do our thinking.
-
8:14 - 8:16We're the first in the world
-
8:16 - 8:18to record babies
-
8:18 - 8:20in an MEG machine
-
8:20 - 8:22while they are learning.
-
8:22 - 8:24So this is little Emma.
-
8:24 - 8:26She's a six-monther.
-
8:26 - 8:28And she's listening to various languages
-
8:28 - 8:31in the earphones that are in her ears.
-
8:31 - 8:33You can see, she can move around.
-
8:33 - 8:35We're tracking her head
-
8:35 - 8:37with little pellets in a cap,
-
8:37 - 8:40so she's free to move completely unconstrained.
-
8:40 - 8:42It's a technical tour de force.
-
8:42 - 8:44What are we seeing?
-
8:44 - 8:46We're seeing the baby brain.
-
8:46 - 8:49As the baby hears a word in her language
-
8:49 - 8:51the auditory areas light up,
-
8:51 - 8:53and then subsequently areas surrounding it
-
8:53 - 8:56that we think are related to coherence,
-
8:56 - 8:58getting the brain coordinated with its different areas,
-
8:58 - 9:00and causality,
-
9:00 - 9:03one brain area causing another to activate.
-
9:03 - 9:05We are embarking
-
9:05 - 9:08on a grand and golden age
-
9:08 - 9:11of knowledge about child's brain development.
-
9:11 - 9:13We're going to be able to see a child's brain
-
9:13 - 9:15as they experience an emotion,
-
9:15 - 9:17as they learn to speak and read,
-
9:17 - 9:19as they solve a math problem,
-
9:19 - 9:21as they have an idea.
-
9:21 - 9:24And we're going to be able to invent brain-based interventions
-
9:24 - 9:27for children who have difficulty learning.
-
9:27 - 9:30Just as the poets and writers described,
-
9:30 - 9:32we're going to be able to see, I think,
-
9:32 - 9:34that wondrous openness,
-
9:34 - 9:36utter and complete openness,
-
9:36 - 9:39of the mind of a child.
-
9:39 - 9:41In investigating the child's brain,
-
9:41 - 9:43we're going to uncover deep truths
-
9:43 - 9:45about what it means to be human,
-
9:45 - 9:47and in the process,
-
9:47 - 9:49we may be able to help keep our own minds open to learning
-
9:49 - 9:51for our entire lives.
-
9:51 - 9:53Thank you.
-
9:53 - 9:56(Applause)
- Title:
- The linguistic genius of babies
- Speaker:
- Patricia Kuhl
- Description:
-
At TEDxRainier, Patricia Kuhl shares astonishing findings about how babies learn one language over another -- by listening to the humans around them and "taking statistics" on the sounds they need to know. Clever lab experiments (and brain scans) show how 6-month-old babies use sophisticated reasoning to understand their world.
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TEDTalks
- Duration:
- 09:57
Krystian Aparta edited English subtitles for The linguistic genius of babies | ||
Krystian Aparta commented on English subtitles for The linguistic genius of babies | ||
Krystian Aparta edited English subtitles for The linguistic genius of babies | ||
Krystian Aparta edited English subtitles for The linguistic genius of babies | ||
TED edited English subtitles for The linguistic genius of babies | ||
TED added a translation |
Krystian Aparta
The English transcript was updated on 11/23/2016.