Stoicism as a philosophy for an ordinary life | Massimo Pigliucci | TEDxAthens
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0:14 - 0:15Imagine, if you will,
-
0:15 - 0:18that you're walking
down the streets of Athens -
0:18 - 0:2124 centuries ago, give or take.
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0:21 - 0:23You might meet this guy:
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0:23 - 0:25Zeno of Citium.
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0:25 - 0:27He was a merchant, a Phoenician merchant.
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0:27 - 0:31He was doing very well
until a shipwreck destroyed everything -
0:31 - 0:33and he lost everything he had.
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0:33 - 0:36So he made it to Athens,
and what did he do? -
0:36 - 0:39One of the first things he did
was to walk into a bookshop -
0:39 - 0:41and started reading books.
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0:41 - 0:46He read Xenophon's "Memorabilia,"
which is a book about Socrates. -
0:46 - 0:49And he was so intrigued
that he turned to the bookseller -
0:49 - 0:51and says, "Where can I find me
one of these people, -
0:51 - 0:53one of these philosopher folks?"
-
0:53 - 0:55And the bookseller turned around.
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0:55 - 0:58He said, "Well, there's one
right over there, walking by." -
0:58 - 1:01Because that was Athens at the time:
philosophers were just walking by. -
1:01 - 1:03(Laughter)
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1:03 - 1:07The guy walking by was Crates,
a Cynic philosopher. -
1:07 - 1:09And Zeno became his student,
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1:09 - 1:11eventually went on to study
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1:11 - 1:13with a number of other
of the major philosophers in Athens. -
1:13 - 1:16And then he established his own school,
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1:17 - 1:18which became known as "Stoicism"
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1:18 - 1:21because they studied meaning
in the stoa, in the open market, -
1:21 - 1:24unlike the other schools
where you had to go to a specific place - -
1:24 - 1:28Plato's Academy or Aristotle's Lyceum -
-
1:28 - 1:30the Stoics wanted to be
in the middle of people, -
1:30 - 1:33to talk to people about their life
and how to make it better. -
1:34 - 1:37Stoicism became one of the major
philosophies of antiquity. -
1:37 - 1:39It spread through
the Hellenistic world first -
1:39 - 1:43and then to the Roman Republic
and then Roman Empire. -
1:43 - 1:45It produced some of
the major thinkers of the time. -
1:46 - 1:49Seneca, who was a senator,
-
1:49 - 1:52a playwright - he influenced Shakespeare -
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1:52 - 1:56and the unfortunate advisor
to the Emperor Nero. -
1:56 - 1:58That didn't end up well for Seneca.
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1:59 - 2:05Marcus Aurelius, one of the few
king-philosophers of all of history, -
2:05 - 2:07who wrote "The Meditations,"
his own personal diary, -
2:07 - 2:12which is now read by millions
of people around the world. -
2:13 - 2:16Now, unusual for ancient philosophy,
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2:16 - 2:18Stoicism attracted a number of women.
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2:18 - 2:21A lot of Roman matrons
used to organize convivia, -
2:21 - 2:24which were sort of get-togethers
with their friends, -
2:24 - 2:25to talk about Stoicism.
-
2:25 - 2:28But many of them
also lived the philosophy. -
2:28 - 2:31One of them, the most famous one,
was Porcia Catonis, -
2:31 - 2:35who happened to be both the daughter
of Cato the Younger, -
2:35 - 2:38who was an archenemy of Julius Caesar,
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2:38 - 2:43as well as the wife of Brutus,
one of the co-conspirators against Caesar. -
2:43 - 2:45So she had a lot to deal with in her life,
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2:45 - 2:48and she approached it in a Stoic fashion.
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2:50 - 2:54Now, Stoicism, like all
ancient schools of philosophy, -
2:54 - 2:57eventually died down or was closed
with the rise of Christianity, -
2:57 - 3:01but it kept influencing people
throughout the following two millennia. -
3:01 - 3:05The reason many people today
are familiar with some of the Stoic ideas -
3:05 - 3:07is because they influenced Christianity,
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3:07 - 3:10beginning with Paul of Tarsus,
arguably the founder of Christianity, -
3:10 - 3:13and continuing with Thomas Aquinas,
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3:13 - 3:15the most influential theologian
of the Middle Ages, -
3:15 - 3:18and then into more modern times
with René Descartes, -
3:18 - 3:22arguably one of the most
important modern philosophers, -
3:22 - 3:27and Baruch Spinoza, whose ethics
was, in fact, based mostly on Stoicism. -
3:31 - 3:33But enough about its history.
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3:33 - 3:34What is Stoicism about?
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3:34 - 3:37Well, the first thing is
it's based on a crucial premise -
3:37 - 3:40that we should live our life
according to nature. -
3:40 - 3:44Now, before you go and run
into the forest naked to hug trees - -
3:44 - 3:46that's not what it is about.
-
3:47 - 3:51The Stoics thought that we
should take seriously human nature. -
3:51 - 3:54And human nature fundamentally
consists of two things, two aspects. -
3:54 - 3:57One, we're highly social animals.
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3:57 - 4:02We can survive on our own if we have to,
but we only thrive in groups of people, -
4:02 - 4:05we only thrive when we have
healthy social networks. -
4:05 - 4:06And two, we're capable of reason.
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4:06 - 4:09As you know, that doesn't mean
we 're reasonable all the time. -
4:09 - 4:12In fact, on the contrary -
we struggle for that. -
4:12 - 4:15But we are capable of reason.
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4:15 - 4:16For the Stoics,
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4:16 - 4:19it followed that the best kind
of human life you can actually have -
4:19 - 4:22is one in which you apply
your reason, your intelligence, -
4:22 - 4:23to improve social living,
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4:23 - 4:26to improve everybody else's life.
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4:27 - 4:30There are two fundamental pillars
of Stoic philosophy, -
4:30 - 4:34which we will see, in a minute,
applied very practically to our life. -
4:34 - 4:38One is the four cardinal virtues:
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4:38 - 4:41practical wisdom, courage,
justice and temperance. -
4:41 - 4:44Practical wisdom is the knowledge
of what is good for you -
4:44 - 4:45and what is not good for you.
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4:45 - 4:48Courage is not just physical
but especially moral: -
4:48 - 4:51the courage to stand up
and do the right thing. -
4:51 - 4:54Justice is what tells you
what the right thing is, -
4:54 - 4:57how to interact with other people,
how to treat other people. -
4:57 - 4:58And temperance is the idea
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4:58 - 5:00that you should always do things
in right measure - -
5:00 - 5:03not overdo them nor underdo them.
-
5:05 - 5:08The second pillar is called
"dichotomy of control." -
5:08 - 5:10This is the very basic idea
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5:10 - 5:13that some things are up to us
and other things are not up to us. -
5:13 - 5:17Now, you can divide everything you do
into these two categories -
5:17 - 5:20and only worry about the first one
and not the second one. -
5:20 - 5:25For instance, I came here
thinking that I could control the slides. -
5:25 - 5:28As you've seen,
that's outside of my control. -
5:28 - 5:30Do I worry about it? No.
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5:33 - 5:35Let me introduce you to Epictetus.
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5:35 - 5:40He was one of the most important
Stoic philosophers of antiquity. -
5:40 - 5:41He was a slave.
-
5:41 - 5:45He was born in Hierapolis,
in modern-day Pamukkale, in Turkey. -
5:45 - 5:48He was acquired - in fact,
his name means "acquired." -
5:48 - 5:51We don't know his real name;
Epictetus just means acquired. -
5:51 - 5:54And [he was] brought to Rome
to the court of the Emperor Nero, -
5:55 - 5:56where he did pretty well.
-
5:56 - 5:57Eventually, he was freed.
-
5:57 - 5:59He was, you know, a bright guy,
-
5:59 - 6:01so he started going
through the streets of Rome -
6:01 - 6:03preaching Stoicism.
-
6:03 - 6:06And for his troubles,
he got punched on the nose. -
6:06 - 6:09So he figured that wasn't a good approach.
-
6:09 - 6:11It was in his power
to change the approach, -
6:11 - 6:13so he started over,
and he established his own school, -
6:13 - 6:15which was very successful
-
6:15 - 6:18until the Emperor Domitian
kicked out all the Stoics out of Rome -
6:18 - 6:21because he did not appreciate
their "speaking truth to power," -
6:21 - 6:23as we would say today.
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6:23 - 6:27So Epictetus moved and went to Nicopolis,
in northwestern Greece, -
6:27 - 6:28reestablished his school
-
6:28 - 6:31and became one of the most famous
teachers of antiquity. -
6:31 - 6:33The reason I like Epictetus
is because he's blunt -
6:33 - 6:36and he has a sarcastic sense of humor.
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6:36 - 6:38And I'll give you
a taste of this in a second. -
6:38 - 6:41Here's what he says in "The Discourses":
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6:41 - 6:43"I'll have to die.
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6:43 - 6:45If it is now, well, then I die now.
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6:45 - 6:48If later, then now I will take my lunch,
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6:48 - 6:50since the hour for lunch has arrived,
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6:50 - 6:52and dying, I will tend to later."
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6:53 - 6:55Don't worry about death;
worry about lunch. -
6:55 - 6:56(Laughter)
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6:56 - 6:59You know you're going to die;
that isn't under your control. -
6:59 - 7:01Lunch, on the other hand,
is under your control. -
7:05 - 7:07Now, I told you
about the dichotomy of control -
7:07 - 7:10being one of the two
fundamental pillars of Stoicism. -
7:10 - 7:12Here's how Epictetus himself explains it.
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7:12 - 7:13He says,
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7:13 - 7:17"Some things are within our power,
while others are not. -
7:17 - 7:20Within our power
are opinion, motivation, desire, -
7:20 - 7:23and in a word,
whatever is of our own doing. -
7:24 - 7:27Not within our power are our body,
our property, reputation, -
7:27 - 7:30and in a word, whatever
is not of our own doing." -
7:30 - 7:33And note, if you stop for a second
and think about it, -
7:33 - 7:34it's like that is weird.
-
7:34 - 7:38He's saying that my body, my property,
my reputation are not in [my] power? -
7:38 - 7:39What do you mean?
-
7:39 - 7:41I can decide to go to the gym
and eat healthy; -
7:41 - 7:43of course my body's under my power.
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7:43 - 7:46Unless a virus strikes you down.
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7:46 - 7:48Unless you have an accident
and you break your leg. -
7:48 - 7:51The idea is that you can do things,
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7:51 - 7:55you can make decisions about your health,
your reputation, etcetera, etcetera, -
7:55 - 7:58but ultimately,
you don't control the outcome. -
7:59 - 8:00So what does that mean in practice?
-
8:00 - 8:03It means that we should try
to walk through life -
8:03 - 8:04by internalizing our goals,
-
8:04 - 8:07not worry about the outcomes,
because those are outside of our control, -
8:07 - 8:10but worry about our intentions
and our efforts -
8:10 - 8:13because those are very much
under our control. -
8:13 - 8:15One of the beautiful metaphors
that the Stoics introduced -
8:15 - 8:17was that of an archer.
-
8:17 - 8:19Imagine that you
are trying to hit a target. -
8:19 - 8:21What is under your control?
-
8:21 - 8:25Well, the practice of archery -
you can practice for hours and hours. -
8:25 - 8:28You can choose the best bows and arrows
that are available to you. -
8:28 - 8:31You can take care
of those bows and arrows. -
8:31 - 8:36You can focus up until the second
in which you let the arrow go. -
8:36 - 8:39But after that, things
are completely outside of your control. -
8:39 - 8:41A gust of wind can ruin your best shot.
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8:41 - 8:44The target may move,
especially if he's an enemy soldier, -
8:44 - 8:46and you missed.
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8:46 - 8:47So what do you do?
-
8:47 - 8:48According to Cicero,
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8:48 - 8:50the actual hitting of the mark
-
8:50 - 8:53would be to be chosen
but not to be desired. -
8:53 - 8:56So you do not attach
your own self-esteem to the outcome; -
8:56 - 9:02you only attach it to what
is under your control, to your attempt. -
9:03 - 9:06In practice, in today's life,
-
9:06 - 9:09these can change the way
you look at pretty much everything. -
9:09 - 9:11Let me give you a couple of examples.
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9:12 - 9:14Let's say you're up for
a promotion for your job. -
9:14 - 9:15Now, the normal thing to do
-
9:15 - 9:19would be to worry about whether
you're going to get the promotion or not. -
9:19 - 9:22According to the Stoics,
that's the wrong way to look at it: -
9:22 - 9:24the promotion itself
is outside of your control. -
9:24 - 9:27Your boss may have gotten up
on the wrong side of the bed, -
9:27 - 9:28he's upset,
-
9:28 - 9:30he's got something else on his mind,
-
9:30 - 9:32and the interview is not going to go well.
-
9:32 - 9:35Or maybe somebody else deserves
the promotion better than you do -
9:35 - 9:37even though you did well,
-
9:37 - 9:39and again, that's not up to you.
-
9:39 - 9:40What is up to you, of course,
-
9:40 - 9:42is to prepare the best you can
for your interview, -
9:42 - 9:44to put together the best resume possible,
-
9:44 - 9:47to work really hard to actually,
in fact, deserve that promotion. -
9:47 - 9:49That's the locus of your control;
-
9:49 - 9:52that's where you
should focus your efforts. -
9:52 - 9:54Or think in terms of relationships.
-
9:54 - 9:55You know, everybody wants to be loved.
-
9:55 - 9:57But that's not up to us.
-
9:57 - 10:01It's up to the person
who may or may not love us. -
10:01 - 10:02What's up to us
-
10:02 - 10:03is to be the most lovable person,
-
10:03 - 10:04to be affectionate,
-
10:04 - 10:06to be there for them.
-
10:06 - 10:08Whether they decide
to stick with us or not - -
10:09 - 10:11not under our control.
-
10:14 - 10:17So if you take this seriously,
Epictetus says, -
10:17 - 10:19you will, in fact, have a happy life
-
10:19 - 10:23because a great part of happiness
lies in the serenity, -
10:23 - 10:26into the idea that you
always walk through life -
10:26 - 10:28by knowing that you've done your best
-
10:28 - 10:30and that nothing else
could be done on top of that. -
10:30 - 10:34He says, "If you have the right idea
about what really belongs to you -
10:34 - 10:35and what does not" -
-
10:35 - 10:38in other words, what you do control
and what you don't control - -
10:38 - 10:40"you will never be subject
to force or hindrance, -
10:40 - 10:42you will never blame or criticize anyone,
-
10:42 - 10:44and everything you do
will be done willingly." -
10:44 - 10:46And this would be
a significantly better world -
10:46 - 10:50than the one in which everybody
goes around blaming other people -
10:51 - 10:53for what they don't have control over.
-
10:54 - 10:57Now, my colleague Brian Johnson
at Fordham University -
10:57 - 11:02explained Epictetus' approach
as a type of role ethics. -
11:02 - 11:05The idea is that we all play
a variety of roles in life -
11:05 - 11:08and that a happy life
consists in balancing these roles -
11:08 - 11:10as best as we can.
-
11:10 - 11:13There are, in fact,
fundamentally, three kinds of roles. -
11:13 - 11:15First, our basic role as a human being -
-
11:15 - 11:17we're all members of the human polis.
-
11:17 - 11:21The Stoics were the ones
that introduced the term "cosmopolitan," -
11:21 - 11:25literally meaning
"a citizen of the universal polis." -
11:26 - 11:27We're all human beings,
-
11:27 - 11:28we're all in the same place,
-
11:28 - 11:31and we have to take care
of the same place. -
11:31 - 11:34Then there are roles
that are given to us by circumstances. -
11:34 - 11:37You could be, you know,
somebody's son or daughter. -
11:37 - 11:41That wasn't your choice; it just happened.
-
11:41 - 11:44And then there are roles that we choose
depending on the circumstances: -
11:44 - 11:48our career, being a mother
or a father - things like that. -
11:48 - 11:53These three sets of roles
are related in the following way: -
11:53 - 11:55your basic role as a human being
trumps everything else. -
11:55 - 11:58Everything you do,
you should ask yourself first, -
11:58 - 12:00Is this good for humanity?
-
12:00 - 12:02If it isn't, don't do it.
-
12:02 - 12:04It's a simple test.
-
12:04 - 12:07You will end up doing much less,
by the way, if you follow this, -
12:07 - 12:09as we saved you energy.
-
12:09 - 12:11And then the rest,
you simply balance things out. -
12:11 - 12:14These roles come with trade-offs.
-
12:14 - 12:17Yes, you want to be the best
mother or father and son or daughter -
12:17 - 12:19and colleague and friend
and so on and so forth, -
12:19 - 12:20but there are trade-offs,
-
12:20 - 12:24and a lot of what Stoic philosophy
tells you about, or teaches you about, -
12:24 - 12:26is how to balance these things.
-
12:26 - 12:28How do you play these roles?
-
12:28 - 12:31Well, the most important thing
is you play them with integrity. -
12:31 - 12:32What does that mean?
-
12:32 - 12:35Well, Epictetus again explains:
-
12:35 - 12:37"You are the one that knows yourself,
-
12:37 - 12:39of how much you're worth to yourself
-
12:39 - 12:42and for how much you're selling yourself.
-
12:42 - 12:45Consider at what price
you sell your integrity, -
12:45 - 12:48but please, for God's sake,
don't sell it cheap." -
12:49 - 12:52What that means is that the goal here
is not to reach perfection, -
12:52 - 12:54whatever that means;
-
12:54 - 12:56it's just to be the best you can.
-
12:57 - 13:02Don't compromise and sell yourself cheap,
because you only have yourself to sell. -
13:02 - 13:03That's it -
-
13:03 - 13:06once you've sold yourself,
then there's nothing else left. -
13:06 - 13:09The idea is to be not perfect
but just better than you were yesterday, -
13:09 - 13:12one little step at a time.
-
13:13 - 13:15Now, let me give you a couple of examples.
-
13:16 - 13:18Epictetus talks about a father
-
13:18 - 13:21who is very distraught
because his daughter is sick, -
13:21 - 13:22and he just can't take it.
-
13:22 - 13:23He leaves the house,
-
13:23 - 13:26and leaves his wife
to deal with the daughter. -
13:26 - 13:28And Epictetus says, "Wait a minute.
-
13:28 - 13:31Do you think you were right
to have acted that way?" -
13:31 - 13:33The father thinks about it for a minute
-
13:33 - 13:35and says, "Well, I was behaving naturally.
-
13:35 - 13:39I was, you know, distraught.
I couldn't help it." -
13:39 - 13:42Well, that brings up the distinction
-
13:42 - 13:44between what is natural
to us, our feelings - -
13:44 - 13:46You don't control your feelings.
-
13:47 - 13:49If you're distraught
because your daughter is sick, -
13:49 - 13:52there's nothing you can do
or should do, probably, about it. -
13:52 - 13:56But that's different from the ethical duty
that you have toward your daughter: -
13:56 - 13:57you are her father.
-
13:57 - 13:59You 're supposed to stay there
-
13:59 - 14:03even though it does cost you
in terms of emotional energy. -
14:03 - 14:05So the two virtues
that come into play here -
14:05 - 14:07are courage,
-
14:07 - 14:09to actually do the right thing,
to stay with the daughter, -
14:09 - 14:10and justice,
-
14:10 - 14:15that is, do the just thing,
the correct thing, for your daughter. -
14:18 - 14:23We also have to, as I said before,
balance different social roles. -
14:23 - 14:26And this has to do with two other virtues:
-
14:26 - 14:27the practical wisdom,
-
14:27 - 14:28the idea of knowing the difference
-
14:28 - 14:31between what's good for you
and what's not good for you, -
14:31 - 14:32and temperance,
-
14:32 - 14:34the idea that you can balance things
-
14:34 - 14:37by putting the right amount of energy
into everything you do. -
14:37 - 14:38Epictetus explains it this way:
-
14:38 - 14:40"Reflect on the other
social roles you play. -
14:40 - 14:43If you're young,
what does it mean to be young? -
14:43 - 14:45If you're old, what does age imply?
-
14:45 - 14:47If you're a father,
what does father entail? -
14:47 - 14:50Each of our titles
suggest the acts appropriate to it. -
14:50 - 14:52Imagine you are an actor, you play a role.
-
14:52 - 14:54Now, the role is not
completely determined. -
14:54 - 14:58You can play the role of a mother,
for instance, in many ways. -
14:58 - 14:59You don't have to play in the way
-
14:59 - 15:01in which society
largely tells you to play. -
15:01 - 15:05You just have to play in the way
you think it's the right way to play it. -
15:05 - 15:08But still you're a mother or a father,
so you have certain duties. -
15:08 - 15:10The way you cash out these duties,
-
15:10 - 15:12the way you actually
exercise those duties, -
15:12 - 15:13is up to you.
-
15:13 - 15:15But you do have them.
-
15:18 - 15:21Now, how do we learn to play well
our roles in life? -
15:21 - 15:22There's many ways -
-
15:22 - 15:24the Stoics were famous
-
15:24 - 15:27for a number of exercises,
practical exercises, about these things - -
15:27 - 15:29but fundamentally,
one of the best ways to go -
15:29 - 15:32is to simply imagine people
that actually do well, -
15:32 - 15:34people that are your role models,
-
15:34 - 15:37people that you can see
and use as a pattern -
15:37 - 15:39after which you change your own life.
-
15:39 - 15:43The ancients used people that they knew,
people that they heard about -
15:43 - 15:44or even imaginary people.
-
15:44 - 15:47One of their favorite role models
was Cato the Younger. -
15:47 - 15:51I mentioned him earlier;
he was the father of Porcia Catonis. -
15:51 - 15:53He had such a level of integrity
-
15:53 - 15:55that when people in Rome
did something wrong - -
15:55 - 16:00they made a mistake,
they didn't hold up to expectations - -
16:00 - 16:02they would say, "Well,
not everybody can be a Cato." -
16:02 - 16:04He was used as an excuse.
-
16:04 - 16:06It was like, "Not everybody
can be that good." -
16:06 - 16:09Well, right, but you can try.
-
16:09 - 16:13One of the favorite
ancient role models was Odysseus, -
16:13 - 16:17who gave up immortality twice
-
16:17 - 16:21and endured 10 years of traveling
just to get back home, -
16:21 - 16:24to get back to his wife and to his child.
-
16:24 - 16:29But there's also modern role models,
and there's a lot of them to pick from. -
16:29 - 16:32Some of my favorites are Nelson Mandela,
-
16:32 - 16:33who, as we know,
-
16:33 - 16:36spent more than 20 years in prison
fighting the apartheid regime. -
16:36 - 16:39He was very angry,
understandably, during that period. -
16:39 - 16:41But one of the changing points in his life
-
16:41 - 16:43was when one of his fellow inmates
-
16:43 - 16:47smuggled in a copy
of Marcus Aurelius' "Meditations." -
16:47 - 16:50Mandela read it and understood
that the way forward -
16:50 - 16:52was not through anger or hatred,
-
16:52 - 16:55but on the contrary, by extending a hand
-
16:55 - 16:59also to the people, even to the people
who were his captors and his tormentors. -
16:59 - 17:00And that changed his life
-
17:00 - 17:03and changed the life
of the people in South Africa. -
17:03 - 17:05Another one of my favorite role models
-
17:05 - 17:07is Susan Fowler,
-
17:07 - 17:12who a couple of years ago came out
and stood up to the Uber motor company -
17:13 - 17:17to denounce their sexual
harassment culture -
17:17 - 17:19that was quite widespread at the time.
-
17:19 - 17:20She risked a lot personally,
-
17:20 - 17:23in terms of career,
in terms of friendships, -
17:23 - 17:25and she did it from a Stoic perspective.
-
17:25 - 17:29I happen to know Susan,
and she is, in fact, a practicing Stoic. -
17:30 - 17:35My favorite role model
at a fictional level is Spider-man, -
17:36 - 17:39who famously said that with great powers
come great responsibility. -
17:39 - 17:42Well, we don't have great powers -
we're not superheroes - -
17:42 - 17:43but we do have power.
-
17:43 - 17:46We have the power of exercising choices,
-
17:46 - 17:48and that power comes
with the responsibility -
17:48 - 17:51of exercising the best choice
we can possibly make. -
17:52 - 17:55So the general idea,
according to Epictetus, -
17:55 - 17:59is that just like actors
in the ancient world, -
17:59 - 18:00in ancient Greece,
-
18:00 - 18:03we wear a number of masks,
and we change them continuously. -
18:03 - 18:07The same actor would come out on stage
and wear a different mask, -
18:07 - 18:09and the mask will tell the audience
-
18:09 - 18:11which character
he was playing in the moment, -
18:11 - 18:14and it would remind the actor himself
-
18:14 - 18:16that he was now playing
a different character. -
18:16 - 18:20And the idea is that a happy life
is, in fact, a life well-balanced, -
18:20 - 18:24where you play all these roles
as the best actor you can possibly be. -
18:25 - 18:26Thank you very much.
-
18:26 - 18:28(Applause)
- Title:
- Stoicism as a philosophy for an ordinary life | Massimo Pigliucci | TEDxAthens
- Description:
-
Massimo Pigliucci explains Stoicism and how to change your life for the better by practicing this ancient Greco-Roman philosophy as a way of life.
Massimo Pigliucci has PhDs in evolutionary biology and in philosophy. He currently is the K.D. Irani Professor of Philosophy at the City College of New York. His research interests include the philosophy of biology, the science-philosophy relationship, pseudoscience and the philosophy of Stoicism.
Pigliucci owns two blogs: Plato’s Footnote, on general philosophy, and How to Be a Stoic, on his personal exploration of Stoicism as a practical philosophy. He is the author of many books, including the bestseller "How to Be A Stoic: Using Ancient Philosophy to Live a Modern Life."This talk was given at a TEDx event using the TED conference format but independently organized by a local community. Learn more at https://www.ted.com/tedx.
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TEDxTalks
- Duration:
- 18:39
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