Trading Pollution: How Pollution Permits Paradoxically Reduce Emissions
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0:00 - 0:05♪ [music] ♪
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0:13 - 0:14- [Narrator] When gasses
like sulfur dioxide -
0:14 - 0:17and nitrogen oxide
are emitted into the atmosphere, -
0:17 - 0:20they react with water, oxygen,
and other chemicals -
0:20 - 0:24to form sulfuric and nitric acid,
and when these acids precipitate, -
0:24 - 0:26we get acid rain.
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0:26 - 0:28Acid rain can kill trees,
plants, and fish, -
0:28 - 0:32as well as erode automobile paint,
buildings, and stone. -
0:32 - 0:36The Clean Air Act Amendments
of 1990 introduced a novel way -
0:36 - 0:39to combat acid rain --
tradable permits. -
0:39 - 0:40Here's how they work.
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0:40 - 0:43Let's consider two power plants
or factories that are polluters. -
0:43 - 0:46They emit this much polluting gas.
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0:46 - 0:47The government
could control pollution -
0:47 - 0:51by just commanding that all factories
install certain technologies, -
0:51 - 0:52like scrubbers.
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0:52 - 0:54Using this command
and control method, -
0:54 - 0:57suppose that pollution
would be reduced to this. -
0:57 - 1:00Okay, but now imagine
that one of the plants -
1:00 - 1:02can reduce pollution
at a lower cost than the other. -
1:02 - 1:05Perhaps it's newer
or it uses a different type -
1:05 - 1:07of coal or maybe there
is some other technology -
1:07 - 1:09for reducing pollution
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1:09 - 1:10that the government
didn't consider. -
1:10 - 1:13Or perhaps the product produced
in one of these factories -
1:13 - 1:16has a less polluting substitute
that we can easily switch to. -
1:16 - 1:19Ideally, we want
to reduce pollution here -
1:19 - 1:21where reducing pollution
has a low cost, -
1:21 - 1:23and less here,
where reducing pollution -
1:23 - 1:25has a high cost.
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1:25 - 1:27If we do this,
we can reduce pollution -
1:27 - 1:30by exactly the same amount
as before but we can do it -
1:30 - 1:32while wasting
fewer other resources. -
1:33 - 1:34Great, but wait.
-
1:34 - 1:37Unfortunately, the government
doesn't know which plant -
1:37 - 1:39is the low cost plant.
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1:39 - 1:42Remember there are lots of ways
of reducing pollution, -
1:42 - 1:45lots of substitutes, and lots
of substitutes for substitutes. -
1:46 - 1:48No one person knows
all the trade-offs. -
1:48 - 1:50Information is dispersed.
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1:50 - 1:53So how can we draw
on this dispersed information -
1:53 - 1:55and harness the energy
of entrepreneurs to discover -
1:55 - 1:58the best ways to reduce pollution?
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1:58 - 2:00Instead of commanding
how to reduce pollution, -
2:00 - 2:03suppose the government issues
pollution permits -- -
2:03 - 2:05rights to emit pollution.
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2:05 - 2:08One permit gives you the right
to emit say one ton -
2:08 - 2:09of polluting gases.
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2:09 - 2:12Pollution permits don't sound
very environmentally friendly, -
2:12 - 2:16but the government only issues
a limited number of permits, -
2:16 - 2:18and that equals the same
total reduced pollution -
2:18 - 2:20as under command and control.
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2:20 - 2:22So in the end, pollution
reduction is the same. -
2:22 - 2:25By allowing the permits
to be bought and sold, -
2:25 - 2:28the profit seeking self-interest
of power plant owners -
2:28 - 2:30is harnessed for the social good.
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2:30 - 2:31The owner of the power plant
with the low cost -
2:31 - 2:34for reducing pollution thinks,
"I don't have to use my permits. -
2:34 - 2:37I can reduce pollution
at my plant for less money -
2:37 - 2:40than I can get by selling
my unused permits -
2:40 - 2:41and make a tidy profit."
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2:41 - 2:42[business man] Oh yeah.
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2:42 - 2:45- Meanwhile, the power plant owner
with the high cost -
2:45 - 2:48wants to buy permits,
and is willing to pay a lot, -
2:48 - 2:51because it's cheaper to buy permits
than reduce pollution at high cost. -
2:52 - 2:54So the power plant
that can cheaply reduce pollution -
2:54 - 2:57sells permits, and the power plant
where it's expensive -
2:57 - 2:59to reduce pollution buys permits.
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2:59 - 3:02Both firms increase their profit.
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3:02 - 3:05In this way, the invisible hand
of the market gets us -
3:05 - 3:06to the ideal solution.
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3:06 - 3:10We reduce pollution more here,
where reducing pollution is cheap, -
3:10 - 3:12and less here, where reducing
pollution is expensive. -
3:13 - 3:15The total amount of pollution,
however, is reduced just as much -
3:15 - 3:18as with command and control,
but at a lower cost. -
3:19 - 3:22In fact, the tradable permit
approach worked so well, -
3:22 - 3:24it reduced air pollution
at a much lower cost -
3:24 - 3:26than any expert had anticipated.
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3:26 - 3:30Why should we care about the cost
of reducing pollution? -
3:30 - 3:33Spending less on reducing pollution
means that we have more to spend -
3:33 - 3:34on other goods.
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3:34 - 3:37But also, don't forget
the law of demand. -
3:37 - 3:39The lower the price of pollution
reduction, the more pollution -
3:39 - 3:41we want to reduce.
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3:42 - 3:44Tradable permits
uses the invisible hand -
3:44 - 3:48of the market to discover
the lowest cost way -
3:48 - 3:51of reducing pollution
and that's good for everyone. -
3:54 - 3:57If you want to test yourself,
click "Practice Questions." -
3:57 - 4:01Or, if you're ready to move on,
just click "Next Video." -
4:01 - 4:06♪ [music] ♪
- Title:
- Trading Pollution: How Pollution Permits Paradoxically Reduce Emissions
- Description:
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In an effort to reduce pollution, the government tried two policy prescriptions under the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. The first—command and control—mandated that each power plant lower its pollution by a determined amount. However, different firms face different cost curves and, because information is dispersed, policymakers don’t always know those costs. The second policy prescription—tradable pollution permits—empowered firms to use knowledge of their cost curves to buy or sell pollution permits as needed. Under this policy, the invisible hand of the market helped discover the lowest cost way of reducing pollution.
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- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- Marginal Revolution University
- Project:
- Micro
- Duration:
- 04:09
Martel Espiritu edited English subtitles for Trading Pollution: How Pollution Permits Paradoxically Reduce Emissions | ||
Martel Espiritu edited English subtitles for Trading Pollution: How Pollution Permits Paradoxically Reduce Emissions | ||
Martel Espiritu edited English subtitles for Trading Pollution: How Pollution Permits Paradoxically Reduce Emissions | ||
MRU2 edited English subtitles for Trading Pollution: How Pollution Permits Paradoxically Reduce Emissions | ||
MRUniversity edited English subtitles for Trading Pollution: How Pollution Permits Paradoxically Reduce Emissions |