How open borders make us safe | Andrew Solomon | TEDxExeter
-
0:16 - 0:22The great 19th-century naturalist
Alexander von Humboldt once said, -
0:23 - 0:26"There is no worldview so dangerous
-
0:27 - 0:30as the worldview of those
who have not viewed the world." -
0:31 - 0:35And I believe that travel
is a moral imperative -
0:35 - 0:37for those of us who can afford it,
-
0:37 - 0:41that we owe it to the world to be engaged.
-
0:43 - 0:48Everyone needs, at some point,
exposure to the larger world, -
0:48 - 0:50and I believe that if everyone spent
-
0:50 - 0:53two weeks in a foreign country
before the age of 30, -
0:53 - 0:57no matter where they went,
and no matter what they did there, -
0:57 - 1:01that half of the world's diplomatic
problems would be solved. -
1:01 - 1:06I think if the government understood
this social function of travel, -
1:06 - 1:09there would be government
programs to support travel -
1:09 - 1:14in the way that we have programs
to support health and education. -
1:15 - 1:17Travel is both a window and a mirror.
-
1:18 - 1:19It's a window,
-
1:19 - 1:23because it lets you see another society
and culture that you're visiting. -
1:23 - 1:26But it's a mirror
because when you go abroad, -
1:26 - 1:28you're stripped back
to your essential self, -
1:29 - 1:31and you see what that essential self is
-
1:31 - 1:34with the clarity you could never
otherwise achieve. -
1:35 - 1:38We all need to have our compatriots.
-
1:38 - 1:41If we don't have a place we call our own,
-
1:41 - 1:44figuring out who we are
is nearly impossible. -
1:44 - 1:46But without unlike people,
-
1:47 - 1:50you become a caricature of yourself.
-
1:50 - 1:52Neither model needs to win.
-
1:53 - 1:55Neither of them subverts the other.
-
1:56 - 2:01I'm a dual national of the United States
and the United Kingdom. -
2:01 - 2:06In the last year, I voted
against Brexit and against Trump, -
2:07 - 2:09and I lost both times.
-
2:09 - 2:10(Laughter)
-
2:11 - 2:14The results of those voting sessions,
-
2:14 - 2:16like the appointment
of nationalist governments -
2:16 - 2:21in Poland and Hungary
and Turkey and Russia -
2:21 - 2:26represents a rejection of human diversity
and of the open borders -
2:26 - 2:29that have characterised the world order.
-
2:30 - 2:35In the October Conservative
Party Conference, Theresa May said, -
2:36 - 2:40"There is no such thing
as a citizen of the world. -
2:40 - 2:45If you believe you are a citizen
of the world, you're a citizen of nowhere. -
2:45 - 2:50You don't understand
what the very word 'citizenship' means." -
2:51 - 2:53Theresa May is wrong.
-
2:54 - 2:57Patriotism is not nationalism,
-
2:58 - 3:03and you can love your own country
and love other countries too. -
3:04 - 3:06It's not a binary.
-
3:06 - 3:09If the identity politics
of the last 20 years -
3:09 - 3:10has given us nothing else,
-
3:10 - 3:14it has given us the vocabulary
of intersectionality, -
3:14 - 3:18the understanding that we all have
multiple identities all the time, -
3:19 - 3:24and that you can be old
and Conservative and British and gay, -
3:25 - 3:29or young and deaf and radical and French,
-
3:29 - 3:35or Anglo American and European
and a world citizen. -
3:36 - 3:38It's a hallmark of sophistication
-
3:38 - 3:42to tolerate and celebrate
coinciding identities, -
3:42 - 3:48and the absence of that ability
is a mark of alienation and objection. -
3:49 - 3:53But we err in presuming that because
we share the same problems, -
3:53 - 3:56we all require the same solutions.
-
3:57 - 4:02When I was working in Cambodia,
I met a woman named Phaly Nuon, -
4:02 - 4:06who had lived through unbelievable
horrors during the genocide there. -
4:07 - 4:12She had had to watch, been forced
to watch, while her daughter was raped -
4:12 - 4:14and then murdered in front of her.
-
4:14 - 4:16The baby she had died
-
4:16 - 4:19because she was too malnourished
to produce breast milk. -
4:20 - 4:25At the end of the war, she found herself
in a camp on the Thai border, -
4:26 - 4:28and she noticed, in that camp,
-
4:28 - 4:30that there were a lot
of women in particular, -
4:30 - 4:35who had somehow survived
the horrific indignities and atrocities, -
4:35 - 4:38but who are now just sitting
in front of their tents in the camp, -
4:38 - 4:42staring into space, not taking care
of their children, not doing anything. -
4:43 - 4:46She went to the people who ran the camps.
-
4:46 - 4:49They said, "We've got our hands full
with infectious diseases." -
4:49 - 4:51They said, "We can't do
anything about this." -
4:52 - 4:55So she decided she
would have to do something. -
4:55 - 4:58And she came up with what she
referred to, when talking to me, -
4:58 - 5:00as her "three-point program."
-
5:01 - 5:03She said, "First, I would go
to these women, -
5:04 - 5:06and I would teach them to forget -
-
5:07 - 5:09not that they would ever really
forget the horrible things -
5:09 - 5:11that had happened to them,
-
5:11 - 5:14but I would give them
other things to think about -
5:14 - 5:16and fill their mind a bit
with something else, -
5:16 - 5:19and that was the beginning
of a kind of forgetting. -
5:20 - 5:24After I'd taught them to forget,
I would teach them to work. -
5:25 - 5:27Some of them could do
no more than clean houses; -
5:27 - 5:32some showed a skill at handicrafts;
some could do other more advanced things, -
5:32 - 5:33but all of them needed something
-
5:33 - 5:37that they knew was their thing
that they could do." -
5:37 - 5:41She said, "Once I had taught them
to forget and to work, -
5:42 - 5:45I would teach them to perform
manicures and pedicures." -
5:46 - 5:48And I said, "I beg your pardon?"
-
5:48 - 5:49(Laughter)
-
5:49 - 5:53She said, "What people had lost most
in that Khmer Rouge period -
5:54 - 5:56was the ability to trust one another.
-
5:56 - 6:01These women had gone so many years
without any opportunity to feel beautiful. -
6:01 - 6:04I would invite them into my hut,
and fill it with steam, -
6:05 - 6:06and within minutes,
-
6:06 - 6:11they were holding out their hands and feet
to strangers bearing sharp implements." -
6:11 - 6:11(Laughter)
-
6:12 - 6:13"After a few minutes of that,
-
6:13 - 6:16they began to tell
one another their stories." -
6:16 - 6:22She said, "Then I tried to teach them
that these were not three separate skills, -
6:22 - 6:24but part of a single way of being.
-
6:25 - 6:28And when they understood that, why,
-
6:28 - 6:31they were ready to go
into the world again." -
6:32 - 6:36Now, democratic government
must be rooted in the view forward, -
6:36 - 6:38and that entails forgetting.
-
6:39 - 6:44But we must also strive
to work and to trust. -
6:44 - 6:50At the moment, we forget too well,
and we work and trust too badly. -
6:51 - 6:53During the campaign, Donald Trump said,
-
6:53 - 6:57"I've got no time to travel.
America needs my attention now." -
6:58 - 7:03Can you see America if you
don't sometimes gaze at it from abroad? -
7:04 - 7:08There is a feeling in all
of these nationalist movements -
7:08 - 7:11that difference is threatening
rather than beautiful. -
7:11 - 7:16And part of their shared function
is to disavow our humanity -
7:17 - 7:19Which is why it's not surprising
-
7:19 - 7:21that in the months
following the Brexit vote -
7:21 - 7:26London's Metropolitan Police Commissioner
spoke of a horrible spike in hate crimes, -
7:27 - 7:31while the Southern Poverty
Law Center in the US recorded -
7:31 - 7:36more than 1,000 hate-fueled incidents
in the three weeks following the election. -
7:37 - 7:39When we don't know one another,
-
7:39 - 7:42it's much easier for us
to kill one another. -
7:43 - 7:47When I was about six,
I was in the car with my father. -
7:47 - 7:49We were driving in the country.
-
7:50 - 7:51He started to tell me a story
-
7:51 - 7:54which included an allusion
to the Holocaust. -
7:54 - 7:58He thought I knew about it, and I didn't.
-
7:58 - 8:02I asked him to explain it,
and he explained it, -
8:02 - 8:05and it didn't make sense to me,
and I asked him to explain it again. -
8:06 - 8:09He explained it again,
and when I asked him the third time, -
8:09 - 8:12he said, "It was pure evil."
-
8:12 - 8:16He said it in a tone of voice
that was meant to end the conversation. -
8:16 - 8:18But I had one more question.
-
8:19 - 8:25I said, "But why didn't those Jews
just leave when everything got so bad?" -
8:26 - 8:31My father said, "They had no place to go."
-
8:32 - 8:36I remember thinking, even then,
even when I was six years old, -
8:36 - 8:39that I was never going to be
one of those people, -
8:40 - 8:43that I would always have some place to go,
-
8:43 - 8:45that I would have people
ready to welcome me -
8:45 - 8:49with open arms on every
inhabited continent. -
8:49 - 8:52And it became a defining part of my life.
-
8:53 - 8:57We're in a moment of isolationism,
when people have forgotten -
8:57 - 9:02that the nexus of safety
is having many places to go. -
9:03 - 9:05I was in Moscow about a year ago
-
9:05 - 9:09when Putin had brought through
some of his autocratic measures. -
9:09 - 9:12I was with Andre Reuter, someone
I've known for many, many years, -
9:12 - 9:15who was involved
in the resistance to the Putsch, -
9:15 - 9:17when the Soviet Union ended,
-
9:17 - 9:21and who had fought idealistically
for freedom and justice. -
9:21 - 9:23I said to him, "Do you regret it?
-
9:24 - 9:27Do you now regret that you gave
so much energy to those hopes -
9:27 - 9:28that have not been realised?"
-
9:29 - 9:34He looked at me and said,
"Do I regret it? No, I don't regret it. -
9:34 - 9:38It's in the engine of everything
I've done or thought since then." -
9:39 - 9:44He said, "That moment of idealism
was like a happy childhood. -
9:44 - 9:47It was a thing on which you can build
-
9:47 - 9:50to deal with everything
that comes along afterwards. -
9:50 - 9:52And I realised in that moment
-
9:53 - 9:56that a crushed hope
is suffused with nobility -
9:56 - 9:59that mere hopelessness can never know,
-
9:59 - 10:03and that the moment when things shift
can be valuable in the present tense, -
10:03 - 10:06no matter where the shift itself leads,
-
10:06 - 10:12and that change occurs only
after hope's multiple inceptions. -
10:13 - 10:17In February of 2002,
just after the invasion, -
10:18 - 10:19I went to Afghanistan.
-
10:19 - 10:22I went in good part because I thought
it could not be a country -
10:22 - 10:27composed entirely of war-like peasants
and corrupt bureaucrats, -
10:27 - 10:31which was the image it had in much
of the Western press at the time. -
10:32 - 10:35I had someone there
who was my translator and fixer, -
10:35 - 10:38and who remains a great friend: Farouq.
-
10:38 - 10:41I'd said to him that I wanted
to get one of those those fur hats -
10:41 - 10:43like the ones Karzai wore.
-
10:44 - 10:45Farouq said, "Oh, if you want that,
-
10:45 - 10:49we have to go to that street
of the hat makers and commission one. -
10:49 - 10:50So we went and ordered a hat,
-
10:50 - 10:52and the next day,
we went back to pick it up. -
10:53 - 10:56And Farouq said, "Our next appointment
is just five minutes from here." -
10:56 - 10:59He said, "We can just walk
right through that market." -
10:59 - 11:02And I said "Okay," and at the time,
-
11:02 - 11:05most of the people from the West
who were in Afghanistan -
11:05 - 11:07were either UN or military,
-
11:07 - 11:10and they weren't allowed to walk
through things like crowded markets. -
11:11 - 11:13So we're walking along
and Farouq said to me, -
11:13 - 11:15"Put on your hat."
-
11:15 - 11:19I said, "Farouq, foreigners
going native look ridiculous." -
11:19 - 11:20(Laughter)
-
11:20 - 11:22"I'm not going to put on my hat."
-
11:22 - 11:23He said, "Oh come on."
-
11:23 - 11:25I said, "Really, Farouq, I'd rather not."
-
11:25 - 11:27And he said, "Please, put your hat."
-
11:27 - 11:30And I said "Okay, I'll put on my hat."
-
11:31 - 11:36So I put on my hat, and suddenly,
everyone around us burst into applause. -
11:36 - 11:37(Laughter)
-
11:37 - 11:40And one old man stepped forward
and he embraced me. -
11:41 - 11:45He said, "You were a foreigner,
but you have come to our country, -
11:45 - 11:47you are here in the market with us,
-
11:47 - 11:51you are wearing a real Afghan hat
in the real Afghan way, -
11:51 - 11:55and we want you to know
that you are welcome here." -
11:57 - 12:02About a week later, I was interviewing
three women activists, -
12:02 - 12:06and they came to meet me,
and they arrived wearing burkas, -
12:06 - 12:09and they took off their burkas immediately
so that we could sit and talk. -
12:09 - 12:14But I said to them,
"It's no longer Taliban rule. -
12:14 - 12:17You no longer have to wear those things.
Why are you still wearing them?" -
12:18 - 12:22The first woman said, "Well, if I go out
without a burka and I get raped, -
12:22 - 12:24everyone will say
that it was my own fault." -
12:25 - 12:29The second one said,
"Well, if I go out without a burka, -
12:29 - 12:32and the Taliban comes back to power,
-
12:32 - 12:35they might punish anyone they know
has been out without a burka." -
12:36 - 12:41But the third one said to me,
"I swore when the Taliban failed, -
12:41 - 12:45that I would burn this garment
and never see its like again. -
12:47 - 12:52But after five years, you grow
accustomed to being invisible, -
12:53 - 12:57and the prospect of being visible
again is very stressful." -
12:58 - 13:01I understood that, for this woman,
-
13:01 - 13:05her invisibility gave her
a kind of freedom. -
13:05 - 13:11But I also recognised that
that freedom is itself a prison, -
13:11 - 13:15and recognised that it's often
the people who are the least free, -
13:16 - 13:18who understand freedom most deeply.
-
13:19 - 13:20As Tony Morrison said,
-
13:20 - 13:25"After you are set free,
you must claim a freed self." -
13:26 - 13:30In a free society, you have a chance
to achieve your ambitions. -
13:31 - 13:33In an unfree one, you lack that choice,
-
13:34 - 13:37which often makes
for more visionary ambitions. -
13:38 - 13:42People who are constrained often
use their words most powerfully, -
13:42 - 13:46but the word "freedom" is a verb.
-
13:46 - 13:50You have to relive
and achieve it again each day. -
13:50 - 13:52It does not sit static.
-
13:52 - 13:56It is not a state
to be presumed continuous. -
13:56 - 14:00And it takes so much time
and so much commitment -
14:01 - 14:02to build freedom.
-
14:03 - 14:08And yet, hard-won freedoms
can be obliterated with alarming rapidity. -
14:09 - 14:14Nazism, apartheid,
Hutu Power, Greater Serbia - -
14:14 - 14:18each of those arrived and swept away
the justice that had preceded it. -
14:20 - 14:24When I was in China,
I spent time with Zhang Peili, -
14:24 - 14:30an artist who was among the students
in revolt in Tiananmen Square in 1989. -
14:30 - 14:35He was there, he fled the scene,
he made a painting of what he had seen -
14:35 - 14:37and hung it from a bridge in Hangzhou,
-
14:37 - 14:40then had to go into hiding
because he was a wanted man. -
14:41 - 14:46He said to me, "You know, probably,
it was the right thing what happened, -
14:46 - 14:50because if it hadn't,
there would have been a revolution, -
14:50 - 14:53and hundreds and hundreds
of thousands of people might have died." -
14:54 - 14:58I said, "But Peili,
how can you possibly say that? -
14:58 - 15:01You almost gave your life for this.
You went into hiding for this. -
15:01 - 15:04You believed so strongly
in that student protest." -
15:05 - 15:10And he said, "I'm an artist,
and idealism is my right as an artist. -
15:10 - 15:16But idealism in the hands
of a leader is a terrible thing." -
15:18 - 15:20My husband and I, our family,
-
15:20 - 15:25recently took in a Libyan
refugee named Hassan. -
15:25 - 15:30We did so in part because the lives
we live as gay Americans -
15:31 - 15:36are such an abstract privilege
to gay people from his part of the world, -
15:36 - 15:38and to so many gay people
around the world, -
15:38 - 15:41and partly out of the sense
that we all have a moral obligation -
15:41 - 15:44to help in this time of refugees,
-
15:44 - 15:47and partly because we wanted
to send a message, -
15:48 - 15:54to our children, to our friends,
and even to ourselves, -
15:54 - 15:58that this much-maligned
"other" can be someone -
15:58 - 16:02who is not only familiar, but also loved.
-
16:03 - 16:07It's political for us to have Hassan
as a member of our household, -
16:08 - 16:12even though he's coaching our son
in football, and working in a hospital, -
16:12 - 16:17and bakes fantastic cakes,
and makes us all laugh. -
16:18 - 16:23I had hoped that time would divest
his presence of its politics, -
16:23 - 16:28but that eventuality slipped away from us,
on the U.S. election night. -
16:29 - 16:34The Italian political theorist
Antonio Gramsci once said -
16:34 - 16:40that revolution requires pessimism
of the intellect and optimism of the will. -
16:40 - 16:44And I think all social change requires
-
16:44 - 16:48pessimism of the intellect
and optimism of the will. -
16:48 - 16:51At the time that apartheid
was winding down, -
16:51 - 16:54I went to report in South Africa.
-
16:54 - 16:58I felt I was coming from the society
in which democracy functions -
16:58 - 17:02to one where that was only
a distant hope on the horizon. -
17:02 - 17:05But these things can turn around.
-
17:05 - 17:07Just after the election in November,
-
17:07 - 17:09the South African artist,
William Kentridge, -
17:09 - 17:12with whom I'd spent a lot of time,
came to New York, -
17:12 - 17:15and we talked about what had happened.
-
17:15 - 17:20He said, "What is most shocking
is not how shocked you are now, -
17:20 - 17:24but how unshocked you will be
in six months' time." -
17:25 - 17:29I took that as an invitation
to stay shocked. -
17:29 - 17:32(Laughter) (Applause)
-
17:36 - 17:37Thank you.
-
17:37 - 17:40Staying shocked is a long game.
-
17:40 - 17:45It requires that we resist the ways
that repetition desensitises us, -
17:46 - 17:53and recognise that we, as a society,
are right now at risk of becoming brutal -
17:53 - 17:56and we must resist that tendency.
-
17:56 - 17:58Travel is the opposite of chauvinism.
-
17:59 - 18:01Chauvinism is a curling inward.
-
18:01 - 18:04Travel is an opening outward.
-
18:04 - 18:06And witnessing a global world
-
18:07 - 18:10is one of the best ways
to make a global world. -
18:11 - 18:14The American poet Robert Frost wrote,
-
18:14 - 18:21"Before I built a wall I'd ask to know
What I was walling in or walling out, -
18:22 - 18:24And to whom I was likely to give offence.
-
18:25 - 18:28Something there is
that doesn't love a wall, -
18:29 - 18:31That wants it down."
-
18:31 - 18:34To which the neighbour
in the poem can only say, -
18:34 - 18:36"Good fences make good neighbours."
-
18:36 - 18:41But history shows us that good fences
mostly make real enemies. -
18:42 - 18:45Donald Trump is talking
of this great project -
18:45 - 18:48to build a wall between
the United States and Mexico. -
18:48 - 18:52Great Britain has been working
on the great wall of Calais, -
18:52 - 18:56which is supposed to prevent
illegal immigration from the continent. -
18:56 - 18:58The peace walls in Northern Ireland
-
18:58 - 19:01are now going to be retained
in some places. -
19:01 - 19:03Hungary has sworn to the construction
-
19:03 - 19:07of a massive border fence
all around the country. -
19:07 - 19:11And Israel is well on its way
to being a walled nation. -
19:11 - 19:15Walls are concrete symbols of exclusion,
-
19:15 - 19:19and exclusion often hurts
those who are excluding -
19:19 - 19:23as much as it hurts
those who are excluded. -
19:23 - 19:26And this process entails an overlooking
-
19:26 - 19:30of how the liberal world order
benefits all nations, -
19:30 - 19:34and it shows a callow disregard
for the spread of war, -
19:35 - 19:37for nuclear proliferation.
-
19:37 - 19:40It would make America weak again -
-
19:41 - 19:43and Britain too.
-
19:43 - 19:47It's a trivialising of it delicate peace
forged after two world wars, -
19:47 - 19:49which is never a given.
-
19:50 - 19:53Because walls are our burkas;
-
19:54 - 19:59they're symbols of safety
that oppress us terribly, -
19:59 - 20:01and we suffer under them.
-
20:02 - 20:05Those of us who champion internationalism
-
20:05 - 20:08have to acknowledge
that it can be confusing -
20:08 - 20:09and difficult to negotiate.
-
20:10 - 20:12The cheap labor closes jobs in the West
-
20:12 - 20:16while Western management
exploits the world's scattered poor. -
20:17 - 20:18We have to remember
-
20:18 - 20:21that language gaps lead
to misunderstandings, -
20:21 - 20:23and that values are often challenged.
-
20:24 - 20:30But so long as the world is infected
with war and starvation and poverty, -
20:30 - 20:35there will be people striving to escape
troubled and impoverished places -
20:35 - 20:39to apparently less troubled
and more prosperous ones. -
20:40 - 20:43They don't go because emigration is fun.
-
20:44 - 20:46They don't go to exploit places.
-
20:47 - 20:49They don't go without regret.
-
20:49 - 20:54They stay shocked,
whether they want to or not. -
20:55 - 20:59Reporting from Tripoli
on the end of the Gaddafi regime, -
20:59 - 21:04I interviewed all of the ministers
in his government. -
21:04 - 21:09I was struck that everyone I met,
who wanted rapprochement with the West -
21:09 - 21:14had lived or studied in the US,
the UK, or Western Europe. -
21:14 - 21:18And that everyone who wanted Libya
to remain a rogue terrorist state -
21:18 - 21:20had not done so.
-
21:21 - 21:24Quarantining otherness, locking people out
-
21:25 - 21:28breeds an ignorance of us
that engenders hatred. -
21:29 - 21:32It is openness that makes us safe.
-
21:32 - 21:35It's striking that New York and London,
-
21:35 - 21:38the cities with the largest
immigrant populations, -
21:38 - 21:42are much less afraid of immigration
than people in outlying areas. -
21:43 - 21:47The people who are most afraid
of immigrants have never met one. -
21:48 - 21:50Building walls does not
address their problems. -
21:51 - 21:54it's a weakness masquerading
as a fortification. -
21:55 - 21:59Engaging is the only way forward.
-
22:00 - 22:03Theresa May had it inside out.
-
22:04 - 22:08We must take action
as citizens of our countries, -
22:08 - 22:10yet embrace the larger whole.
-
22:11 - 22:16Believing we cannot be citizens
of the world will lose us the world -
22:17 - 22:19of which we might have been citizens.
-
22:19 - 22:20Thank you.
-
22:20 - 22:23(Applause)
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22:24 - 22:25Thank you.
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22:27 - 22:28Thank you.
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22:28 - 22:31(Applause)
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22:31 - 22:35Thank you, thank you.
- Title:
- How open borders make us safe | Andrew Solomon | TEDxExeter
- Description:
-
Identifying a dangerous isolationist trend behind the election of President Donald Trump in the US and the Brexit vote in the UK, renowned author and TED speaker Andrew Solomon makes a passionate case for the personal and political benefits of travel. He argues that discovering other countries is the best way of finding ourselves, while ignorance of other cultures gives rise to fear, suspicion and war.
This talk was given at a TEDx event using the TED conference format but independently organized by a local community. Learn more at https://www.ted.com/tedx
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TEDxTalks
- Duration:
- 22:36
Ellen edited English subtitles for How open borders make us safe | Andrew Solomon | TEDxExeter | ||
Ellen approved English subtitles for How open borders make us safe | Andrew Solomon | TEDxExeter | ||
Ellen accepted English subtitles for How open borders make us safe | Andrew Solomon | TEDxExeter | ||
Ellen edited English subtitles for How open borders make us safe | Andrew Solomon | TEDxExeter | ||
Riaki Ponist edited English subtitles for How open borders make us safe | Andrew Solomon | TEDxExeter | ||
Riaki Ponist edited English subtitles for How open borders make us safe | Andrew Solomon | TEDxExeter | ||
Riaki Ponist edited English subtitles for How open borders make us safe | Andrew Solomon | TEDxExeter | ||
Riaki Ponist edited English subtitles for How open borders make us safe | Andrew Solomon | TEDxExeter |