Willful blindness | Margaret Heffernan | TEDxDanubia
-
0:07 - 0:10In the northwest corner
of the United States, -
0:10 - 0:13right up near the Canadian border,
-
0:13 - 0:17there's a little town
called Libby, Montana. -
0:17 - 0:19And it's surrounded by pine trees
-
0:19 - 0:25and lakes, and just amazing wildlife,
-
0:26 - 0:30and these enormous trees
that scream up into the sky. -
0:31 - 0:34And in there is a little town
called Libby, -
0:35 - 0:36which I visited,
-
0:37 - 0:41which feels kind of lonely,
a little isolated. -
0:41 - 0:43And in Libby, Montana,
-
0:43 - 0:47there's a rather unusual woman
named Gayla Benefield. -
0:47 - 0:49She always felt
a little bit of an outsider, -
0:49 - 0:52although she's been there
almost all her life -
0:52 - 0:54—a woman of Russian extraction.
-
0:54 - 0:56She told me that when she went to school,
-
0:56 - 1:01she was the only girl who ever chose
to do mechanical drawing. -
1:02 - 1:05Later in life, she got a job
going house to house -
1:05 - 1:09reading utility meters,
gas meters, electricity meters. -
1:09 - 1:13And she was doing the work
in the middle of the day. -
1:13 - 1:16And one thing particularly
caught her notice, which was, -
1:16 - 1:21in the middle of the day, she met
a lot of men who were at home -
1:22 - 1:25— middle-aged, late middle-aged —
-
1:25 - 1:29and a lot of them seemed
to be on oxygen tanks. -
1:30 - 1:32Struck her as strange.
-
1:32 - 1:36Then, a few years later,
her father died at the age of 59, -
1:36 - 1:40five days before he was due
to receive his pension. -
1:40 - 1:43"He'd been a miner," she thought,
-
1:43 - 1:46"he must just have been worn out
by the work." -
1:47 - 1:49But then, a few years later,
-
1:49 - 1:51her mother died,
-
1:51 - 1:53and that seemed stranger still,
-
1:53 - 1:56because her mother came
from a long line of people -
1:56 - 1:59who just seemed to live forever.
-
2:00 - 2:06In fact, Gayla's uncle is still alive
to this day and learning how to waltz. -
2:06 - 2:08It didn't make sense
-
2:08 - 2:12that Gayla's mother
should die so young. -
2:12 - 2:14It was an anomaly
-
2:14 - 2:16and she kept puzzling over those anomalies
-
2:16 - 2:19and as she did, other ones came to mind.
-
2:19 - 2:22She remembered, for example,
when her mother had broken a leg -
2:22 - 2:25and went in the hospital
and she had a lot of X-rays. -
2:25 - 2:28Two of them were leg X-rays,
which made sense, -
2:28 - 2:31but six of them were chest X-rays,
which didn't. -
2:33 - 2:38She puzzled and puzzled over every piece
of her life and her parent's life, -
2:38 - 2:41trying to understand what she was seeing.
-
2:41 - 2:44She thought about her town.
-
2:44 - 2:47The town had a vermiculite mine in it.
-
2:47 - 2:50Vermiculite was used
for soil conditioners, -
2:50 - 2:53to make plants grow faster and better.
-
2:53 - 2:56Vermiculite was used to insulate lofts;
-
2:56 - 2:59huge amounts of it, put under the roof
-
2:59 - 3:02to keep houses warm
during the long Montana winters. -
3:02 - 3:04Vermiculite was in the playground,
-
3:04 - 3:08it was in the football ground,
it was in the skating rink. -
3:09 - 3:13What she didn't learn
until she started working this problem, -
3:13 - 3:17is vermiculite is
a very toxic form of asbestos. -
3:19 - 3:21When she figured out the puzzle,
-
3:21 - 3:24she started telling everyone she could.
-
3:24 - 3:27What it happened,
what had been done to her parents, -
3:27 - 3:30and to the people
that she saw on oxygen tanks, -
3:30 - 3:33at home, in the afternoons.
-
3:33 - 3:35But she was really amazed, she thought:
-
3:35 - 3:37"When everybody knows,
they will want to do something." -
3:37 - 3:39But actually, nobody wanted to know.
-
3:39 - 3:44In fact, she became so annoying
as she kept insisting on telling the story -
3:44 - 3:47to her neighbours, to her friends,
to other people in the community, -
3:47 - 3:51that eventually, a bunch of them
got together and made a bumper sticker -
3:51 - 3:54which they proudly displayed
on their cars, which said: -
3:54 - 4:00"Yes, I'm from Libby, Montana,
and no, I don't have asbestosis." -
4:02 - 4:04But Gayla didn't stop.
-
4:04 - 4:06She kept doing research.
-
4:06 - 4:09The advent of the Internet
definitely helped her. -
4:09 - 4:10She talked to anybody she could.
-
4:10 - 4:14She argued and argued
and finally she struck lucky -
4:14 - 4:18when a researcher came through town
studying the history of mines in the area. -
4:18 - 4:20And she told him her story,
-
4:20 - 4:24and at first, of course,
like everyone, he didn't believe her, -
4:24 - 4:27but he went back to Seattle
and he did his own research, -
4:27 - 4:30and he realised that she was right.
-
4:31 - 4:34So, now, she had an ally.
-
4:35 - 4:37Nevertheless, people
still didn't want to know. -
4:37 - 4:41They said things like: "Well,
if it were really dangerous, -
4:41 - 4:43someone would have told us."
-
4:44 - 4:47"If that's really why everyone was dying,
-
4:47 - 4:51the doctors would have told us."
-
4:52 - 4:55Some of the guys used to
very heavy jobs, said: -
4:55 - 4:58"I don't want to be a victim,
I can't possibly be a victim, -
4:58 - 5:03and anyway, every industry
has its accidents." -
5:06 - 5:08But still, Gayla went on,
-
5:08 - 5:12and finally succeeded in getting
a federal agency to come to town -
5:12 - 5:16and to screen the inhabitants of the town,
-
5:16 - 5:1915,000 people.
-
5:19 - 5:21And what they discovered
-
5:21 - 5:24was that the town had a mortality rate
-
5:24 - 5:3080 times higher than anywhere
in the United States. -
5:31 - 5:33That was in 2002,
-
5:33 - 5:35and even at that moment,
-
5:35 - 5:37no one raised their hand to say:
-
5:37 - 5:43"Gayla, look in the playground
where your grandchildren are playing. -
5:43 - 5:46It's lined with vermiculite."
-
5:48 - 5:51This wasn't ignorance.
-
5:51 - 5:54It was willful blindness.
-
5:54 - 5:56Willful blindness is a legal concept
-
5:56 - 6:01which means if there's information
that you could know and you should know -
6:01 - 6:04but you somehow manage not to know,
-
6:04 - 6:06the law deems
that you are willfully blind, -
6:06 - 6:09you have chosen not to know.
-
6:10 - 6:14There's a lot of willful blindness
around these days. -
6:14 - 6:18You can see willful blindness in banks,
-
6:18 - 6:22when thousands of people sold mortgages
to people who couldn't afford them. -
6:22 - 6:26You could see them in banks
when interest rates were manipulated -
6:26 - 6:28and everyone around
knew what was going on, -
6:28 - 6:31but everyone studiously ignored it.
-
6:31 - 6:35You can see willful blindness
in the Catholic Church, -
6:35 - 6:39where decades of child abuse went ignored.
-
6:39 - 6:42You could see willful blindness
-
6:42 - 6:45in the run-up to the Iraq war.
-
6:46 - 6:50Willful blindness exists
on epic scales like those, -
6:50 - 6:53and it also exists on very small scales,
-
6:53 - 6:57in people's families,
in people's homes and communities, -
6:57 - 7:01and particularly,
in organizations and institutions. -
7:03 - 7:06Companies that had been studied
for willful blindness, -
7:06 - 7:09can be asked questions like:
-
7:09 - 7:12"Are there issues at work
-
7:12 - 7:15that people are afraid to raise?"
-
7:15 - 7:18And when academics
have done studies like these -
7:18 - 7:20--of corporations in the United States--
-
7:20 - 7:24what they find is 85% of people say yes.
-
7:25 - 7:2885% of people know there's a problem,
-
7:28 - 7:31but they won't say anything.
-
7:31 - 7:34And when I duplicated
the research in Europe, -
7:34 - 7:37asking all the same questions,
-
7:37 - 7:40I found exactly the same number,
-
7:40 - 7:4185%.
-
7:42 - 7:44That's a lot of silence.
-
7:44 - 7:46It's a lot of blindness.
-
7:46 - 7:47And what's really interesting
-
7:47 - 7:50is that when I go to companies
in Switzerland, they tell me, -
7:50 - 7:53"This is a uniquely Swiss problem."
-
7:53 - 7:54And when I go to Germany they say,
-
7:54 - 7:57"Oh yes, this is the German disease."
-
7:57 - 7:59And when I go to companies
in England, they say: -
7:59 - 8:03"Oh yeah, the British
are really bad at this." -
8:03 - 8:05And the truth is
-
8:05 - 8:08this is a human problem.
-
8:08 - 8:09We're all,
-
8:09 - 8:11under certain circumstances,
-
8:11 - 8:13willfully blind.
-
8:14 - 8:18What the research shows is
that some people are blind out of fear, -
8:18 - 8:20they're afraid of retaliation,
-
8:20 - 8:23and some people are blind
because they think: -
8:23 - 8:28"Well, seeing anything is just futile,
nothing's ever going to change. -
8:28 - 8:31If we make a protest,
if we protest against the Iraq war, -
8:31 - 8:33nothing changes, so why bother?
-
8:33 - 8:36Better not to see this stuff at all."
-
8:37 - 8:41And the recurrent theme that I encounter
all the time is people say: -
8:41 - 8:46"Well you know, the people
who do see, they're whistleblowers, -
8:46 - 8:49and we all know what happens to them."
-
8:49 - 8:53So there's this profound mythology
around whistleblowers -
8:53 - 8:56which says, first of all,
they're all crazy. -
8:57 - 9:01But what I've found going around the world
and talking to whistleblowers -
9:01 - 9:04is, actually, they're very loyal
-
9:04 - 9:07and quite often, very conservative people.
-
9:07 - 9:11They're hugely dedicated
to the institutions that they work for -
9:11 - 9:16and the reason that they speak up,
the reason they insist on seeing, -
9:16 - 9:20is because they care so much
about the institution -
9:20 - 9:22and want to keep it healthy.
-
9:23 - 9:27And the other thing that people
often say about whistleblowers -
9:27 - 9:29is: "Well, there's no point
-
9:29 - 9:31because you see what happens to them,
-
9:31 - 9:34they're crushed, they're destroyed.
-
9:34 - 9:38Nobody would want
to go through something like that." -
9:38 - 9:41And yet, when I talk to whistleblowers,
-
9:41 - 9:45the recurrent tone that I hear, is pride.
-
9:47 - 9:49I think of Joe Darby.
-
9:49 - 9:52We all remember
the photographs of Abu Ghraib, -
9:52 - 9:55which so shocked the world
-
9:55 - 9:59and showed the kind of war
that was being fought in Iraq. -
9:59 - 10:02But I wonder who remembers Joe Darby,
-
10:02 - 10:05the very obedient, good soldier
-
10:05 - 10:08who found those photographs
-
10:08 - 10:10and handed them in.
-
10:10 - 10:12And he said:
-
10:12 - 10:15"You know, I'm not the kind
of guy to rat people out, -
10:15 - 10:18but some things just crossed the line.
-
10:18 - 10:20Ignorance is bliss, they say,
-
10:20 - 10:24but you can't put up
with things like this." -
10:24 - 10:27I talked to Steve Bolsin,
a British doctor, -
10:27 - 10:30who fought for five years
-
10:30 - 10:34to draw attention to a dangerous surgeon
-
10:34 - 10:36who was killing babies.
-
10:36 - 10:38And I asked him
why he did it, and he said: -
10:38 - 10:42"Well, it was really my daughter
who prompted me to do it. -
10:42 - 10:44She came up to me one night
and she just said: -
10:44 - 10:47Dad, you can't let the kids die."
-
10:48 - 10:51Or I think of Cynthia Thomas,
-
10:51 - 10:55a really loyal army daughter
and army wife, -
10:55 - 11:00who, as she saw her friends and relations
coming back from the Iraq war, -
11:00 - 11:04was so shocked by their mental condition,
-
11:04 - 11:08and the refusal of the military
to recognise and acknowledge -
11:08 - 11:11Post Traumatic Stress Syndrome,
-
11:11 - 11:13that she set up a café
-
11:13 - 11:16in the middle of a military town
-
11:16 - 11:22to give them legal, psychological,
and medical assistance. -
11:22 - 11:23And she said to me:
-
11:23 - 11:27"You know Margaret, I always used to say
-
11:27 - 11:31I didn't know what I wanted
to be when I grow up, -
11:31 - 11:35but I found myself in this cause
-
11:35 - 11:38and I'll never be the same."
-
11:40 - 11:44We all enjoy so many freedoms today,
-
11:44 - 11:46hard-won freedoms:
-
11:46 - 11:49the freedom to write and publish
without fear of censorship, -
11:49 - 11:53a freedom that wasn't here
the last time I came to Hungary. -
11:53 - 11:55A freedom to vote,
-
11:55 - 11:58which women in particular
had to fight so hard for. -
11:58 - 12:00The freedom for people
of different ethnicities, -
12:00 - 12:03and cultures, and sexual orientation,
-
12:03 - 12:05to live the way that they want.
-
12:06 - 12:08But freedom doesn't exist,
-
12:08 - 12:10if you don't use it.
-
12:11 - 12:13And what whistleblowers do,
-
12:13 - 12:16and what people like Gayla Benefield do,
-
12:16 - 12:19is they use the freedom that they have.
-
12:20 - 12:23And what they're very prepared to do
-
12:23 - 12:26is recognise that "yes,
this is going to be an argument, -
12:26 - 12:29and yes, I'm going to have a lot of rouse
-
12:29 - 12:33with my neighbours
and my colleagues and my friends. -
12:33 - 12:37But I'm going to become
very good at this conflict. -
12:37 - 12:39I'm going to take on the naysayers
-
12:39 - 12:44because they'll make
my argument better and stronger. -
12:44 - 12:47I can collaborate with my opponents
-
12:47 - 12:50to become better at what I do."
-
12:50 - 12:54These are people of immense persistence,
-
12:54 - 12:56incredible patience,
-
12:56 - 12:59and an absolute determination
-
12:59 - 13:01not to be blind
-
13:01 - 13:03and not to be silent.
-
13:04 - 13:07When I went to Libby, Montana,
-
13:07 - 13:10I visited the asbestosis clinic
-
13:10 - 13:14that Gayla Benefield brought into being.
-
13:14 - 13:16A place where, at first,
-
13:16 - 13:21some of the people, who wanted help
and needed medical attention, -
13:21 - 13:23went in the back door,
-
13:23 - 13:27because they didn't want
to acknowledge that she'd been right. -
13:28 - 13:31I sat in a diner and I watched
-
13:31 - 13:35as trucks drove up and down the highway
-
13:35 - 13:39carting away the earth out of gardens,
-
13:39 - 13:42and replacing it
-
13:42 - 13:45with fresh uncontaminated soil.
-
13:46 - 13:49I took my 12-year-old daughter with me
-
13:49 - 13:52because I really wanted her to meet Gayla.
-
13:52 - 13:55And she said, "Why? What's the big deal?"
-
13:55 - 13:59I said: "She's not a movie star,
and she's not a celebrity, -
13:59 - 14:02and she's not an expert,
-
14:02 - 14:06and Gayla's the first person
who'd say she's not a saint. -
14:07 - 14:10The really important thing about Gayla
-
14:10 - 14:13is she's ordinary."
-
14:13 - 14:17She's like you, and she's like me.
-
14:18 - 14:21She had freedom,
-
14:21 - 14:23and she was ready to use it.
-
14:24 - 14:25Thank you very much.
-
14:25 - 14:26(Applause)
- Title:
- Willful blindness | Margaret Heffernan | TEDxDanubia
- Description:
-
This talk was given at a local TEDx event, produced independently of the TED conferences.
Margaret Heffernan is a passionate believer in honesty, creative conflict and courage which are needed to overcome our fears and help us widen and enrich the people and ideas we were prepared to engage with. - Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TEDxTalks
- Duration:
- 14:48
Denise RQ edited English subtitles for Willful blindness | Margaret Heffernan | TEDxDanubia | ||
Denise RQ edited English subtitles for Willful blindness | Margaret Heffernan | TEDxDanubia | ||
Denise RQ edited English subtitles for Willful blindness | Margaret Heffernan | TEDxDanubia | ||
Denise RQ approved English subtitles for Willful blindness | Margaret Heffernan | TEDxDanubia | ||
Denise RQ edited English subtitles for Willful blindness | Margaret Heffernan | TEDxDanubia | ||
Denise RQ edited English subtitles for Willful blindness | Margaret Heffernan | TEDxDanubia | ||
Denise RQ edited English subtitles for Willful blindness | Margaret Heffernan | TEDxDanubia | ||
Denise RQ edited English subtitles for Willful blindness | Margaret Heffernan | TEDxDanubia |