The fascinating places scientists aren't exploring

So I've got something that I'm
slightly embarrassed to admit to.

At the age of 17,

as a Creationist,

I decided to go to university
to study evolution

so that I could destroy it.

(Laughter)

I failed.

I failed so spectacularly
that I'm now an evolutionary biologist.

(Applause)

So I'm a paleoanthropologist,
I'm a National Geographic explorer

specializing in fossil hunting in caves

in unstable, hostile
and disputed territories.

And we all know that
if I was a guy and not a girl,

that wouldn't be a job description,
that would be a pick-up line.

(Laughter)

Now, here's the thing.

I do not have a death wish.

I'm not an adrenaline junkie.

I just looked at a map.

See, frontline exploratory science
does not happen as much

in politically unstable territories.

This is a map of all the places
which the British Foreign Office

have declared contain
red zones, orange zones,

or have raised some kind
of a threat warning about.

Now I'm going to go out on a limb here
and say that it is a tragedy

if we're not doing frontline exploratory
science in a huge portion of the planet.

And so science, science has
a geography problem.

Also, as a paleoanthropologist,

guys, this is basically a map
of some of the most important places

in the human journey.

There are almost definitely
fascinating fossils to be found here.

But are we looking for them?

And so as an undergraduate,
I was repeatedly told

that humans, be they ourselves,
homo sapiens, or earlier species,

that we left Africa
via the Sinai of Egypt.

I'm English, as you can
probably tell from my accent,

but I am actually of Arab heritage,

and I always say that I'm very,
very Arab on the outside.

You know, I can really be passionate.

Like, "You're amazing! I love you!"

But on the inside, I'm really English,
so everybody irritates me.

(Laughter)

It's true.

And the thing is, my family
are Arab from Yemen,

and I knew that that channel,

Bab el-Mandeb,

is not that much of a feat to cross.

And I kept asking myself
this really simple question:

if the ancestors to New World monkeys
could somehow cross the Atlantic Ocean,

why couldn't humans cross
that tiny stretch of water?

But the thing is, Yemen,

compared to, let's say, Europe,

was so understudied

that it was something akin
to near virgin territory.

But that, along with its location,
made the sheer potential for discovery

so exciting,

and I had so many questions.

When did we first
start using Bab el-Mandeb?

But also, which species of human
besides ourselves made it to Yemen?

Might we find a species
as yet unknown to science?

And it turned out, I wasn't the only one
who had noticed Yemen's potential.

There was actually a few other
academics out there.

But sadly, due to political instability,
they moved out, and so I moved in.

And I was looking for caves:

caves because caves
are the original prime real estate,

but also because if you're looking
for fossils in that kind of heat,

your best bet for fossil preservation
is always going to be caves.

But then, Yemen took a really sad
turn for the worse,

and just a few days before I was due
to fly out to Yemen,

the civil war escalated
into a regional conflict,

the capital's airport was bombed,

and Yemen became a no-fly zone.

Now, my parents made this decision
before I was born

that I would be born British.

I had nothing to do
with the best decision of my life.

And now, now the lucky ones
in my family have escaped,

and the others, the others
are being been bombed

and send you WhatsApp messages
that made you detest your very existence.

This war's been going on for four years.

It's been going on for over four years,

and it has led to a humanitarian crisis.

There is a famine there,

a man-made famine.

That's a man-made famine,
so not a natural famine,

an entirely man-made famine
that the UN has warned

could be the worst famine
the world has seen in a hundred years.

This war has made it
clear to me more than ever

that no place, no people
deserve to get left behind.

And so I was joining these other teams
and I was forming new collaborations

in other unstable places,

but I was desperate
to get back into Yemen,

because for me, Yemen's really personal.

And so I kept trying to think
of a project I could do in Yemen

that would help highlight
what was going on there.

And every idea I had just kept failing,

or it was just too high-risk,
because let's be honest,

most of Yemen is just too dangerous
for a Western team.

But then I was told that Socotra,

a Yemeni island,

was safe once you got there.

In fact, it turned out there was a few
local and international academics

that were still working there.

And that got me really excited,

because look at Socotra's
proximity to Africa.

And yet we have no idea
when humans arrived on that island.

But Socotra, for those of you who know it,

well let's just say you know it
for a completely different reason.

You probably know it as
the Galapagos of the Indian Ocean,

because it is one of the most
biodiverse places on this Earth.

But we were also getting information

that this incredibly delicate
environment and its people

were under threat

because they were at the frontline
of both Middle Eastern politics

and climate change,

and it slowly dawned on me
that Socotra was my Yemen project.

And so I wanted to put together
a huge multidisciplinary team.

We wanted to cross the archipelago
on foot, camel, and dhow boat

to conduct a health check of this place.

This has only been attempted
once before, and it was in 1999,

but the thing is, that is not
an easy thing to pull off.

And so we desperately needed a recce,

and for those of you who aren't
familiar with British English,

a recce is like a scouting expedition.

It's like a reconnaissance.

And I often say that a really big
expedition without a recce

is a bit like a first date
without Facebook stalk.

(Laughter)

Like, it's doable, but is it wise?

(Laughter)

There's a few too many
knowing laughs in this room.

Anyway, so then our recce team thankfully
were no strangers to unstable places,

which, let's be honest,
is kind of important

because we were trying to get
to a place between Yemen and Somalia,

And after calling in
what felt like a million favors,

including to the deputy governor,

we finally found ourselves on the move,

albeit on a wooden cement cargo ship

sailing through pirate waters
in the Indian Ocean

with this as a toilet.

Can you guys see this?

You know how everybody has
their worst toilet story?

Well, I've never swam
with dolphins before.

I just went straight to pooping on them.

(Laughter)

And also, I genuinely discovered
that I am genuinely less stressed

by pirate waters

than I am with a cockroach infestation

that was so intense

that at one point I went belowdeck

and the floor was black and it was moving.

Yeah, and at night there was
three raised platforms to sleep on,

but there was only, let's say
there was four team members,

and the thing is, if you got
a raised platform to sleep on,

you only had to contend
with a few cockroaches during the night,

whereas if you got the floor,
good luck to you.

And so I was the only girl in the team
and the whole ship,

so I got away without
sleeping on the floor.

And then, on, like,
the fourth or fifth night,

Martin Edstrom looks at me and goes,
"Ella, Ella I really believe in equality."

(Laughter)

So we were sailing on that
cement cargo ship for three days,

and then we slowly started seeing land.

And after three years of failing,

I was finally seeing Yemen.

And there is no feeling on Earth
like that start of an expedition.

It's this moment where
you jump out of a Jeep

or you look up from a boat

and you know that
there's this possibility,

it's small but it's still there,

that you're about to find something

that could add to or change our knowledge
of who we are and where we come from.

There is no feeling like it on Earth,

and it's a feeling that
so many scientists have

but rarely in politically unstable places,

because Western scientists
are discouraged or all-out barred

from working in unstable places.

But here's the thing:

scientists specialize in the jungle.

Scientists work in deep cave systems.

Scientists attach themselves to rockets
and blow themselves into outer space.

But apparently, working in
an unstable place is deemed too high-risk.

It is completely arbitrary.

Who here in this room
wasn't brought up on adventure stories?

And most of our heroes
were actually scientists and academics.

Science was about going out
into the unknown.

It was about truly global exploration,
even if there were risks.

And so when did it become acceptable
to make it difficult for science to happen

in unstable places?

And look, I'm not saying
that all scientists should go off

and start working in unstable places.

This isn't some gung ho call.

But here's the thing:

for those who have done the research,
understand security protocol,

and are trained, stop stopping
those who want to.

Plus,

look, just because one part of a country
is an active war zone

doesn't mean the whole country is.

I'm not saying we should go
into active war zones.

But Iraqi Kurdistan looks
very different from Fallujah.

And actually, a few months after
I couldn't get into Yemen,

another team adopted me,

so Professor Graeme Barker's team
were actually working in Iraqi Kurdistan,

and they were digging up Shanidar Cave.

Now, Shanidar Cave a few decades earlier

had unveiled a Neanderthal
known as Shanidar 1.

Now, for a BBC/PBS TV series
we actually brought Shanidar 1 to life,

and I want you guys to meet Ned,
Ned the Neanderthal.

Now here's the coolest thing about Ned.

Ned, this guy,

you're meeting him before his injuries.

See, it turned out that Ned
was severely disabled.

He was in fact so disabled that
there is no way he could have survived

without the help of other Neanderthals.

And so this was proof that,

at least for this population
of Neanderthals at this time,

Neanderthals were like us

and they sometimes looked after
those who couldn't look after themselves.

Ned's an Iraqi Neanderthal.

So what else are we missing?

What incredible scientific discoveries

are we not making
because we're not looking?

And by the way, these places,
they deserve narratives of hope,

and science and exploration
can be a part of that.

In fact, I would argue
they can tangibly aid development,

and these discoveries become
a huge source of local pride.

And that brings me to the second reason
why science has a geography problem.

See, we don't empower
local academics, do we?

Like, it's not lost on me that in
my particular field of paleoanthropology,

we study human origins

but we have so few diverse scientists.

And the thing is, these places
are full of students and academics

who are desperate to collaborate,

and the truth is

that for them,

they have fewer security issues than us.

I think we constantly forget that for them
it's not a hostile environment,

for them it's home.

I'm telling you,

research done in unstable places
with local collaborators

can lead to incredible discoveries,

and that is what we are
hoping upon hope to do in Socotra.

They call Socotra

the most alien-looking place on Earth,

and myself, Leon McCarron, Martin Edstrom
and Rhys Thwaites-Jones could see why.

I mean, look at this place.

These places, they're not hellholes,
they're not write-offs,

they're the future frontline
of science and exploration.

90 percent of the reptiles on this island,

37 percent of the plant species
exist here and nowhere else on Earth,

and that includes this species
of dragon's blood tree,

which actually bleeds this red resin.

And there's something else.

People on Socotra,
some of them still live in caves,

and that is really exciting,

because it means if a cave
is prime real estate this century,

maybe it was a few thousand years ago.

But we need the data to prove it,
the fossils, the stone tools,

and so our scouting team
have teamed up with other scientists,

anthropologists, and storytellers,

international as well as local,
like ??,

and we are desperate
to shed a light on this place

before it's too late.

And now, now we just somehow
need to get back

for that really big expedition,

because science,

science has a geography problem.

You guys have been
a really lovely audience.

Thank you.

(Applause)