Finding life we can't imagine | Christoph Adami | TEDxUIUC
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0:00 - 0:02So, I have a strange career.
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0:02 - 0:06I know it because people come up to me,
like colleagues, and say, -
0:06 - 0:07"Chris, you have a strange career."
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0:07 - 0:09(Laughter)
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0:09 - 0:10And I can see their point,
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0:10 - 0:15because I started my career
as a theoretical nuclear physicist. -
0:15 - 0:19And I was thinking about quarks
and gluons and heavy ion collisions, -
0:19 - 0:21and I was only 14 years old --
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0:22 - 0:24No, no, I wasn't 14 years old.
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0:25 - 0:27But after that,
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0:28 - 0:30I actually had my own lab
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0:30 - 0:32in the Computational
Neuroscience department, -
0:32 - 0:34and I wasn't doing any neuroscience.
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0:34 - 0:37Later, I would work
on evolutionary genetics, -
0:37 - 0:39and I would work on systems biology.
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0:39 - 0:41But I'm going to tell you
about something else today. -
0:41 - 0:46I'm going to tell you
about how I learned something about life. -
0:46 - 0:49And I was actually a rocket scientist.
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0:49 - 0:51I wasn't really a rocket scientist,
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0:51 - 0:56but I was working
at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory -
0:56 - 0:58in sunny California, where it's warm;
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0:58 - 1:02whereas now I am
in the mid-West, and it's cold. -
1:02 - 1:05But it was an exciting experience.
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1:05 - 1:08One day, a NASA manager
comes into my office, -
1:08 - 1:11sits down and says,
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1:12 - 1:15"Can you please tell us,
how do we look for life outside Earth?" -
1:16 - 1:18And that came as a surprise to me,
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1:18 - 1:22because I was actually hired
to work on quantum computation. -
1:22 - 1:24Yet, I had a very good answer.
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1:24 - 1:25I said, "I have no idea."
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1:26 - 1:27(Laughter)
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1:27 - 1:32And he told me, "Biosignatures,
we need to look for a biosignature." -
1:32 - 1:33And I said, "What is that?"
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1:33 - 1:36And he said, "It's any
measurable phenomenon -
1:36 - 1:39that allows us to indicate
the presence of life." -
1:40 - 1:41And I said, "Really?
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1:41 - 1:43Because isn't that easy?
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1:43 - 1:45I mean, we have life.
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1:45 - 1:47Can't you apply a definition,
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1:47 - 1:51for example, a Supreme Court-like
definition of life?" -
1:52 - 1:54And then I thought about it
a little bit, and I said, -
1:54 - 1:56"Well, is it really that easy?
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1:56 - 1:58Because, yes, if you see
something like this, -
1:58 - 2:01then all right, fine,
I'm going to call it life -- -
2:01 - 2:02no doubt about it.
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2:02 - 2:04But here's something."
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2:04 - 2:07And he goes, "Right,
that's life too. I know that." -
2:07 - 2:12Except, if you think that life
is also defined by things that die, -
2:12 - 2:13you're not in luck with this thing,
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2:13 - 2:16because that's actually
a very strange organism. -
2:16 - 2:18It grows up into the adult stage like that
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2:18 - 2:20and then goes through
a Benjamin Button phase, -
2:20 - 2:25and actually goes backwards and backwards
until it's like a little embryo again, -
2:25 - 2:28and then actually grows back up,
and back down and back up -- -
2:28 - 2:30sort of yo-yo -- and it never dies.
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2:30 - 2:32So it's actually life,
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2:32 - 2:36but it's actually not
as we thought life would be. -
2:36 - 2:38And then you see something like that.
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2:38 - 2:41And he was like, "My God,
what kind of a life form is that?" -
2:41 - 2:43Anyone know?
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2:43 - 2:46It's actually not life, it's a crystal.
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2:46 - 2:50So once you start looking and looking
at smaller and smaller things -- -
2:50 - 2:53so this particular person wrote
a whole article and said, -
2:53 - 2:54"Hey, these are bacteria."
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2:54 - 2:56Except, if you look a little bit closer,
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2:56 - 3:00you see, in fact, that this thing
is way too small to be anything like that. -
3:00 - 3:03So he was convinced,
but, in fact, most people aren't. -
3:04 - 3:07And then, of course,
NASA also had a big announcement, -
3:07 - 3:10and President Clinton
gave a press conference, -
3:10 - 3:15about this amazing discovery
of life in a Martian meteorite. -
3:15 - 3:18Except that nowadays,
it's heavily disputed. -
3:19 - 3:21If you take the lesson
of all these pictures, -
3:21 - 3:24then you realize, well, actually,
maybe it's not that easy. -
3:24 - 3:28Maybe I do need a definition of life
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3:28 - 3:30in order to make that kind of distinction.
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3:30 - 3:32So can life be defined?
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3:32 - 3:34Well how would you go about it?
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3:34 - 3:38Well of course, you'd go
to Encyclopedia Britannica and open at L. -
3:38 - 3:41No, of course you don't do that;
you put it somewhere in Google. -
3:41 - 3:43And then you might get something.
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3:43 - 3:44(Laughter)
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3:44 - 3:45And what you might get --
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3:45 - 3:49and anything that actually refers
to things that we are used to, -
3:49 - 3:50you throw away.
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3:50 - 3:53And then you might come up
with something like this. -
3:53 - 3:56And it says something complicated
with lots and lots of concepts. -
3:56 - 4:01Who on Earth would write something
as convoluted and complex and inane? -
4:03 - 4:07Oh, it's actually a really, really,
important set of concepts. -
4:07 - 4:09So I'm highlighting just a few words
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4:09 - 4:13and saying definitions
like that rely on things -
4:13 - 4:19that are not based on amino acids
or leaves or anything that we are used to, -
4:19 - 4:21but in fact on processes only.
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4:21 - 4:23And if you take a look at that,
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4:23 - 4:26this was actually in a book that I wrote
that deals with artificial life. -
4:26 - 4:30And that explains why that NASA manager
was actually in my office to begin with. -
4:31 - 4:34Because the idea was that,
with concepts like that, -
4:34 - 4:38maybe we can actually
manufacture a form of life. -
4:38 - 4:42And so if you go and ask yourself,
"What on Earth is artificial life?", -
4:42 - 4:46let me give you a whirlwind tour
of how all this stuff came about. -
4:46 - 4:49And it started out quite a while ago,
-
4:49 - 4:54when someone wrote one of the first
successful computer viruses. -
4:54 - 4:56And for those of you
who aren't old enough, -
4:56 - 4:59you have no idea
how this infection was working -- -
4:59 - 5:01namely, through these floppy disks.
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5:01 - 5:05But the interesting thing
about these computer virus infections -
5:05 - 5:08was that, if you look at the rate
at which the infection worked, -
5:08 - 5:13they show this spiky behavior
that you're used to from a flu virus. -
5:13 - 5:15And it is in fact due to this arms race
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5:15 - 5:18between hackers
and operating system designers -
5:18 - 5:20that things go back and forth.
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5:20 - 5:25And the result is kind of
a tree of life of these viruses, -
5:25 - 5:28a phylogeny that looks very much
like the type of life -
5:28 - 5:31that we're used to,
at least on the viral level. -
5:31 - 5:32So is that life?
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5:32 - 5:34Not as far as I'm concerned.
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5:34 - 5:37Why? Because these things
don't evolve by themselves. -
5:37 - 5:39In fact, they have hackers writing them.
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5:39 - 5:42But the idea was taken
very quickly a little bit further, -
5:42 - 5:45when a scientist working
at the Santa Fe Institute decided, -
5:45 - 5:49"Why don't we try to package
these little viruses -
5:49 - 5:51in artificial worlds
inside of the computer -
5:51 - 5:52and let them evolve?"
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5:52 - 5:54And this was Steen Rasmussen.
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5:54 - 5:56And he designed this system,
but it really didn't work, -
5:56 - 5:59because his viruses
were constantly destroying each other. -
5:59 - 6:03But there was another scientist
who had been watching this, an ecologist. -
6:03 - 6:05And he went home and says,
"I know how to fix this." -
6:05 - 6:07And he wrote the Tierra system,
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6:07 - 6:08and, in my book,
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6:08 - 6:12is in fact one of the first
truly artificial living systems -- -
6:12 - 6:16except for the fact that these programs
didn't really grow in complexity. -
6:16 - 6:19So having seen this work,
worked a little bit on this, -
6:19 - 6:20this is where I came in.
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6:20 - 6:24And I decided to create a system
that has all the properties -
6:24 - 6:28that are necessary to see, in fact,
the evolution of complexity, -
6:28 - 6:31more and more complex
problems constantly evolving. -
6:31 - 6:35And of course, since I really don't know
how to write code, I had help in this. -
6:35 - 6:36I had two undergraduate students
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6:36 - 6:39at California Institute of Technology
that worked with me. -
6:39 - 6:42That's Charles Ofria on the left,
Titus Brown on the right. -
6:42 - 6:44They are now, actually,
respectable professors -
6:44 - 6:46at Michigan State University,
-
6:46 - 6:51but I can assure you, back in the day,
we were not a respectable team. -
6:51 - 6:53And I'm really happy
that no photo survives -
6:53 - 6:55of the three of us
anywhere close together. -
6:56 - 6:58But what is this system like?
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6:58 - 7:00Well I can't really go into the details,
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7:00 - 7:03but what you see here
is some of the entrails. -
7:03 - 7:07But what I wanted to focus on
is this type of population structure. -
7:07 - 7:09There's about 10,000
programs sitting here. -
7:09 - 7:12And all different strains
are colored in different colors. -
7:12 - 7:16And as you see here, there are groups
that are growing on top of each other, -
7:16 - 7:17because they are spreading.
-
7:17 - 7:22Any time there is a program
that's better at surviving in this world, -
7:22 - 7:24due to whatever mutation it has acquired,
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7:24 - 7:27it is going to spread over the others
and drive the others to extinction. -
7:27 - 7:29So I'm going to show you a movie
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7:29 - 7:31where you're going to see
that kind of dynamic. -
7:31 - 7:35And these kinds of experiments are started
with programs that we wrote ourselves. -
7:35 - 7:39We write our own stuff, replicate it,
and are very proud of ourselves. -
7:39 - 7:41And we put them in,
and what you see immediately -
7:41 - 7:44is that there are waves
and waves of innovation. -
7:44 - 7:46By the way, this is highly accelerated,
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7:46 - 7:49so it's like a 1000 generations a second.
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7:49 - 7:53But immediately, the system goes like,
"What kind of dumb piece of code was this? -
7:53 - 7:56This can be improved upon
in so many ways, so quickly." -
7:56 - 8:00So you see waves of new types
taking over the other types. -
8:00 - 8:03And this type of activity
goes on for quite a while, -
8:03 - 8:07until the main easy things
have been acquired by these programs. -
8:07 - 8:11And then, you see
sort of like a stasis coming on -
8:11 - 8:13where the system essentially waits
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8:13 - 8:16for a new type of innovation,
like this one, -
8:16 - 8:20which is going to spread over
all the other innovations that were before -
8:21 - 8:23and is erasing the genes
that it had before, -
8:23 - 8:27until a new type of higher level
of complexity has been achieved. -
8:27 - 8:30And this process goes on and on and on.
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8:30 - 8:32So what we see here
-
8:32 - 8:36is a system that lives in very much
the way we're used to how life goes. -
8:37 - 8:41But what the NASA people
had asked me really was, -
8:41 - 8:44"Do these guys have a biosignature?
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8:45 - 8:46Can we measure this type of life?
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8:46 - 8:48Because if we can,
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8:48 - 8:51maybe we have a chance of actually
discovering life somewhere else -
8:52 - 8:55without being biased
by things like amino acids." -
8:55 - 9:00So I said, "Well, perhaps
we should construct a biosignature -
9:00 - 9:03based on life as a universal process.
-
9:03 - 9:08In fact, it should perhaps make use
of the concepts that I developed -
9:08 - 9:12just in order to sort of capture
what a simple living system might be." -
9:12 - 9:14And the thing I came up with --
-
9:14 - 9:18I have to first give you
an introduction about the idea, -
9:18 - 9:21and maybe that would be
a meaning detector, -
9:21 - 9:23rather than a life detector.
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9:23 - 9:25And the way we would do that --
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9:25 - 9:28I would like to find out
how I can distinguish text -
9:28 - 9:32that was written by a million monkeys,
as opposed to text that is in our books. -
9:33 - 9:35And I would like to do it in such a way
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9:35 - 9:37that I don't actually have to be able
to read the language, -
9:37 - 9:39because I'm sure I won't be able to.
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9:39 - 9:42As long as I know
that there's some sort of alphabet. -
9:42 - 9:44So here would be a frequency plot
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9:44 - 9:48of how often you find
each of the 26 letters of the alphabet -
9:48 - 9:50in a text written by random monkeys.
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9:50 - 9:55And obviously, each of these letters
comes off about roughly equally frequent. -
9:55 - 9:58But if you now look at the same
distribution in English texts, -
9:58 - 10:00it looks like that.
-
10:00 - 10:04And I'm telling you,
this is very robust across English texts. -
10:04 - 10:07And if I look at French texts,
it looks a little bit different, -
10:07 - 10:08or Italian or German.
-
10:08 - 10:11They all have their own type
of frequency distribution, -
10:11 - 10:13but it's robust.
-
10:13 - 10:16It doesn't matter whether it writes
about politics or about science. -
10:16 - 10:22It doesn't matter whether it's a poem
or whether it's a mathematical text. -
10:22 - 10:24It's a robust signature,
-
10:24 - 10:26and it's very stable.
-
10:26 - 10:28As long as our books
are written in English -- -
10:28 - 10:31because people are rewriting them
and recopying them -- -
10:31 - 10:32it's going to be there.
-
10:32 - 10:38So that inspired me to think about,
well, what if I try to use this idea -
10:38 - 10:42in order, not to detect random texts
from texts with meaning, -
10:42 - 10:45but rather detect the fact
that there is meaning -
10:45 - 10:48in the biomolecules that make up life.
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10:48 - 10:49But first I have to ask:
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10:49 - 10:51what are these building blocks,
-
10:51 - 10:53like the alphabet, elements
that I showed you? -
10:53 - 10:56Well it turns out, we have
many different alternatives -
10:56 - 10:58for such a set of building blocks.
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10:58 - 10:59We could use amino acids,
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10:59 - 11:03we could use nucleic acids,
carboxylic acids, fatty acids. -
11:03 - 11:06In fact, chemistry's extremely rich,
and our body uses a lot of them. -
11:06 - 11:08So that we actually, to test this idea,
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11:08 - 11:12first took a look at amino acids
and some other carboxylic acids. -
11:12 - 11:13And here's the result.
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11:13 - 11:17Here is, in fact, what you get
-
11:17 - 11:20if you, for example, look
at the distribution of amino acids -
11:20 - 11:24on a comet or in interstellar space
or, in fact, in a laboratory, -
11:24 - 11:27where you made very sure
that in your primordial soup, -
11:27 - 11:29there is no living stuff in there.
-
11:29 - 11:32What you find is mostly
glycine and then alanine -
11:32 - 11:34and there's some trace elements
of the other ones. -
11:34 - 11:37That is also very robust --
-
11:37 - 11:41what you find in systems like Earth
-
11:41 - 11:44where there are amino acids,
but there is no life. -
11:44 - 11:48But suppose you take some dirt
and dig through it -
11:49 - 11:51and then put it into these spectrometers,
-
11:52 - 11:54because there's bacteria
all over the place; -
11:54 - 11:56or you take water anywhere on Earth,
-
11:56 - 11:57because it's teaming with life,
-
11:57 - 11:59and you make the same analysis;
-
11:59 - 12:02the spectrum looks completely different.
-
12:02 - 12:05Of course, there is still
glycine and alanine, -
12:05 - 12:09but in fact, there are these heavy
elements, these heavy amino acids, -
12:09 - 12:12that are being produced
because they are valuable to the organism. -
12:13 - 12:17And some other ones
that are not used in the set of 20, -
12:17 - 12:20they will not appear at all
in any type of concentration. -
12:20 - 12:23So this also turns out
to be extremely robust. -
12:23 - 12:26It doesn't matter what kind of sediment
you're using to grind up, -
12:26 - 12:29whether it's bacteria
or any other plants or animals. -
12:29 - 12:31Anywhere there's life,
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12:31 - 12:33you're going to have this distribution,
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12:33 - 12:34as opposed to that distribution.
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12:34 - 12:38And it is detectable
not just in amino acids. -
12:38 - 12:39Now you could ask:
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12:39 - 12:42Well, what about these Avidians?
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12:42 - 12:45The Avidians being the denizens
of this computer world -
12:45 - 12:49where they are perfectly happy
replicating and growing in complexity. -
12:49 - 12:54So this is the distribution that you get
if, in fact, there is no life. -
12:54 - 12:56They have about 28 of these instructions.
-
12:56 - 13:00And if you have a system where
they're being replaced one by the other, -
13:00 - 13:02it's like the monkeys
writing on a typewriter. -
13:02 - 13:06Each of these instructions
appears with roughly the equal frequency. -
13:07 - 13:12But if you now take
a set of replicating guys -
13:12 - 13:14like in the video that you saw,
-
13:14 - 13:15it looks like this.
-
13:16 - 13:18So there are some instructions
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13:18 - 13:20that are extremely valuable
to these organisms, -
13:20 - 13:22and their frequency is going to be high.
-
13:22 - 13:26And there's actually some instructions
that you only use once, if ever. -
13:26 - 13:28So they are either poisonous
-
13:28 - 13:32or really should be used
at less of a level than random. -
13:32 - 13:35In this case, the frequency is lower.
-
13:36 - 13:39And so now we can see,
is that really a robust signature? -
13:39 - 13:40I can tell you indeed it is,
-
13:40 - 13:43because this type of spectrum,
just like what you've seen in books, -
13:43 - 13:45and just like what you've seen
in amino acids, -
13:45 - 13:48it doesn't really matter
how you change the environment, -
13:48 - 13:51it's very robust, it's going
to reflect the environment. -
13:51 - 13:54So I'm going to show you now
a little experiment that we did. -
13:54 - 13:55And I have to explain to you,
-
13:55 - 13:56the top of this graph
-
13:56 - 13:59shows you that frequency
distribution that I talked about. -
13:59 - 14:03Here, that's the lifeless environment
-
14:03 - 14:06where each instruction occurs
at an equal frequency. -
14:07 - 14:12And below there, I show, in fact,
the mutation rate in the environment. -
14:12 - 14:16And I'm starting this
at a mutation rate that is so high -
14:16 - 14:20that even if you would drop
a replicating program -
14:20 - 14:24that would otherwise happily grow up
to fill the entire world, -
14:24 - 14:27if you drop it in, it gets mutated
to death immediately. -
14:27 - 14:32So there is no life possible
at that type of mutation rate. -
14:32 - 14:36But then I'm going to slowly
turn down the heat, so to speak, -
14:36 - 14:38and then there's this viability threshold
-
14:38 - 14:42where now it would be possible
for a replicator to actually live. -
14:42 - 14:48And indeed, we're going to be dropping
these guys into that soup all the time. -
14:48 - 14:50So let's see what that looks like.
-
14:50 - 14:53So first, nothing, nothing, nothing.
-
14:53 - 14:55Too hot, too hot.
-
14:55 - 14:57Now the viability threshold is reached,
-
14:57 - 15:01and the frequency distribution
has dramatically changed -
15:02 - 15:03and, in fact, stabilizes.
-
15:03 - 15:05And now what I did there
-
15:05 - 15:08is, I was being nasty,
I just turned up the heat again and again. -
15:08 - 15:11And of course, it reaches
the viability threshold. -
15:11 - 15:13And I'm just showing this to you
again because it's so nice. -
15:13 - 15:15You hit the viability threshold.
-
15:15 - 15:17The distribution changes to "alive!"
-
15:17 - 15:21And then, once you hit the threshold
-
15:21 - 15:25where the mutation rate is so high
that you cannot self-reproduce, -
15:25 - 15:30you cannot copy the information
forward to your offspring -
15:30 - 15:34without making so many mistakes
that your ability to replicate vanishes. -
15:34 - 15:36And then, that signature is lost.
-
15:38 - 15:40What do we learn from that?
-
15:40 - 15:43Well, I think we learn
a number of things from that. -
15:44 - 15:45One of them is,
-
15:45 - 15:50if we are able to think about life
in abstract terms -- -
15:50 - 15:53and we're not talking
about things like plants, -
15:53 - 15:55and we're not talking about amino acids,
-
15:55 - 15:57and we're not talking about bacteria,
-
15:57 - 15:59but we think in terms of processes --
-
15:59 - 16:01then we could start to think about life
-
16:01 - 16:04not as something
that is so special to Earth, -
16:04 - 16:06but that, in fact, could exist anywhere.
-
16:06 - 16:10Because it really only has to do
with these concepts of information, -
16:11 - 16:15of storing information
within physical substrates -- -
16:15 - 16:19anything: bits, nucleic acids,
anything that's an alphabet -- -
16:19 - 16:21and make sure that there's some process
-
16:21 - 16:24so that this information can be stored
for much longer than you would expect -- -
16:25 - 16:29the time scales for
the deterioration of information. -
16:29 - 16:32And if you can do that,
then you have life. -
16:32 - 16:35So the first thing that we learn
-
16:35 - 16:40is that it is possible to define life
in terms of processes alone, -
16:40 - 16:45without referring at all
to the type of things that we hold dear, -
16:45 - 16:48as far as the type of life on Earth is.
-
16:48 - 16:50And that, in a sense, removes us again,
-
16:50 - 16:53like all of our scientific discoveries,
or many of them -- -
16:53 - 16:56it's this continuous dethroning of man --
-
16:56 - 16:59of how we think we're special
because we're alive. -
16:59 - 17:02Well, we can make life;
we can make life in the computer. -
17:02 - 17:04Granted, it's limited,
-
17:04 - 17:09but we have learned what it takes
in order to actually construct it. -
17:09 - 17:11And once we have that,
-
17:12 - 17:14then it is not such
a difficult task anymore -
17:14 - 17:18to say, if we understand
the fundamental processes -
17:18 - 17:22that do not refer
to any particular substrate, -
17:22 - 17:25then we can go out and try other worlds,
-
17:26 - 17:29figure out what kind of chemical
alphabets might there be, -
17:30 - 17:35figure enough about the normal chemistry,
the geochemistry of the planet, -
17:35 - 17:39so that we know what this distribution
would look like in the absence of life, -
17:39 - 17:42and then look for large
deviations from this -- -
17:42 - 17:47this thing sticking out, which says,
"This chemical really shouldn't be there." -
17:47 - 17:49Now we don't know that there's life then,
-
17:49 - 17:50but we could say,
-
17:50 - 17:54"Well at least I'm going to have to take
a look very precisely at this chemical -
17:54 - 17:56and see where it comes from."
-
17:56 - 17:59And that might be our chance
of actually discovering life -
18:00 - 18:02when we cannot visibly see it.
-
18:02 - 18:06And so that's really the only
take-home message that I have for you. -
18:06 - 18:10Life can be less mysterious
than we make it out to be -
18:11 - 18:14when we try to think
about how it would be on other planets. -
18:14 - 18:18And if we remove the mystery of life,
-
18:18 - 18:22then I think it is a little bit easier
for us to think about how we live, -
18:22 - 18:25and how perhaps we're not as special
as we always think we are. -
18:25 - 18:28And I'm going to leave you with that.
-
18:28 - 18:29And thank you very much.
-
18:29 - 18:31(Applause)
- Title:
- Finding life we can't imagine | Christoph Adami | TEDxUIUC
- Description:
-
Chris Adami talks about how to find life... that is not like ours.
Christoph Adami is Professor of Applied Life Sciences at the Keck Graduate Institute in Claremont, CA, and a Visiting Professor at the BEACON Center for the Study of Evolution in Action at Michigan State University. He obtained his PhD in theoretical physics from the State University of New York at Stony Brook. His main research focus is Darwinian evolution, which he studies at different levels of organization (from simple molecules to brains). He has pioneered theapplication of methods from information theory to the study of evolution, and designed the "Avida" system that launched the use of digital life as a tool for investigating basic questions in evolutionary biology. He wrote the textbook "Introduction to Artificial Life" (Springer, 1998) and is the recipient of NASA's Exceptional Achievement Medal.
http://www.kgi.edu/Faculty-and-Research/Christoph-Adami.htmlThis talk was recorded at TEDxUIUC 2011 (02/19/11), which was organized at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign by a group of students led by Cristian Mitreanu.
http://www.tedxuiuc.comAbout TEDx, x = independently organized event
In the spirit of ideas worth spreading, TEDx is a program of local, self-organized events that bring people together to share a TED-like experience. At a TEDx event, TEDTalks video and live speakers combine to spark deep discussion and connection in a small group. These local, self-organized events are branded TEDx, where x = independently organized TED event. The TED Conference provides general guidance for the TEDx program, but individual TEDx events are self-organized.* (*Subject to certain rules and regulations)
http://www.ted.com - Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TEDxTalks
- Duration:
- 19:51
TED Translators admin edited English subtitles for TEDxUIUC - Christoph Adami - Finding Alien Life | ||
Ivana Korom edited English subtitles for TEDxUIUC - Christoph Adami - Finding Alien Life | ||
Ivana Korom edited English subtitles for TEDxUIUC - Christoph Adami - Finding Alien Life |