How COVID-19 human challenge trials work -- and why I volunteered
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0:01 - 0:03[Recorded on October 26, 2020.
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0:03 - 0:04COVID-19 vaccine development
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0:04 - 0:07and ethical considerations
around human challenge trials -
0:07 - 0:08are constantly evolving.]
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0:08 - 0:10In April 2020,
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0:10 - 0:12I made what many perceive
as a risky decision. -
0:13 - 0:17I volunteered to be deliberately
infected with COVID-19. -
0:17 - 0:21This infection would be part
of what is called a human challenge trial, -
0:21 - 0:24where young, healthy people
are given a vaccine -
0:24 - 0:28and are deliberately exposed
to the virus that causes COVID-19. -
0:28 - 0:30These trials help researchers
figure out more quickly -
0:30 - 0:32if a vaccine is working.
-
0:34 - 0:35I think this research is crucial,
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0:35 - 0:38because today, I'm going
to speak to you for six minutes. -
0:38 - 0:39In that time,
-
0:39 - 0:44roughly 1,250 people will be
confirmed infected with COVID-19. -
0:44 - 0:46Twenty-one people will die.
-
0:47 - 0:51And then this pattern will repeat
hour after hour and day by day, -
0:51 - 0:54until we're able to vaccinate
most of the eight billion people -
0:54 - 0:57affected by this global crisis.
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0:57 - 0:59Scientists have been working
around the clock -
0:59 - 1:01to make those vaccines a reality.
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1:02 - 1:06But what should we do when the human cost
of waiting for those vaccines -
1:06 - 1:07is rising by the day?
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1:07 - 1:10This is where human
challenge trials come in. -
1:10 - 1:14They're different from the traditional
phase three vaccine trials -
1:14 - 1:15taking place now,
-
1:15 - 1:17where people are given
a vaccine or placebo -
1:17 - 1:19and asked to go about
their everyday lives. -
1:20 - 1:23Here, researchers have to wait
to see how many people in each group -
1:23 - 1:25become infected.
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1:25 - 1:27Until enough of them get sick,
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1:27 - 1:30we don't have enough data
to know whether a vaccine is working. -
1:30 - 1:32Finding an effective vaccine
with this method -
1:32 - 1:35can take months or sometimes years,
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1:35 - 1:37and it requires thousands of volunteers.
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1:39 - 1:40A challenge trial works faster
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1:40 - 1:42because researchers control exposure,
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1:42 - 1:45instead of waiting for people to get sick.
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1:45 - 1:47So instead of a year,
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1:47 - 1:48we could know in as little as a month
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1:49 - 1:51whether a vaccine seems effective.
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1:51 - 1:53Instead of thousands of volunteers,
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1:53 - 1:56a challenge trial relies
on just 50 to 100. -
1:56 - 1:58Because we know for certain
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1:58 - 2:00when people are exposed
and develop disease, -
2:00 - 2:03these trials also allow us to gather data
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2:03 - 2:06about the early stages of infection
and our immune response. -
2:07 - 2:10This data is impossible to gather
in any other way, -
2:10 - 2:13especially for people who become infected
but never show symptoms. -
2:14 - 2:17This knowledge is important
for designing policies -
2:17 - 2:19that limit COVID-19 transmission.
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2:19 - 2:23The time saved translates
into precious months' head start -
2:23 - 2:24on manufacturing,
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2:24 - 2:28getting us more working
COVID-19 vaccines faster. -
2:28 - 2:29These trials are useful --
-
2:29 - 2:32even though recent phase three results
sound encouraging. -
2:33 - 2:37The arrival of the first vaccine
is going to be a monumental breakthrough. -
2:37 - 2:40It just isn't quite the fairytale ending
we're all hoping for. -
2:41 - 2:43We're going to need multiple vaccines,
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2:43 - 2:46because we just don't have
the infrastructure needed -
2:46 - 2:49to immunize all eight billion people
on the planet with just one kind. -
2:50 - 2:53Each type of vaccine requires
its own special process and equipment -
2:54 - 2:56to make, store and deliver it.
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2:57 - 2:59If we had multiple
working COVID-19 vaccines, -
2:59 - 3:03we could make use of all
of our equipment at the same time. -
3:04 - 3:06Some of the leading candidates
need to be kept extremely cold -
3:07 - 3:09before they are delivered to people.
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3:09 - 3:10This can be really hard,
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3:10 - 3:13especially in countries
where there isn't reliable electricity -
3:13 - 3:15or a secure method to store them.
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3:15 - 3:18Scientists have been using
human challenge trials -
3:18 - 3:20for hundreds of years.
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3:20 - 3:23They've sped up the development
of vaccines against typhoid and cholera, -
3:23 - 3:26and they've helped us better understand
how immunity develops -
3:26 - 3:29to things like the flu,
malaria and dengue. -
3:30 - 3:33We've even used them
for other types of coronavirus before. -
3:35 - 3:36There's been a lot of debate
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3:36 - 3:38about whether challenge
trials are too risky. -
3:39 - 3:42I happen to think
that those risks are worth taking. -
3:43 - 3:46A challenge trial would only recruit
young and healthy participants -- -
3:46 - 3:49think between the ages of 20 and 29.
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3:50 - 3:52Fewer than one percent of people
in that age-group -
3:52 - 3:56need to be taken to hospital
after becoming infected with COVID-19. -
3:56 - 3:59So it would likely be even lower
in a challenge trial, -
3:59 - 4:01because researchers check to make sure
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4:01 - 4:04that participants have
no preexisting conditions. -
4:04 - 4:08The risk of a young healthy person
dying of COVID-19 -
4:08 - 4:10is around five thousandths of a percent.
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4:11 - 4:16That means for every 100,000 20-year-olds
who become infected with COVID-19, -
4:16 - 4:17about five die.
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4:19 - 4:21If I were to give birth
in the United States, -
4:21 - 4:23my risk of dying
would be higher than that. -
4:24 - 4:27Or you could choose
to think about it this way. -
4:27 - 4:29If my little sister needed a kidney,
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4:29 - 4:32I wouldn't hesitate for a moment
before I offered her mine. -
4:33 - 4:36And if I can take on that risk
to benefit a loved one, -
4:36 - 4:40it makes sense to allow people
to take on a similar risk -
4:40 - 4:42to speed up the development of a vaccine
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4:42 - 4:45that would benefit
not just their loved ones, -
4:45 - 4:47but everyone around them as well.
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4:47 - 4:48There's a lot we still don't know,
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4:48 - 4:51especially about the long-term
effects of COVID-19 infection. -
4:52 - 4:54I volunteered despite that uncertainty
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4:54 - 4:56because like many of you,
I feel frustrated -
4:56 - 4:59knowing that hundreds
of thousands of people are dying. -
4:59 - 5:03And that's without mentioning
the millions more who are struggling -
5:03 - 5:06as measures to stop the spread
take a toll on their physical, -
5:06 - 5:09emotional and mental well-being.
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5:09 - 5:11It turns out I'm not alone
in feeling this way. -
5:12 - 5:16Since May, over 39,000 people
from across the world -
5:16 - 5:19have volunteered to participate
in potential COVID-19 challenge trials -
5:20 - 5:23through a nonprofit I helped found
called 1Day Sooner. -
5:23 - 5:25We advocate for challenge
trial participants -
5:25 - 5:29and have been encouraging stakeholders
to begin preparing for these trials. -
5:30 - 5:31As early as May,
-
5:31 - 5:33when challenge trials
were still being considered -
5:33 - 5:36for their role in the fight
against COVID-19, -
5:36 - 5:39the World Health Organization
cited 1Day Sooner -
5:39 - 5:42as an example of the kind
of public engagement needed -
5:42 - 5:43to run a challenge trial.
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5:43 - 5:44In mid-October,
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5:44 - 5:47the UK government
formally announced their intention -
5:47 - 5:51to conduct a challenge trial
at the beginning of 2021. -
5:51 - 5:55It is clear that the COVID-19 pandemic
is a global crisis. -
5:56 - 5:58It has inspired
record-shattering innovation, -
5:58 - 6:02and it has highlighted the heroic acts
of many frontline workers, -
6:02 - 6:04but is has also taken a catastrophic toll.
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6:04 - 6:09The arrival of each new vaccine
brings us one step closer to rebuilding. -
6:09 - 6:11But the true global solution
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6:11 - 6:15lies in those vaccines being in the hands
of people all over the world. -
6:15 - 6:18Challenge trials could be
a part of that solution. -
6:18 - 6:19Thank you.
- Title:
- How COVID-19 human challenge trials work -- and why I volunteered
- Speaker:
- Sophie Rose
- Description:
-
In April 2020, epidemiologist-in-training Sophie Rose volunteered to be infected with the virus that causes COVID-19. As a young, healthy adult, she's offering to take part in a human challenge trial, a study where participants are intentionally exposed to SARS-CoV-2 to test vaccines and gather critical data. Explaining how challenge trials could speed up the development of effective vaccines, Rose shares why volunteering was the right decision for her.
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TEDTalks
- Duration:
- 06:14
Erin Gregory edited English subtitles for How COVID-19 human challenge trials work -- and why I volunteered | ||
Erin Gregory approved English subtitles for How COVID-19 human challenge trials work -- and why I volunteered | ||
Erin Gregory edited English subtitles for How COVID-19 human challenge trials work -- and why I volunteered | ||
Erin Gregory edited English subtitles for How COVID-19 human challenge trials work -- and why I volunteered | ||
Erin Gregory edited English subtitles for How COVID-19 human challenge trials work -- and why I volunteered | ||
Krystian Aparta accepted English subtitles for How COVID-19 human challenge trials work -- and why I volunteered | ||
Krystian Aparta edited English subtitles for How COVID-19 human challenge trials work -- and why I volunteered | ||
Krystian Aparta edited English subtitles for How COVID-19 human challenge trials work -- and why I volunteered |