America's native prisoners of war | Aaron Huey | TEDxDU
-
0:10 - 0:13["We tried to run, but they
shot us like we were buffalo"] -
0:13 - 0:16I'm here today to show
my photographs of the Lakota. -
0:17 - 0:19Many of you may have heard of the Lakota,
-
0:19 - 0:21or at least the larger group of tribes,
-
0:21 - 0:22called the Sioux.
-
0:23 - 0:26The Lakota are one of many tribes
that were moved off their land -
0:26 - 0:28to prisoner-of-war camps,
-
0:28 - 0:29now called reservations.
-
0:30 - 0:32The Pine Ridge Reservation,
-
0:32 - 0:34the subject of today's slide show,
-
0:34 - 0:38is located about 75 miles southeast
of the Black Hills in South Dakota. -
0:38 - 0:43It is sometimes referred to
as Prisoner of War Camp Number 334, -
0:43 - 0:46and it is where the Lakota now live.
-
0:46 - 0:48Now, if any of you have ever heard of AIM,
-
0:48 - 0:50the American Indian Movement,
-
0:50 - 0:52or of Russell Means,
-
0:52 - 0:53or Leonard Peltier,
-
0:54 - 0:56or of the standoff at Oglala,
-
0:56 - 1:01then you know Pine Ridge is ground zero
for Native issues in the US. -
1:02 - 1:04So I've been asked to talk
a little bit today -
1:04 - 1:06about my relationship with the Lakota,
-
1:06 - 1:08and that's a very difficult one for me,
-
1:08 - 1:11because, if you haven't
noticed from my skin color, -
1:11 - 1:12I'm white,
-
1:12 - 1:15and that is a huge barrier
on a Native reservation. -
1:17 - 1:19You'll see a lot of people
in my photographs today. -
1:19 - 1:23I've become very close with them,
and they've welcomed me like family. -
1:23 - 1:25They've called me "brother" and "uncle,"
-
1:25 - 1:27and invited me again and again
over five years. -
1:27 - 1:28But on Pine Ridge,
-
1:28 - 1:31I will always be what is called "wasichu."
-
1:31 - 1:34"Wasichu" is a Lakota word
-
1:34 - 1:36that means "non-Indian,"
-
1:36 - 1:38but another version of this word
-
1:39 - 1:42means "the one who takes
the best meat for himself." -
1:42 - 1:44And that's what I want to focus on --
-
1:44 - 1:46the one who takes
the best part of the meat. -
1:47 - 1:48It means "greedy."
-
1:49 - 1:51So take a look around
this auditorium today. -
1:52 - 1:55We are at a private school
in the American West, -
1:55 - 1:57sitting in red velvet chairs
-
1:57 - 1:59with money in our pockets.
-
1:59 - 2:01And if we look at our lives,
-
2:01 - 2:04we have indeed taken
the best part of the meat. -
2:05 - 2:08So let's look today
at a set of photographs -
2:08 - 2:10of a people who lost
-
2:10 - 2:12so that we could gain,
-
2:12 - 2:14and know that when you see
these people's faces, -
2:15 - 2:18that these are not just
images of the Lakota; -
2:18 - 2:20they stand for all indigenous people.
-
2:23 - 2:25On this piece of paper
-
2:25 - 2:28is the history the way I learned it
from my Lakota friends and family. -
2:30 - 2:35The following is a time line
of treaties made, treaties broken -
2:35 - 2:37and massacres disguised as battles.
-
2:37 - 2:39I'll begin in 1824.
-
2:40 - 2:42What is known as
the Bureau of Indian Affairs -
2:42 - 2:44was created within the War Department,
-
2:44 - 2:45setting an early tone of aggression
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2:45 - 2:47in our dealings with the Native Americans.
-
2:47 - 2:491851:
-
2:49 - 2:51The first treaty of Fort Laramie was made,
-
2:51 - 2:54clearly marking the boundaries
of the Lakota Nation. -
2:54 - 2:58According to the treaty,
those lands are a sovereign nation. -
2:58 - 3:00If the boundaries
of this treaty had held -- -
3:00 - 3:03and there is a legal basis
that they should -- -
3:03 - 3:06then this is what the US
would look like today. -
3:08 - 3:10Ten years later.
-
3:10 - 3:13The Homestead Act,
signed by President Lincoln, -
3:13 - 3:15unleashed a flood of white settlers
into Native lands. -
3:16 - 3:181863:
-
3:18 - 3:20An uprising of Santee Sioux in Minnesota
-
3:20 - 3:23ends with the hanging of 38 Sioux men,
-
3:23 - 3:26the largest mass execution in US history.
-
3:27 - 3:29The execution was ordered
by President Lincoln, -
3:29 - 3:34only two days after he signed
the Emancipation Proclamation. -
3:35 - 3:391866: The beginning
of the Transcontinental Railroad -- -
3:39 - 3:40a new era.
-
3:41 - 3:43We appropriated land for trails and trains
-
3:43 - 3:45to shortcut through the heart
of the Lakota Nation. -
3:45 - 3:47The treaties were out the window.
-
3:47 - 3:51In response, three tribes led
by the Lakota chief Red Cloud -
3:51 - 3:52attacked and defeated the US army,
-
3:52 - 3:54many times over.
-
3:54 - 3:55I want to repeat that part:
-
3:55 - 3:57The Lakota defeat the US army.
-
3:59 - 4:031868: The second Fort Laramie Treaty
clearly guarantees -
4:03 - 4:05the sovereignty of the Great Sioux Nation
-
4:05 - 4:07and the Lakotas' ownership
of the sacred Black Hills. -
4:08 - 4:10The government also promises
land and hunting rights -
4:10 - 4:12in the surrounding states.
-
4:12 - 4:14We promise that the Powder River country
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4:14 - 4:16will henceforth be closed to all whites.
-
4:16 - 4:18The treaty seemed to be a complete victory
-
4:18 - 4:20for Red Cloud and the Sioux.
-
4:20 - 4:23In fact, this is the only war
in American history -
4:24 - 4:26in which the government negotiated a peace
-
4:26 - 4:29by conceding everything
demanded by the enemy. -
4:32 - 4:351869: The Transcontinental
Railroad was completed. -
4:35 - 4:39It began carrying, among other things,
large numbers of hunters, -
4:39 - 4:41who began the wholesale
killing of buffalo, -
4:41 - 4:45eliminating a source of food,
clothing and shelter for the Sioux. -
4:45 - 4:461871:
-
4:47 - 4:48The Indian Appropriation Act
-
4:48 - 4:51makes all Indians
wards of the federal government. -
4:51 - 4:53In addition, the military issued orders
-
4:53 - 4:56forbidding western Indians
from leaving reservations. -
4:57 - 5:01All western Indians at that point in time
were now prisoners of war. -
5:02 - 5:03Also in 1871,
-
5:03 - 5:05we ended the time of treaty-making.
-
5:05 - 5:09The problem with treaties is they allow
tribes to exist as sovereign nations, -
5:09 - 5:10and we can't have that.
-
5:10 - 5:11We had plans.
-
5:12 - 5:141874:
-
5:14 - 5:17General George Custer announced
the discovery of gold in Lakota territory, -
5:17 - 5:19specifically the Black Hills.
-
5:19 - 5:22The news of gold creates
a massive influx of white settlers -
5:22 - 5:23into Lakota Nation.
-
5:24 - 5:26Custer recommends that Congress find a way
-
5:26 - 5:29to end the treaties with the Lakota
as soon as possible. -
5:29 - 5:321875: The Lakota war begins
-
5:32 - 5:35over the violation
of the Fort Laramie Treaty. -
5:35 - 5:371876:
-
5:37 - 5:39On July 26th,
-
5:39 - 5:41on its way to attack a Lakota village,
-
5:41 - 5:43Custer's 7th Cavalry was crushed
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5:43 - 5:45at the battle of Little Big Horn.
-
5:46 - 5:471877:
-
5:47 - 5:51The great Lakota warrior
and chief named Crazy Horse -
5:51 - 5:52surrendered at Fort Robinson.
-
5:53 - 5:55He was later killed while in custody.
-
5:59 - 6:041877 is also the year we found a way
to get around the Fort Laramie Treaties. -
6:04 - 6:07A new agreement was presented
to Sioux chiefs and their leading men, -
6:07 - 6:09under a campaign known
as "Sell or Starve" -- -
6:09 - 6:12sign the paper, or no food for your tribe.
-
6:12 - 6:15Only 10 percent of the adult
male population signed. -
6:15 - 6:19The Fort Laramie Treaty called
for at least three-quarters of the tribe -
6:19 - 6:20to sign away land.
-
6:21 - 6:23That clause was obviously ignored.
-
6:23 - 6:261887: The Dawes Act.
-
6:26 - 6:29Communal ownership
of reservation lands ends. -
6:29 - 6:32Reservations are cut up
into 160-acre sections, -
6:32 - 6:34and distributed to individual Indians
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6:34 - 6:36with the surplus disposed of.
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6:36 - 6:38Tribes lost millions of acres.
-
6:39 - 6:41The American dream
of individual land ownership -
6:41 - 6:43turned out to be a very clever way
-
6:43 - 6:46to divide the reservation
until nothing was left. -
6:47 - 6:48The move destroyed the reservations,
-
6:48 - 6:51making it easier
to further subdivide and to sell -
6:51 - 6:53with every passing generation.
-
6:54 - 6:55Most of the surplus land
-
6:55 - 6:58and many of the plots
within reservation boundaries -
6:58 - 7:00are now in the hands of white ranchers.
-
7:01 - 7:04Once again, the fat of the land
goes to wasichu. -
7:05 - 7:091890: A date I believe to be
the most important in this slide show. -
7:10 - 7:12This is the year
of the Wounded Knee Massacre. -
7:13 - 7:14On December 29,
-
7:14 - 7:17US troops surrounded a Sioux
encampment at Wounded Knee Creek, -
7:17 - 7:21and massacred Chief Big Foot
and 300 prisoners of war, -
7:21 - 7:25using a new rapid-fire weapon
that fired exploding shells, -
7:25 - 7:26called a Hotchkiss gun.
-
7:27 - 7:29For this so-called "battle,"
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7:29 - 7:3220 Congressional Medals of Honor for Valor
-
7:32 - 7:34were given to the 7th Cavalry.
-
7:35 - 7:37To this day,
-
7:38 - 7:42this is the most Medals of Honor
ever awarded for a single battle. -
7:43 - 7:45More Medals of Honor were given
-
7:45 - 7:47for the indiscriminate slaughter
of women and children -
7:47 - 7:50than for any battle in World War One,
-
7:50 - 7:51World War Two,
-
7:51 - 7:54Korea, Vietnam,
-
7:54 - 7:56Iraq or Afghanistan.
-
7:58 - 8:01The Wounded Knee Massacre
is considered the end of the Indian wars. -
8:03 - 8:06Whenever I visit the site
of the mass grave at Wounded Knee, -
8:06 - 8:11I see it not just as a grave
for the Lakota or for the Sioux, -
8:11 - 8:13but as a grave for all indigenous peoples.
-
8:15 - 8:18The holy man Black Elk, said,
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8:18 - 8:20"I did not know then how much was ended.
-
8:22 - 8:25When I look back now
from this high hill of my old age, -
8:25 - 8:28I can still see
the butchered women and children -
8:28 - 8:32lying heaped and scattered
all along the crooked gulch, -
8:36 - 8:37as plain as when I saw them
-
8:38 - 8:39with eyes still young.
-
8:43 - 8:46And I can see that something else
died there in the bloody mud -
8:48 - 8:49and was buried in the blizzard.
-
8:51 - 8:53A people's dream died there.
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8:54 - 8:56And it was a beautiful dream."
-
8:59 - 9:00With this event,
-
9:00 - 9:03a new era in Native American
history began. -
9:04 - 9:09Everything can be measured
before Wounded Knee and after, -
9:09 - 9:11because it was in this moment,
-
9:11 - 9:14with the fingers on the triggers
of the Hotchkiss guns, -
9:14 - 9:18that the US government openly
declared its position on Native rights. -
9:19 - 9:20They were tired of treaties.
-
9:21 - 9:23They were tired of sacred hills.
-
9:23 - 9:24They were tired of ghost dances.
-
9:25 - 9:28And they were tired of all
the inconveniences of the Sioux. -
9:29 - 9:31So they brought out their cannons.
-
9:33 - 9:35"You want to be an Indian now?" they said,
-
9:35 - 9:36finger on the trigger.
-
9:41 - 9:421900:
-
9:43 - 9:46the US Indian population
reached its low point -- -
9:46 - 9:49less than 250,000,
-
9:49 - 9:52compared to an estimated
eight million in 1492. -
9:55 - 9:56Fast-forward.
-
9:56 - 9:571980:
-
9:58 - 10:00The longest-running
court case in US history, -
10:00 - 10:03the Sioux Nation versus the United States,
-
10:03 - 10:06was ruled upon by the US Supreme Court.
-
10:07 - 10:10The court determined that when the Sioux
were resettled onto reservations -
10:10 - 10:13and seven million acres
of their land were opened up -
10:13 - 10:15to prospectors and homesteaders,
-
10:16 - 10:18the terms of the second
Fort Laramie Treaty -
10:18 - 10:19had been violated.
-
10:20 - 10:24The court stated that the Black Hills
were illegally taken, -
10:24 - 10:26and that the initial
offering price, plus interest, -
10:26 - 10:28should be paid to the Sioux Nation.
-
10:29 - 10:30As payment for the Black Hills,
-
10:30 - 10:35the court awarded only 106 million dollars
to the Sioux Nation. -
10:35 - 10:38The Sioux refused the money
with the rallying cry, -
10:38 - 10:40"The Black Hills are not for sale."
-
10:41 - 10:422010:
-
10:43 - 10:46Statistics about Native population today,
-
10:46 - 10:49more than a century
after the massacre at Wounded Knee, -
10:49 - 10:51reveal the legacy of colonization,
-
10:52 - 10:53forced migration
-
10:53 - 10:54and treaty violations.
-
10:55 - 10:58Unemployment on the Pine Ridge
Indian Reservation -
10:58 - 11:00fluctuates between 85 and 90 percent.
-
11:01 - 11:04The housing office is unable
to build new structures, -
11:04 - 11:06and existing structures are falling apart.
-
11:07 - 11:08Many are homeless,
-
11:08 - 11:10and those with homes
are packed into rotting buildings -
11:10 - 11:12with up to five families.
-
11:12 - 11:14Thirty-nine percent of homes on Pine Ridge
-
11:14 - 11:16have no electricity.
-
11:16 - 11:19At least 60 percent
of the homes on the reservation -
11:19 - 11:21are infested with black mold.
-
11:21 - 11:26More than 90 percent of the population
lives below the federal poverty line. -
11:26 - 11:28The tuberculosis rate on Pine Ridge
-
11:28 - 11:32is approximately eight times higher
than the US national average. -
11:32 - 11:35The infant mortality rate
is the highest on this continent, -
11:35 - 11:39and is about three times higher
than the US national average. -
11:39 - 11:41Cervical cancer is five times higher
-
11:41 - 11:43than the US national average.
-
11:43 - 11:46The school dropout rate
is up to 70 percent. -
11:46 - 11:50Teacher turnover is eight times higher
than the US national average. -
11:51 - 11:54Frequently, grandparents
are raising their grandchildren -
11:54 - 11:57because parents, due to alcoholism,
-
11:57 - 11:59domestic violence and general apathy,
-
11:59 - 12:01cannot raise them.
-
12:02 - 12:05Fifty percent of the population
over the age of 40 -
12:05 - 12:06suffers from diabetes.
-
12:07 - 12:13The life expectancy for men
is between 46 and 48 years old -- -
12:14 - 12:18roughly the same
as in Afghanistan and Somalia. -
12:20 - 12:23The last chapter
in any successful genocide -
12:23 - 12:25is the one in which the oppressor
-
12:25 - 12:28can remove their hands and say,
-
12:28 - 12:31"My god -- what are these people
doing to themselves? -
12:31 - 12:33They're killing each other.
-
12:33 - 12:35They're killing themselves
-
12:35 - 12:37while we watch them die."
-
12:38 - 12:41This is how we came to own
these United States. -
12:41 - 12:42This is the legacy
-
12:43 - 12:44of Manifest Destiny.
-
12:45 - 12:49Prisoners are still born
into prisoner of war camps, -
12:49 - 12:51long after the guards are gone.
-
12:54 - 12:59These are the bones
left after the best meat has been taken. -
13:01 - 13:03A long time ago,
-
13:03 - 13:05a series of events was set in motion
-
13:05 - 13:08by a people who look like me, by wasichu,
-
13:08 - 13:12eager to take the land and the water
and the gold in the hills. -
13:13 - 13:16Those events led to a domino effect
that has yet to end. -
13:17 - 13:20As removed as we,
the dominant society, may feel -
13:22 - 13:24from a massacre in 1890,
-
13:24 - 13:28or a series of broken
treaties 150 years ago, -
13:28 - 13:31I still have to ask you the question:
-
13:32 - 13:34How should you feel
about the statistics of today? -
13:35 - 13:39What is the connection
between these images of suffering -
13:39 - 13:41and the history that I just read to you?
-
13:41 - 13:44And how much of this history
do you need to own, even? -
13:44 - 13:47Is any of this your responsibility today?
-
13:48 - 13:51I have been told that there must be
something we can do. -
13:51 - 13:53There must be some call to action.
-
13:55 - 13:58Because for so long,
I've been standing on the sidelines, -
13:58 - 14:00content to be a witness,
-
14:00 - 14:02just taking photographs.
-
14:03 - 14:05Because the solutions
seem so far in the past, -
14:05 - 14:09I needed nothing short
of a time machine to access them. -
14:10 - 14:15The suffering of indigenous peoples
is not a simple issue to fix. -
14:16 - 14:18It's not something everyone can get behind
-
14:18 - 14:20the way they get behind helping Haiti,
-
14:20 - 14:22or ending AIDS, or fighting a famine.
-
14:23 - 14:25The "fix," as it's called,
-
14:25 - 14:27may be much more difficult
for the dominant society -
14:27 - 14:30than, say, a $50 check
-
14:30 - 14:33or a church trip to paint
some graffiti-covered houses, -
14:33 - 14:35or a suburban family
-
14:35 - 14:38donating a box of clothes
they don't even want anymore. -
14:38 - 14:40So where does that leave us?
-
14:40 - 14:42Shrugging our shoulders in the dark?
-
14:44 - 14:49The United States continues
on a daily basis to violate the terms -
14:49 - 14:53of the 1851 and 1868
Fort Laramie Treaties with the Lakota. -
14:54 - 14:56The call to action I offer today --
-
14:57 - 14:59my TED wish -- is this:
-
15:00 - 15:02Honor the treaties.
-
15:02 - 15:04Give back the Black Hills.
-
15:04 - 15:07It's not your business
what they do with them. -
15:08 - 15:15(Applause)
- Title:
- America's native prisoners of war | Aaron Huey | TEDxDU
- Description:
-
Aaron Huey's effort to photograph poverty in America led him to the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, where the struggle of the native Lakota people -- appalling, and largely ignored -- compelled him to refocus. Five years of work later, his haunting photos intertwine with a shocking history lesson in this bold, courageous talk.
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TEDxTalks
- Duration:
- 15:17
TED Translators admin edited English subtitles for America's native prisoners of war: Aaron Huey at TEDxDU | ||
TED Translators admin edited English subtitles for America's native prisoners of war: Aaron Huey at TEDxDU |