Detect and prevent Alzheimer’s disease before memory loss | Bernard Hanseeuw | TEDxUCLouvain
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0:09 - 0:10AD.
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0:12 - 0:14Alzheimer's disease.
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0:15 - 0:19Each time I give this diagnosis
to one of my patients, -
0:20 - 0:25I feel like I'm giving them
a death sentence. -
0:25 - 0:30I'm sorry Sir, you will
progressively forget ... -
0:30 - 0:31everything.
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0:31 - 0:35Everything you do, everything you've done.
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0:36 - 0:38All the ones you've loved,
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0:39 - 0:40and this is horrible.
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0:41 - 0:45But what is Alzheimer's disease exactly?
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0:47 - 0:49How does it start?
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0:49 - 0:51By forgetting your keys?
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0:52 - 0:56By not remembering the name
of the previous speaker? -
0:57 - 1:01Or not knowing tomorrow
that you've come here today -
1:01 - 1:04to this wonderful TEDx event?
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1:05 - 1:08As a doctor, I would say
this is the most serious. -
1:09 - 1:15Alzheimer's disease is characterized
by an episodic memory loss. -
1:17 - 1:20Forgetting the episodes of your life,
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1:20 - 1:23the recent events you just lived.
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1:24 - 1:26But you can forget
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1:26 - 1:29for many other reasons than Alzheimer's.
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1:29 - 1:33So it's not only a memory loss.
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1:35 - 1:38Alzheimer's is a brain disease,
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1:39 - 1:42but the thing is,
that until very recently, -
1:42 - 1:46we could not see this disease
in the brain during life, -
1:48 - 1:49and
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1:49 - 1:55new imaging techniques now allow
seeing Alzheimer's lesions in vivo. -
1:56 - 1:58And this brings a lot of hope
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1:59 - 2:02to find a cure
for this terrible affection. -
2:03 - 2:05So hoping to find a cure,
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2:05 - 2:09three years ago, I quit my doctor's job,
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2:09 - 2:11and I went to Harvard University
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2:11 - 2:13to do research.
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2:14 - 2:17So, instead of giving diagnoses
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2:17 - 2:19like a judge gives sentences,
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2:20 - 2:22I became a scientist
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2:22 - 2:24looking for answers,
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2:25 - 2:27kind of a detective.
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2:27 - 2:29And that is the adventure
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2:29 - 2:31I'd like to take you on today
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2:32 - 2:35because now is the time
for even more research. -
2:36 - 2:41But let me start by giving you
some background about Alzheimer's disease. -
2:42 - 2:48Here is the very first patient
diagnosed by Doctor Alzheimer -
2:49 - 2:51with what he called at the time,
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2:51 - 2:54the dementia of forgetfulness.
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2:56 - 2:59Dementia comes from Latin.
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2:59 - 3:04de mentia, literally, losing your mind.
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3:04 - 3:06Losing what makes you human.
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3:08 - 3:10A lot of diseases can cause dementia.
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3:11 - 3:13A brain tumor, for instance.
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3:14 - 3:18Alzheimer's starts with forgetfulness
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3:18 - 3:19and memory loss
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3:21 - 3:23that progressively evolves
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3:23 - 3:24to dementia,
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3:25 - 3:27a stage at which you are no longer able
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3:27 - 3:29to care for yourself.
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3:29 - 3:33That is the stage everybody is afraid of.
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3:33 - 3:35And we have very good reasons
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3:35 - 3:36to be afraid.
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3:37 - 3:41No treatment, and it seems unavoidable.
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3:42 - 3:48The two main risks for Alzheimer's
are age and genetics. -
3:49 - 3:52Sorry Madam, I can't change your genes.
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3:52 - 3:56And whatever we do,
we're all getting older. -
3:56 - 3:58This just seems hopeless.
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3:59 - 4:02But still, why not trying research.
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4:03 - 4:06Maybe if we understand better
what's happening in the brain, -
4:07 - 4:08we can fix it.
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4:09 - 4:12Like Hercule Poirot would elucidate
a murder in Agatha Christie, -
4:12 - 4:17let's try to understand how, why,
and when Alzheimer's kills our mind. -
4:18 - 4:22But above of all, what could we do
to prevent this murder? -
4:23 - 4:25Doctor Alzheimer paved the way
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4:25 - 4:29by giving a description
of the brain pathology. -
4:29 - 4:33After his first patient died,
he performed a brain autopsy -
4:34 - 4:36and identified two lesions
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4:36 - 4:39which, together,
define Alzheimer's disease. -
4:40 - 4:41These two lesions
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4:41 - 4:46are amyloid plaques and tau tangles.
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4:46 - 4:52Sounds complicated, but this tau,
after the Greek letter with that name, -
4:52 - 4:55and amyloid, are still,
today, a century later, -
4:55 - 4:56the two main suspects
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4:57 - 4:59in Alzheimer's disease.
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5:00 - 5:02But if a doctor can't see them,
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5:02 - 5:05he can never be sure
someone has Alzheimer's. -
5:07 - 5:09Early detection and prevention
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5:09 - 5:10are impossible then.
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5:12 - 5:16However, we learned a lot
from these autopsy studies. -
5:17 - 5:20And the most important thing
we have learned -
5:20 - 5:24is that amyloid plaques
are not only present -
5:24 - 5:26in the brain of patients
with Alzheimer's dementia, -
5:27 - 5:29but also in normal individuals,
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5:29 - 5:31like you and me.
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5:31 - 5:34And the older we get,
the more common it becomes. -
5:35 - 5:37At the age of 35 years old,
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5:37 - 5:39a third of us
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5:39 - 5:41have amyloid pathology in our brain.
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5:42 - 5:44But, wait a minute.
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5:45 - 5:46Should we care about this?
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5:46 - 5:48Is that Alzheimer's disease,
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5:48 - 5:51having amyloid in the brain
but a normal memory? -
5:52 - 5:54I think we should care about this
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5:55 - 6:00because if we look at the risk
for Alzheimer's dementia, -
6:01 - 6:04we see a similar curve, 15 years later,
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6:05 - 6:07at the age of 90 years old.
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6:07 - 6:08It is a third of us
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6:09 - 6:12who will suffer from Alzheimer's dementia.
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6:13 - 6:15We should try to do something about this.
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6:16 - 6:18And I think these 15 years,
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6:19 - 6:21during which pathology slowly builds up,
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6:23 - 6:25but memory symptoms are not present yet,
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6:25 - 6:27are a wonderful opportunity
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6:28 - 6:30for who wants to prevent the disease
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6:30 - 6:31from occurring.
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6:31 - 6:34Catching the killer,
before the murder is committed. -
6:37 - 6:38Brain autopsy.
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6:38 - 6:41That's quite a late stage for doing this.
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6:42 - 6:45So the first breakthrough
I'd like to mention to you, -
6:46 - 6:47is amyloid imaging.
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6:48 - 6:49For the past 10 years now,
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6:50 - 6:52we've been able to perform a scan
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6:52 - 6:54and visualize amyloid in the brain
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6:55 - 6:58during life, in red on this scan.
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6:59 - 7:03And we could confirm
that at the age of 75, -
7:03 - 7:05a third of us
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7:05 - 7:07have a positive scan for amyloid.
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7:08 - 7:12The big lesson here
is that this complicated thing -
7:12 - 7:13named amyloid
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7:14 - 7:16is not important for memory right now.
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7:17 - 7:19But it has a drastic impact
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7:19 - 7:22on how memory will evolve in the future.
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7:23 - 7:26So, what's happening?
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7:27 - 7:30How can someone
have a head full of amyloid, -
7:30 - 7:32his memory is working fine,
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7:32 - 7:35and then suddenly he becomes demented?
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7:35 - 7:36What's new?
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7:37 - 7:40I think that the second
lesion in Alzheimer's -
7:40 - 7:42has now come into play:
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7:42 - 7:45tau pathology.
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7:46 - 7:47So tau pathology
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7:47 - 7:51is strongly correlated with memory.
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7:51 - 7:54In individuals who had
a normal memory during life, -
7:55 - 7:59only few tau pathologies
observed at autopsy, -
7:59 - 8:02what you can see here,
on the left, in brown. -
8:03 - 8:06But for individuals who had
mild cognitive impairment -
8:06 - 8:08at the end of their life,
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8:08 - 8:10we observed more tau pathology.
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8:10 - 8:14And an expanded tau pathology
all over the brain -
8:14 - 8:18is almost always associated with dementia.
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8:19 - 8:24So amyloid might be the first culprit
in Alzheimer's disease, -
8:25 - 8:27but tau seems closer to the symptoms.
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8:29 - 8:32Tau pathology starts accumulating
in the brain region -
8:32 - 8:35that is the most important for memory,
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8:35 - 8:39and the more it accumulates,
the more memory declines. -
8:40 - 8:44So let me share to you
my current understanding -
8:44 - 8:45of Alzheimer's disease
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8:46 - 8:49and compare this
to the three steps of a murder. -
8:50 - 8:54First, someone wishes you dead.
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8:55 - 8:59And actually that might happen
more often than you think. -
8:59 - 9:01But it doesn't necessarily mean
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9:01 - 9:03you will die.
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9:03 - 9:05This is amyloid
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9:05 - 9:07building up in the brain.
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9:07 - 9:10That is actually quite frequent with age.
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9:10 - 9:15It doesn't necessarily mean
you will have dementia. -
9:15 - 9:18But for sure that increase the risk.
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9:18 - 9:21If you have no amyloid, no Alzheimer's.
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9:21 - 9:24If no one wishes you dead,
you won't die from a murder. -
9:26 - 9:30But in the second step,
the one who wishes you dead -
9:30 - 9:33actually contacts a killer.
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9:33 - 9:36And that's where it becomes more serious
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9:36 - 9:38because he asks him to prepare the murder,
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9:38 - 9:42and that is amyloid
increasing tau pathology. -
9:43 - 9:46No memory symptoms yet,
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9:46 - 9:49but soon the patient
will come and see his doctor -
9:50 - 9:54because he has noticed some memory loss.
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9:55 - 10:00And bam! He receives a death sentence.
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10:00 - 10:03He learns he has Alzheimer's disease.
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10:03 - 10:06And very little can be done to save him.
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10:07 - 10:10Many brain regions have been destroyed
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10:10 - 10:12by amyloid and tau,
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10:12 - 10:14and repairing the brain
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10:14 - 10:17would be as difficult
as resuscitating someone -
10:17 - 10:19after a murder.
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10:20 - 10:23What we should do is prevention.
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10:24 - 10:28Preventing amyloid and tau
from destroying the brain, -
10:30 - 10:32but that was not quite possible
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10:32 - 10:35if we could not see these lesions
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10:35 - 10:36during life,
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10:36 - 10:38and it is only three years ago
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10:38 - 10:43that tau scans were developed
in Harvard University. -
10:43 - 10:46And this invention, tau scans,
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10:46 - 10:49is probably a turning point
in Alzheimer's research. -
10:50 - 10:53Because now we have
the technical capability -
10:53 - 10:56of observing both amyloid and tau
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10:56 - 11:00because now we have
the two main suspects in custody, -
11:01 - 11:02and we can question them.
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11:03 - 11:06So I went to Harvard
to learn more about it. -
11:08 - 11:11And the first tau scans
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11:11 - 11:14confirmed what we knew from autopsy:
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11:14 - 11:17tau is really bad for your memory.
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11:17 - 11:20If you have a lot
of tau pathology in your brain, -
11:21 - 11:23you're probably going to be demented.
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11:24 - 11:28In contrast, amyloid increase very early,
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11:28 - 11:31at the time where
our memory is still normal, -
11:31 - 11:35and it can stay normal
for many years, despite amyloid, -
11:36 - 11:38and that is the point we should try
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11:39 - 11:40to prevent Alzheimer's.
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11:43 - 11:44Over the past 20 years,
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11:44 - 11:4795% of clinical trials
in Alzheimer's disease -
11:48 - 11:49have failed.
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11:50 - 11:52But we were looking in the dark.
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11:52 - 11:56We could not verify in humans
if a drug was effective or not. -
11:57 - 12:02Except in a very long trial,
we were waiting for cognitive decline. -
12:03 - 12:07Basically we needed the murder
to happen to identify the murderer. -
12:08 - 12:10No prevention was possible.
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12:11 - 12:16But now that both amyloid
and tau scans have been developed, -
12:16 - 12:19we can start thinking
of prevention therapies. -
12:21 - 12:23So now that we understand
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12:23 - 12:26a little bit better
how this plot is built, -
12:27 - 12:30now that we understand
better Alzheimer's disease, -
12:31 - 12:34let's imagine strategies to fix it.
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12:35 - 12:37Who do you want to see in jail?
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12:38 - 12:41The one who wished you dead or the killer?
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12:43 - 12:44I would say both of them.
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12:45 - 12:51But actually stopping one
might be enough to prevent the murder. -
12:52 - 12:58So far many clinical trials have intended
to remove amyloid from the brain, -
12:58 - 13:00and they were not quite successful.
-
13:02 - 13:04But one of the potential reasons
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13:04 - 13:08is that these trials
included patients with dementia, -
13:08 - 13:12a stage that might be too late
to be effective. -
13:12 - 13:15So currently, a very large American trial
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13:15 - 13:20is giving anti-amyloid drug
to normal individuals -
13:21 - 13:23who are older than 65
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13:24 - 13:27and have evidence of amyloid on a scan.
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13:28 - 13:32And we should have the results
of this very first preventive trial -
13:32 - 13:34in three years from now.
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13:35 - 13:39But we should probably
also follow other tracks, -
13:39 - 13:43like drugs against tau pathology.
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13:44 - 13:45Stopping the killer
-
13:45 - 13:48might be the most effective
way to stay alive. -
13:50 - 13:53And to share a personal conviction,
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13:53 - 13:57I think we're still missing
a very important piece -
13:57 - 13:58in Alzheimer's disease.
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14:00 - 14:01Who is the messenger?
-
14:02 - 14:06How do amyloid and tau interact?
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14:06 - 14:08Actually, no one really knows.
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14:09 - 14:14But now we have the tools
to investigate these questions. -
14:14 - 14:16We can look for answers.
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14:16 - 14:19And that is a game changer.
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14:20 - 14:23The research we will conduct today
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14:24 - 14:27will help us not only to live longer,
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14:27 - 14:30but also in a better mental health.
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14:31 - 14:35However, we need to hurry
if we want to catch these criminals, -
14:36 - 14:41if we want to avoid the serial killing
predicted by global aging. -
14:42 - 14:44If we do nothing,
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14:44 - 14:45we all are going to have Alzheimer's
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14:45 - 14:48once we've been cured
from cardiovascular disease -
14:48 - 14:49and cancer.
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14:50 - 14:52So let's stand together in this fight
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14:53 - 14:56and make aging fun again.
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14:56 - 15:00This detective story
can have a happy ending. -
15:01 - 15:03Over the past few months,
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15:03 - 15:07I resumed a memory clinic,
every Wednesday in Brussels, -
15:09 - 15:10and I'm still doing research.
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15:11 - 15:15But now, with this increased knowledge,
I can reassure my patients -
15:15 - 15:17and their families
-
15:17 - 15:19they're not crazy.
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15:19 - 15:23Their memory symptoms
have a biological explanation, -
15:23 - 15:25and you also know why now.
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15:26 - 15:29And we can do more research
to understand this better -
15:29 - 15:31and try to fix it.
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15:31 - 15:35And this hope is really important
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15:35 - 15:37for the patients with the disease,
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15:38 - 15:41but also, for you and me,
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15:41 - 15:43who might have the disease in the future.
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15:44 - 15:46My deepest wish
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15:46 - 15:49is to see a prevention
for Alzheimer's disease -
15:49 - 15:51as soon as possible.
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15:53 - 15:55And if we all fight for this,
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15:55 - 15:57I am sure we can do it.
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15:59 - 16:01Thank you for supporting research.
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16:01 - 16:04(Applause)
- Title:
- Detect and prevent Alzheimer’s disease before memory loss | Bernard Hanseeuw | TEDxUCLouvain
- Description:
-
After 65 years old, one out of 10 have Alzheimer’s disease …
Even worse, one out of three have the hallmark brain lesions of Alzheimer’s. Worrisome? Indeed. However, having lesions 10 to 20 years before symptom onset is a wonderful opportunity for whoever wants to detect this terrible affection. Since 2013, the hallmark pathologies of Alzheimer’s can be detected using a PET scan. New research avenues are thus opening, and with them, the hope of developing preventive therapies.Dr. Bernard Hanseeuw graduated as a medical doctor at UCLouvain in 2007. Four years later, he defended a PhD thesis on brain imaging in early Alzheimer’s detection. After his residency in neurology, he left for Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School to train in molecular PET imaging of amyloid and tau proteins. Bernard Hanseeuw conducts research in Boston and Brussels; he aims at better understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms leading to Alzheimer’s pathology in older adults, to guide clinical trials to success.
This talk was given at a TEDx event using the TED conference format but independently organized by a local community. Learn more at https://www.ted.com/tedx
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TEDxTalks
- Duration:
- 16:14