TEDxNASA@SiliconValley - Bilal Bomani - Cutting edge biofuels
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0:04 - 0:06Welcome everyone.
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0:06 - 0:09What I'm going to do is, I'm going to explain to you
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0:09 - 0:11an extreme green concept
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0:11 - 0:14that was developed at NASA's Glenn Research Center
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0:14 - 0:16in Cleveland, Ohio.
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0:16 - 0:18But before I do that, we have to go over
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0:18 - 0:20the definition of what green is,
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0:20 - 0:23cos a lot of us have a different definition of it.
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0:23 - 0:25Green. The product is created through
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0:25 - 0:27environmentally and socially conscious means.
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0:27 - 0:30There's plenty of things that are being called green now.
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0:30 - 0:32What does it actually mean?
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0:32 - 0:36We use three metrics to determine green.
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0:36 - 0:39The first metric is: is it Sustainable?
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0:39 - 0:42Which means: Are you preserving what you are doing for future use
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0:42 - 0:45or for future generations?
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0:45 - 0:49Is it alternative? Is it different than what is being used today,
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0:49 - 0:52or does it have a lower carbon footprint
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0:52 - 0:54than what's used conventionally?
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0:54 - 0:57And three: Is it renewable?
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0:57 - 1:01Does it come from Earth's natural replenishing resources,
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1:01 - 1:04such as Sun, wind and water?
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1:04 - 1:08Now my task at NASA is to develop
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1:08 - 1:11the next generation of aviation fuels.
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1:11 - 1:14Extreme green. Why aviation?
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1:14 - 1:17The field of aviation uses more fuel than just about
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1:17 - 1:22every other combined. We need to find an alternative.
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1:22 - 1:25Also it's a natural aeronautics directive.
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1:25 - 1:28One of the national aeronautics goals is to develop
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1:28 - 1:30the next generation of fuels, bio fuels, using
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1:30 - 1:34domestic and safe, friendly, resources.
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1:34 - 1:37Now combating that challenge
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1:37 - 1:40we have to also meet the big three metric --
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1:40 - 1:44actually, this is an extreme green, for us is all three together
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1:44 - 1:46that's why you see the plus there I was told to say that.
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1:46 - 1:51All right! So, it has to be the BIG 3 at GRC, that's another metric.
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1:51 - 1:5797% of the world's water is saltwater.
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1:57 - 2:01How about we use that. Combine that with number 3.
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2:01 - 2:04Do not use arable land.
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2:04 - 2:06Because crops are already growing on that land
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2:06 - 2:09that's very scarce around the world.
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2:09 - 2:12Number two: Don't compete with food crops.
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2:12 - 2:16That's already a well established entity, they don't need another entry.
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2:16 - 2:20And lastly the most precious resource we have on this Earth
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2:20 - 2:25is fresh water. Don't use fresh water.
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2:25 - 2:28If 97.5% of the world's water is salt water
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2:28 - 2:312.5% is fresh water. Less than a half percent
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2:31 - 2:33of that is accessible for human use.
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2:33 - 2:37But 60% of the population lives within that one percent.
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2:37 - 2:42So, combating my problem was, now I have to be extreme green
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2:42 - 2:44and meet the big three. Ladies and gentlemen,
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2:44 - 2:48welcome to the GreenLab Research Facility.
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2:48 - 2:50This is a facility dedicated to the next generation
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2:50 - 2:54of aviation fuels using halophytes.
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2:54 - 2:57A halophyte is a salt tolerating plant.
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2:57 - 3:01Most plants don't like salt, but halophytes tolerate salt.
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3:01 - 3:04We are also are using weeds
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3:04 - 3:07and we are also using algae.
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3:07 - 3:09The good thing about our lab is, we've had
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3:09 - 3:12thirty six hundred visitors in the last two years.
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3:12 - 3:14Why do you think that's so?
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3:14 - 3:18Because we are on to something special.
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3:18 - 3:20So, in the lower you see the GreenLab obviously
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3:20 - 3:23in our right hand side you see algae.
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3:23 - 3:26If you are into the business of the next generation
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3:26 - 3:28aviation fuels, algae is a viable option,
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3:28 - 3:30there's a lot of funding right now
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3:30 - 3:32and we have an algae to fuels program.
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3:32 - 3:34There's two types of algae growing.
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3:34 - 3:37One is a closed photobioreactor that you see here,
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3:37 - 3:41and what you see on the other side is our species
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3:41 - 3:45we are currently using a species called Scenedesmus diamorphis.
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3:45 - 3:49Our job at NASA is to take the experimental and computational
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3:49 - 3:54and make a better mixing for the closed photobioreactors.
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3:54 - 3:56Now the problems of closed photobioreactors are:
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3:56 - 3:59they are quite expensive, they are automated
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3:59 - 4:02and it's very difficult to get them in large scale.
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4:02 - 4:03So on large scale what do we use?
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4:03 - 4:07We use open pond systems. Now, around the world
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4:07 - 4:10they are growing algae, with this racetrack designs
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4:10 - 4:13that you see here. Looks like an oval with a
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4:13 - 4:15paddle wheel and mixes really well but
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4:15 - 4:19when it gets around the last turn, which I call turn four -- it's stagnant.
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4:19 - 4:21We actually have a solution for that
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4:21 - 4:24in the GreenLab open pond system
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4:24 - 4:27we use something that happens in nature: waves.
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4:27 - 4:30We actually use wave technology on our open pond systems
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4:30 - 4:35we have 95% mixing and our lipid content is higher
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4:35 - 4:38than our closed photobioreactor system
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4:38 - 4:40which we think is significant.
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4:40 - 4:44There's a drawback to algae, however: it's very expensive.
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4:44 - 4:47Is there a way to produce algae
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4:47 - 4:51inexpensively? And the answer is: yes.
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4:51 - 4:54We do the same thing we do with halophytes
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4:54 - 4:58and that is: climatic adaptation.
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4:58 - 5:01In our GreenLab we have six primary ecosystems
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5:01 - 5:05that range from freshwater all the way to saltwater.
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5:05 - 5:09What we do: we take a potential species, we start at freshwater
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5:09 - 5:11we add a little bit more salt, when the second tank here
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5:11 - 5:13will be the same ecosystem as Brazil
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5:13 - 5:17-- right next to the sugar cane fields you can have our plants --
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5:17 - 5:21the next tank represents Africa, the next tank represents Arizona,
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5:21 - 5:23the next tank represents Florida,
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5:23 - 5:27and the next tank represents California, or the open ocean.
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5:27 - 5:31What we are trying to do is to come up with a single species
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5:31 - 5:37that can survive anywhere in the world, where there's barren desert.
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5:37 - 5:39We are being very successful so far.
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5:39 - 5:42Now, here's one of the problems. If you are a farmer
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5:42 - 5:47you need five things to be successful: you need seeds
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5:47 - 5:51you need soil, you need water, and you need sun,
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5:51 - 5:55and the last thing that you need is fertilizer.
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5:55 - 5:58Most people use chemical fertilizers. But guess what
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5:58 - 6:02we do not use chemical fertilizer. Wait a second!
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6:02 - 6:06I just saw lots of green in your green lab. You have to use fertilizer.
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6:06 - 6:10Believe it or not, in our analysis of our saltwater ecosystems
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6:10 - 6:1480% of what we need are in these tanks themselves.
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6:14 - 6:18The 20% that's missing is nitrogen and phosphorous.
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6:18 - 6:20We have a natural solution: fish.
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6:20 - 6:24No we don't cut up the fish and put them in there. (Laughter)
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6:24 - 6:28Fish waste is what we use. As a matter of fact
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6:28 - 6:32we use freshwater mollies, that we've used our climatic adaptation technique
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6:32 - 6:35from freshwater all the way to seawater.
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6:35 - 6:42Freshwater mollies: cheap, they love to make babies,
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6:42 - 6:44and they love to go to the bathroom.
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6:44 - 6:46And the more they go to the bathroom, the more fertilizer we get,
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6:46 - 6:49the better off we are, believe it or not.
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6:49 - 6:54It should be noted that we use sand as our soil,
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6:54 - 6:58regular beach sand. Fossilized krill.
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6:58 - 7:02All right. So, a lot of people ask me, How did you get started?
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7:02 - 7:07Well, we got started in what we call indoor bio fuels lab.
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7:07 - 7:11It's a seedling lab. We have 26 different species of halophytes
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7:11 - 7:15and five are winners. What we do here is --
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7:15 - 7:18actually it should be called a death lab, 'cos we try to
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7:18 - 7:20kill the seedlings, make them rough --
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7:20 - 7:22and then we come to the green lab.
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7:22 - 7:25What you see in the lower corner
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7:25 - 7:27is a waste photo treatment plant experiment
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7:27 - 7:30that we are growing, a macro algae that I'll talk about in a minute.
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7:30 - 7:34And lastly it's me actually working in the lab to prove that I do work,
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7:34 - 7:38I don't just talk about what I do. (Laughter)
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7:38 - 7:41All right. Here's the plant species. Salicornia virginica.
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7:41 - 7:45It's a wonderful plant. I love that plant.
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7:45 - 7:48Everywhere we go we see it. It's all over the place from Maine
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7:48 - 7:51all the way to California. We love that plant.
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7:51 - 7:56Second is Salicornia bigelovi. Very difficult to get around the world.
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7:56 - 7:58It is the highest lipid content that we have,
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7:58 - 8:02but it has a short coming: it's short.
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8:02 - 8:05Now you take europaea, which is the largest
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8:05 - 8:09or the tallest plant that we have, and what we are trying to do
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8:09 - 8:13with natural selection or adaptive biology, combine all three
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8:13 - 8:17to make a higher growth high lipid plant.
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8:17 - 8:24Next -- when a hurricane decimated the Delaware Bay -- soy bean fields: gone.
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8:24 - 8:28We came up with an idea: can you have a plant
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8:28 - 8:33that has a land reclamation positive in Delaware, and the answer is yes.
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8:33 - 8:37It's called seashore mallow. Kosteletzkya virginica
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8:37 - 8:40-- say that five times if you can, fast.
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8:40 - 8:47This is a 100% usable plant. The seeds: bio fuels. The rest: cattle feed.
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8:47 - 8:51It's there for ten years, it's working very well.
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8:51 - 8:54Now we get to Chaetomorpha.
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8:54 - 8:58This is a macro-algae that loves
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8:58 - 9:00excess nutrients. If you are in the aquarium industry
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9:00 - 9:03you know we use it to clean up dirty tanks.
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9:03 - 9:07This species is so significant to us.
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9:07 - 9:11The properties are very close to plastic.
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9:11 - 9:16We are trying right now to convert this macro-algae into a bio-plastic.
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9:16 - 9:21If we are successful, we will revolutionize the plastics industry.
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9:21 - 9:25So, we have a seed to fuel program. We have to do something
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9:25 - 9:28with this biomass that we have.
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9:28 - 9:32And so we do GC extraction, lipid optimization, so on and so forth,
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9:32 - 9:35because our goal really is to come up with
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9:35 - 9:40the next generation of aviation fuels, aviation specifics, so on and so forth.
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9:40 - 9:44So, so far we talked about water and fuel,
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9:44 - 9:51but along the way we found out something interesting about Salicornia:
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9:51 - 9:55it's a food product.
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9:55 - 9:58So we talk about ideas worth spreading, right?
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9:58 - 10:04How about this: in Sub-Saharian Africa, next to the sea, saltwater,
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10:04 - 10:09barren desert, how about we take that plant,
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10:09 - 10:14plant it, have use for food, have use for fuel.
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10:14 - 10:18We can make that happen, inexpensively.
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10:18 - 10:21You can see there's a greenhouse in Germany
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10:21 - 10:23that sells it as a health food product.
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10:23 - 10:28This is harvested, and in the middle here is a shrimp dish, and it's been pickled
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10:28 - 10:32so I have to tell a joke. Salicornia is known as sea beans
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10:32 - 10:36saltwater asparagus, and pickle weed.
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10:36 - 10:39So we are pickling pickle weed, in the middle.
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10:39 - 10:42Oh I thought it was funny. (Laughter)
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10:42 - 10:45And at the bottom is seamans mustard. It does make sense,
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10:45 - 10:47this is a logical snack. You have mustard,
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10:47 - 10:50you are a seaman, you see the halophyte, you mix it together
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10:50 - 10:53it's a great snack with some crackers.
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10:53 - 11:00All right. And last: garlic, with Salicornia, which is what I like.
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11:00 - 11:06So, water, fuel, and food.
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11:06 - 11:09None of this is possible without the GreenLab Team.
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11:09 - 11:14Just like the Miami Heat has the big three, we have the big three at NASA GRC.
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11:14 - 11:19That's myself, professor Bob Hendricks, who's our fearless leader, and doctor Arnon Chait.
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11:19 - 11:24The backbone of the GreenLab is students.
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11:24 - 11:27Over the last two years we had thirty five different students
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11:27 - 11:31from around the world working at GreenLab.
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11:31 - 11:35As a matter fact my division chief says a lot, "you have a green university",
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11:35 - 11:37I say, "I'm ok with that, 'cos we are nurturing
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11:37 - 11:43the next generation of extreme green thinkers, which is significant."
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11:43 - 11:48So, in first summary I presented to you what we think
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11:48 - 11:54is a global solution for food, fuel and water.
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11:54 - 11:57There's something missing to be complete.
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11:57 - 12:01Clearly we use electricity. We have a solution for you --
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12:01 - 12:05we are using clean energy sources here.
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12:05 - 12:09So, we have two wind turbines connected to the GreenLab
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12:09 - 12:13we have four or five more hopefully coming soon.
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12:13 - 12:16We are also using something that is quite interesting --
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12:16 - 12:21there is a solar array field at NASA's Glenn Research Center,
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12:21 - 12:24hasn't been used for fifteen years.
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12:24 - 12:27Along with some of my electrical engineering colleagues
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12:27 - 12:29we realized that they are still viable
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12:29 - 12:32so we are refurbishing them right now
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12:32 - 12:37in about thirty days or so they will be connected to the GreenLab.
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12:37 - 12:40And the reason why you see red, red and yellow, is
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12:40 - 12:43a lot of people think NASA employees don't work on Saturday --
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12:43 - 12:47this is a picture taken on Saturday, there's no cars around but you see
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12:47 - 12:51my truck in yellow, I work on Saturday. (Laughter)
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12:51 - 12:53This is a proof to you that I'm working.
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12:53 - 12:57'Cos we do what it takes to get the job done, most people know that.
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12:57 - 12:59Here's a concept with this:
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12:59 - 13:05we are using the GreenLab for a micro-grid testbed
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13:05 - 13:09for the smart-grid concept in Ohio.
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13:09 - 13:14We have the ability to do that, and I think it's going to work.
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13:16 - 13:20So, GreenLab Research Facility.
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13:20 - 13:25A self sustainable renewable energy ecosystem was presented today.
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13:25 - 13:31We really, really hope this concept catches on, worldwide.
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13:31 - 13:40We think we have a solution, for food, water, fuel and now energy. Complete.
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13:40 - 13:46It's extreme green, it's sustainable, alternative, and renewable
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13:46 - 13:50and it meets the big three at GRC:
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13:50 - 13:55don't use arable land, don't compete with food crops,
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13:55 - 13:58and most of all, don't use fresh water.
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13:58 - 14:03So I get a lot of questions about what are you doing in that lab?
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14:03 - 14:09And I usually say, None of your business, that's what I'm doing in the lab. (Laughter)
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14:09 - 14:12And believe it or not, my number one goal,
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14:12 - 14:15for working on this project, is:
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14:15 - 14:20I want to help save the world. Thank you.
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14:20 - 14:23(Applause)
- Title:
- TEDxNASA@SiliconValley - Bilal Bomani - Cutting edge biofuels
- Description:
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Bilal Bomani currently serves as the lead scientist for NASA's biofuels research program focusing on the next generation of aviation fuel. The intent is to use algae and halophytes with the goal of providing a renewable energy source that does not use freshwater, arable land or compete with food crops.
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TEDxTalks
- Duration:
- 14:27
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