The case for collaborative consumption

At TEDxSydney, Rachel Botsman says we're "wired to share" -- and shows how websites like Zipcar and Swaptree are changing the rules of human behavior.

So today I'm going to talk to you

about the rise of collaborative consumption.

I'm going to explain what it is

and try and convince you -- in just 15 minutes --

that this isn't a flimsy idea,

or a short-term trend,

but a powerful cultural and economic force

reinventing not just what we consume,

but how we consume.

Now I'm going to start with a deceptively simple example.

Hands up -- how many of you

have books, CDs, DVDs, or videos

lying around your house

that you probably won't use again,

but you can't quite bring yourself to throw away?

Can't see all the hands,

but it looks like all of you, right?

On our shelves at home,

we have a box set of the DVD series "24,"

season six to be precise.

I think it was bought for us around three years ago for a Christmas present.

Now my husband, Chris, and I

love this show.

But let's face it, when you've watched it once maybe, or twice,

you don't really want to watch it again,

because you know how Jack Bauer is going to defeat the terrorists.

So there it sits on our shelves

obsolete to us,

but with immediate latent value to someone else.

Now before we go on, I have a confession to make.

I lived in New York for 10 years,

and I am a big fan of "Sex and the City."

Now I'd love to watch the first movie again

as sort of a warm-up to the sequel coming out next week.

So how easily could I swap

our unwanted copy of "24"

for a wanted copy of "Sex and the City?"

Now you may have noticed

there's a new sector emerging called swap-trading.

Now the easiest analogy for swap-trading

is like an online dating service

for all your unwanted media.

What it does is use the Internet

to create an infinite marketplace

to match person A's "haves"

with person C's "wants,"

whatever they may be.

The other week, I went on one of these sites,

appropriately called Swaptree,

and there were over 59,300 items

that I could instantly swap

for my copy of "24."

Lo and behold,

there in Reseda, CA was Rondoron

who wanted swap his or her

"like new" copy of "Sex and the City"

for my copy of "24."

So in other words, what's happening here

is that Swaptree

solves my carrying company's sugar rush problem,

a problem the economists call "the coincidence of wants,"

in approximately 60 seconds.

What's even more amazing is it will print out a postage label on the spot,

because it knows the way of the item.

Now there are layers of technical wonder

behind sites such as Swaptree,

but that's not my interest,

and nor is swap trading, per se.

My passion, and what I've spent the last few years

dedicated to researching,

is the collaborative behaviors and trust-mechanics

inherent in these systems.

When you think about it,

it would have seemed like a crazy idea, even a few years ago,

that I would swap my stuff with a total stranger

whose real name I didn't know

and without any money changing hands.

Yet 99 percent of trades on Swaptree

happen successfully,

and the one percent that receive a negative rating,

it's for relatively minor reasons,

like the item didn't arrive on time.

So what's happening here?

An extremely powerful dynamic

that has huge commercial and cultural implications

is at play.

Namely, that technology

is enabling

trust between strangers.

We now live in a global village

where we can mimic the ties

that used to happen face to face,

but on a scale and in ways

that have never been possible before.

So what's actually happening

is that social networks and real-time technologies

are taking us back.

We're bartering, trading,

swapping, sharing,

but they're being reinvented

into dynamic and appealing forms.

What I find fascinating

is that we've actually wired our world to share,

whether that's our neighborhood, our school,

our office, or our Facebook network,

and that's creating an economy

of "what's mine is yours."

From the mighty eBay,

the grandfather of exchange marketplaces,

to car-sharing companies such as GoGet,

where you pay a monthly fee to rent cars by the hour,

to social lending platforms such as Zopa,

that will take anyone in this audience

with 100 dollars to lend,

and match them with a borrower anywhere in the world,

we're sharing and collaborating again

in ways that I believe

are more hip than hippie.

I call this "groundswell collaborative consumption."

Now before I dig into the different systems

of collaborative consumption,

I'd like to try and answer the question

that every author rightfully gets asked,

which is, where did this idea come from?

Now I'd like to say I woke up one morning

and said, "I'm going to write about collaborative consumption,"

but actually it was a complicated web

of seemingly disconnected ideas.

Over the next minute,

you're going to see a bit like a conceptual fireworks display

of all the dots that went on in my head.

The first thing I began to notice:

how many big concepts were emerging --

from the wisdom of crowds to smart mobs --

around how ridiculously easy it is

to form groups for a purpose.

And linked to this crowd mania

were examples all around the world --

from the election of a president

to the infamous Wikipedia, and everything in between --

on what the power of numbers could achieve.

Now, you know when you learn a new word,

and then you start to see that word everywhere?

That's what happened to me

when I noticed that we are moving

from passive consumers

to creators,

to highly enabled collaborators.

What's happening

is the Internet is removing the middleman,

so that anyone from a T-shirt designer

to a knitter

can make a living selling peer-to-peer.

And the ubiquitous force

of this peer-to-peer revolution

means that sharing is happening at phenomenal rates.

I mean, it's amazing to think

that, in every single minute of this speech,

25 hours

of YouTube video will be loaded.

Now what I find fascinating about these examples

is how they're actually tapping into

our primate instincts.

I mean, we're monkeys,

and we're born and bred to share and cooperate.

And we were doing so for thousands of years,

whether it's when we hunted in packs,

or farmed in cooperatives,

before this big system called hyper-consumption came along

and we built these fences

and created out own little fiefdoms.

But things are changing,

and one of the reasons why

is the digital natives, or Gen-Y.

They're growing up sharing --

files, video games, knowledge.

It's second nature to them.

So we, the millennials -- I am just a millennial --

are like foot soldiers,

moving us from a culture of "me" to a culture of "we."

The reason why it's happening so fast

is because of mobile collaboration.

We now live in a connected age

where we can locate anyone, anytime, in real-time,

from a small device in our hands.

All of this was going through my head

towards the end of 2008,

when, of course, the great financial crash happened.

Thomas Friedman is one of my favorite New York Times columnists,

and he poignantly commented

that 2008 is when we hit a wall,

when Mother Nature and the market

both said, "No more."

Now we rationally know

that an economy built on hyper-consumption

is a Ponzi scheme. It's a house of cards.

Yet, it's hard for us to individually know what to do.

So all of this is a lot of twittering, right?

Well it was a lot of noise and complexity in my head,

until actually I realized it was happening

because of four key drivers.

One, a renewed belief in the importance of community,

and a very redefinition of what friend and neighbor really means.

A torrent of peer-to-peer social networks

and real-time technologies,

fundamentally changing the way we behave.

Three, pressing unresolved environmental concerns.

And four, a global recession

that has fundamentally shocked

consumer behaviors.

These four drivers

are fusing together

and creating the big shift --

away from the 20th century,

defined by hyper-consumption,

towards the 21st century,

defined by collaborative consumption.

I generally believe we're at an inflection point

where the sharing behaviors --

through sites such as Flickr and Twitter

that are becoming second nature online --

are being applied to offline areas of our everyday lives.

From morning commutes to the way fashion is designed

to the way we grow food,

we are consuming and collaborating once again.

So my co-author, Roo Rogers, and I

have actually gathered thousands of examples

from all around the world of collaborative consumption.

And although they vary enormously

in scale, maturity and purpose,

when we dived into them,

we realized that they could actually be organized into three clear systems.

The first is redistribution markets.

Redistribution markets, just like Swaptree,

are when you take a used, or pre-owned, item

and move it from where it's not needed

to somewhere, or someone, where it is.

They're increasingly thought of as the fifth 'R' --

reduce, reuse, recycle, repair

and redistribute --

because they stretch the life cycle of a product

and thereby reduce waste.

The second is collaborative lifestyles.

This is the sharing of resources

of things like money, skills and time.

I bet, in a couple of years,

that phrases like "coworking"

and "couchsurfing" and "time banks"

are going to become a part of everyday vernacular.

One of my favorite examples of collaborative lifestyles

is called Landshare.

It's a scheme in the U.K.

that matches Mr. Jones,

with some spare space in his back garden,

with Mrs. Smith, a would-be grower.

Together they grow their own food.

It's one of those ideas that's so simple, yet brilliant,

you wonder why it's never been done before.

Now, the third system

is product-service systems.

This is where you pay for the benefit of the product --

what it does for you --

without needing to own the product outright.

This idea is particularly powerful

for things that have

high-idling capacity.

And that can be anything from baby goods

to fashions to --

how many of you have a power drill,

own a power drill? Right.

That power drill will be used around 12 to 13 minutes

in its entire lifetime.

(Laughter)

It's kind of ridiculous, right?

Because what you need is the hole, not the drill.

(Laughter)

(Applause)

So why don't you rent the drill,

or, even better, rent out your own drill to other people

and make some money from it?

These three systems are coming together,

allowing people to share resources

without sacrificing their lifestyles,

or their cherished personal freedoms.

I'm not asking people

to share nicely in the sandpit.

So I want to just give you an example

of how powerful collaborative consumption can be

to change behaviors.

The average car

costs 8,000 dollars a year to run.

Yet, that car sits idle

for 23 hours a day.

So when you consider these two facts,

it starts to make a little less sense

that we have to own one outright.

So this is where car-sharing companies

such as Zipcar and GoGet come in.

In 2009,

Zipcar took 250 participants

from across 13 cities --

and they're all self-confessed car addicts

and car-sharing rookies --

and got them to surrender their keys for a month.

Instead, these people had to walk,

bike, take the train,

or other forms of public transport.

They could only use their Zipcar membership

when absolutely necessary.

The results of this challenge after just one month

was staggering.

It's amazing that 413 lbs were lost

just from the extra exercise.

But my favorite statistic

is that 100

out of the 250 participants

did not want their keys back.

In other words, the car addicts

had lost their urge to own.

Now products-service systems have been around for years.

Just think of libraries and laundrettes.

But I think they're entering a new age,

because technology makes sharing

frictionless and fun.

There's a great quote that was written in the New York Times

that said, "Sharing is to ownership

what the iPod is to the 8-track,

what solar power is to the coal mine."

I believe also, our generation,

our relationship to satisfying what we want

is far less tangible

than any other previous generation.

I don't want the DVD; I want the movie it carries.

I don't want a clunky answering machine;

I want the message it saves.

I don't want a CD; I want the music it plays.

In other words, I don't want stuff;

I want the needs or experiences it fulfills.

This is fueling a massive shift

from where usage trumps possessions --

or as Kevin Kelly, the editor of Wired magazine, puts it,

"where access is better than ownership."

Now as our possessions

dematerialize into the cloud,

a blurry line is appearing

between what's mine, what's yours,

and what's ours.

I want to give you one example

that shows how fast this evolution is happening.

This represents an eight-year time span.

We've gone from traditional car-ownership

to car-sharing companies, such as Zipcar and GoGet,

to ride-sharing platforms that match rides

to the newest entry, which is peer-to-peer car rental,

where you can actually make money

out of renting that car that sits idle for 23 hours a day

to your neighbor.

Now all of these systems

require a degree of trust,

and the cornerstone to this working

is reputation.

Now in the old consumer system,

our reputation didn't matter so much,

because our credit history was far more important

that any kind of peer-to-peer review.

But now with the Web, we leave a trail.

With every spammer we flag,

with every idea we post, comment we share,

we're actually signaling how well we collaborate,

and whether we can or can't be trusted.

Let's go back to my first example,

Swaptree.

I can see that Rondoron

has completed 553 trades

with a 100 percent success rate.

In other words, I can trust him or her.

Now mark my words,

it's only a matter of time

before we're going to be able to perform a Google-like search

and see a cumulative picture

of our reputation capital.

And this reputation capital

will determine our access to collaborative consumption.

It's a new social currency, so to speak,

that could become as powerful as our credit rating.

Now as a closing thought,

I believe we're actually in a period

where we're waking up

from this humongous hangover

of emptiness and waste,

and we're taking a leap

to create a more sustainable system

built to serve our innate needs

for community and individual identity.

I believe it will be referred to

as a revolution, so to speak --

when society, faced with great challenges,

made a seismic shift

from individual getting and spending

towards a rediscovery of collective good.

I'm on a mission to make sharing cool.

I'm on a mission to make sharing hip.

Because I really believe

it can disrupt outdated modes of business,

help us leapfrog

over wasteful forms of hyper-consumption

and teach us when enough really is enough.

Thank you very much.

(Applause)