The case for curiosity-driven research
-
0:01 - 0:06In the late 19th century,
scientists were trying to solve a mystery. -
0:06 - 0:10They found that if they had
a vacuum tube like this one -
0:10 - 0:12and applied a high voltage across it,
-
0:12 - 0:14something strange happened.
-
0:25 - 0:27They called them cathode rays.
-
0:28 - 0:30But the question was:
What were they made of? -
0:31 - 0:35In England, the 19th-century
physicist J.J. Thompson -
0:35 - 0:39conducted experiments using
magnets and electricity, like this. -
0:46 - 0:48And he came to an incredible revelation.
-
0:49 - 0:52These rays were made
of negatively charged particles -
0:53 - 0:57around 2,000 times lighter
than the hydrogen atom, -
0:57 - 0:58the smallest thing they knew.
-
0:59 - 1:03So Thompson had discovered
the first subatomic particle, -
1:03 - 1:05which we now call electrons.
-
1:06 - 1:09Now, at the time, this seemed to be
a completely impractical discovery. -
1:09 - 1:13I mean, Thompson didn't think
there were any applications of electrons. -
1:14 - 1:18Around his lab in Cambridge,
he used to like to propose a toast: -
1:18 - 1:19"To the electron.
-
1:19 - 1:21May it never be of use to anybody."
-
1:21 - 1:24(Laughter)
-
1:24 - 1:28He was strongly in favor of doing research
out of sheer curiosity, -
1:28 - 1:31to arrive at a deeper
understanding of the world. -
1:32 - 1:36And what he found
did cause a revolution in science. -
1:36 - 1:41But it also caused a second,
unexpected revolution in technology. -
1:42 - 1:46Today, I'd like to make a case
for curiosity-driven research, -
1:46 - 1:47because without it,
-
1:47 - 1:50none of the technologies
I'll talk about today -
1:50 - 1:52would have been possible.
-
1:52 - 1:57Now, what Thompson found here
has actually changed our view of reality. -
1:57 - 2:00I mean, I think I'm standing on a stage,
-
2:00 - 2:02and you think you're sitting in a seat.
-
2:02 - 2:04But that's just the electrons in your body
-
2:04 - 2:07pushing back against
the electrons in the seat, -
2:07 - 2:09opposing the force of gravity.
-
2:09 - 2:12You're not even really touching the seat.
-
2:12 - 2:16You're hovering ever so slightly above it.
-
2:17 - 2:21But in many ways, our modern society
was actually built on this discovery. -
2:21 - 2:24I mean, these tubes
were the start of electronics. -
2:24 - 2:25And then for many years,
-
2:25 - 2:29most of us actually had one of these,
if you remember, in your living room, -
2:29 - 2:31in cathode-ray tube televisions.
-
2:32 - 2:35But -- I mean, how impoverished
would our lives be -
2:35 - 2:38if the only invention that had come
from here was the television? -
2:38 - 2:40(Laughter)
-
2:40 - 2:43Thankfully, this tube was just a start,
-
2:43 - 2:46because something else happens
when the electrons here -
2:46 - 2:48hit the piece of metal inside the tube.
-
2:48 - 2:49Let me show you.
-
2:53 - 2:54Pop this one back on.
-
2:55 - 2:58So as the electrons
screech to a halt inside the metal, -
2:58 - 3:00their energy gets thrown out again
-
3:00 - 3:04in a form of high-energy light,
which we call X-rays. -
3:04 - 3:07(Buzzing)
-
3:08 - 3:09(Buzzing)
-
3:10 - 3:13And within 15 years
of discovering the electron, -
3:13 - 3:18these X-rays were being used
to make images inside the human body, -
3:18 - 3:22helping soldiers' lives
being saved by surgeons, -
3:22 - 3:25who could then find pieces of bullets
and shrapnel inside their bodies. -
3:26 - 3:29But there's no way we could have
come up with that technology -
3:29 - 3:33by asking scientists to build
better surgical probes. -
3:33 - 3:38Only research done out of sheer curiosity,
with no application in mind, -
3:38 - 3:42could have given us the discovery
of the electron and X-rays. -
3:43 - 3:48Now, this tube also threw open the gates
for our understanding of the universe -
3:48 - 3:50and the field of particle physics,
-
3:50 - 3:55because it's also the first,
very simple particle accelerator. -
3:56 - 4:00Now, I'm an accelerator physicist,
so I design particle accelerators, -
4:00 - 4:02and I try and understand how beams behave.
-
4:03 - 4:05And my field's a bit unusual,
-
4:05 - 4:09because it crosses between
curiosity-driven research -
4:09 - 4:12and technology with
real-world applications. -
4:13 - 4:15But it's the combination
of those two things -
4:15 - 4:18that gets me really excited
about what I do. -
4:19 - 4:20Now, over the last 100 years,
-
4:20 - 4:23there have been far too many examples
for me to list them all. -
4:23 - 4:26But I want to share with you just a few.
-
4:26 - 4:31In 1928, a physicist named Paul Dirac
found something strange in his equations. -
4:32 - 4:36And he predicted, based purely
on mathematical insight, -
4:36 - 4:39that there ought to be
a second kind of matter, -
4:39 - 4:41the opposite to normal matter,
-
4:41 - 4:45that literally annihilates
when it comes in contact: -
4:45 - 4:47antimatter.
-
4:48 - 4:50I mean, the idea sounded ridiculous.
-
4:50 - 4:53But within four years, they'd found it.
-
4:53 - 4:55And nowadays, we use it
every day in hospitals, -
4:55 - 5:00in positron emission tomography,
or PET scans, used for detecting disease. -
5:02 - 5:03Or, take these X-rays.
-
5:04 - 5:06If you can get these electrons
up to a higher energy, -
5:06 - 5:09so about 1,000 times higher
than this tube, -
5:09 - 5:12the X-rays that those produce
-
5:12 - 5:16can actually deliver enough
ionizing radiation to kill human cells. -
5:17 - 5:20And if you can shape and direct
those X-rays where you want them to go, -
5:20 - 5:23that allows us to do an incredible thing:
-
5:23 - 5:26to treat cancer without drugs or surgery,
-
5:26 - 5:28which we call radiotherapy.
-
5:28 - 5:31In countries like Australia and the UK,
-
5:31 - 5:35around half of all cancer patients
are treated using radiotherapy. -
5:35 - 5:39And so, electron accelerators
are actually standard equipment -
5:40 - 5:41in most hospitals.
-
5:42 - 5:44Or, a little closer to home:
-
5:44 - 5:47if you have a smartphone or a computer --
-
5:47 - 5:51and this is TEDx, so you've got
both with you right now, right? -
5:52 - 5:54Well, inside those devices
-
5:55 - 5:59are chips that are made
by implanting single ions into silicon, -
5:59 - 6:01in a process called ion implantation.
-
6:02 - 6:05And that uses a particle accelerator.
-
6:07 - 6:10Without curiosity-driven research, though,
-
6:10 - 6:14none of these things would exist at all.
-
6:16 - 6:21So, over the years, we really learned
to explore inside the atom. -
6:22 - 6:26And to do that, we had to learn
to develop particle accelerators. -
6:26 - 6:29The first ones we developed
let us split the atom. -
6:29 - 6:33And then we got to higher
and higher energies; -
6:33 - 6:37we created circular accelerators
that let us delve into the nucleus -
6:37 - 6:41and then create new elements, even.
-
6:42 - 6:46And at that point, we were no longer
just exploring inside the atom. -
6:47 - 6:49We'd actually learned
how to control these particles. -
6:49 - 6:52We'd learned how to interact
with our world -
6:52 - 6:57on a scale that's too small
for humans to see or touch -
6:57 - 6:59or even sense that it's there.
-
7:00 - 7:04And then we built larger
and larger accelerators, -
7:04 - 7:08because we were curious
about the nature of the universe. -
7:08 - 7:12As we went deeper and deeper,
new particles started popping up. -
7:13 - 7:16Eventually, we got to huge
ring-like machines -
7:16 - 7:19that take two beams of particles
in opposite directions, -
7:19 - 7:22squeeze them down
to less than the width of a hair -
7:22 - 7:23and smash them together.
-
7:23 - 7:26And then, using Einstein's E=mc2,
-
7:26 - 7:30you can take all of that energy
and convert it into new matter, -
7:30 - 7:36new particles which we rip
from the very fabric of the universe. -
7:37 - 7:41Nowadays, there are
about 35,000 accelerators in the world, -
7:41 - 7:43not including televisions.
-
7:43 - 7:47And inside each one of these
incredible machines, -
7:47 - 7:51there are hundreds of billions
of tiny particles, -
7:51 - 7:54dancing and swirling in systems
that are more complex -
7:54 - 7:57than the formation of galaxies.
-
7:57 - 8:00You guys, I can't even begin to explain
how incredible it is -
8:00 - 8:02that we can do this.
-
8:02 - 8:04(Laughter)
-
8:04 - 8:07(Applause)
-
8:12 - 8:16So I want to encourage you
to invest your time and energy -
8:16 - 8:19in people that do
curiosity-driven research. -
8:20 - 8:23It was Jonathan Swift who once said,
-
8:23 - 8:26"Vision is the art
of seeing the invisible." -
8:26 - 8:29And over a century ago,
J.J. Thompson did just that, -
8:29 - 8:33when he pulled back the veil
on the subatomic world. -
8:34 - 8:38And now we need to invest
in curiosity-driven research, -
8:38 - 8:41because we have so many
challenges that we face. -
8:41 - 8:42And we need patience;
-
8:42 - 8:46we need to give scientists the time,
the space and the means -
8:46 - 8:48to continue their quest,
-
8:48 - 8:50because history tells us
-
8:51 - 8:54that if we can remain
curious and open-minded -
8:54 - 8:56about the outcomes of research,
-
8:56 - 8:59the more world-changing
our discoveries will be. -
8:59 - 9:01Thank you.
-
9:01 - 9:03(Applause)
- Title:
- The case for curiosity-driven research
- Speaker:
- Suzie Sheehy
- Description:
-
Seemingly pointless scientific research can lead to extraordinary discoveries, says physicist Suzie Sheehy. In a talk and tech demo, she shows how many of our modern technologies are tied to centuries-old, curiosity-driven experiments -- and makes the case for investing in more to arrive at a deeper understanding of the world.
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TEDTalks
- Duration:
- 09:19
Oliver Friedman edited English subtitles for The case for curiosity-driven research | ||
Oliver Friedman edited English subtitles for The case for curiosity-driven research | ||
Camille Martínez accepted English subtitles for The case for curiosity-driven research | ||
Camille Martínez edited English subtitles for The case for curiosity-driven research | ||
Camille Martínez edited English subtitles for The case for curiosity-driven research | ||
Ivana Korom edited English subtitles for The case for curiosity-driven research | ||
Ivana Korom edited English subtitles for The case for curiosity-driven research |