Why there's no life without music | Laura Ferreri | TEDxMilano
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0:59 - 1:00What would happen,
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1:00 - 1:04if you woke up tomorrow morning
in a world without music? -
1:07 - 1:10You would’ve lost something beautiful,
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1:10 - 1:11something that you like.
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1:11 - 1:14But would it be simply a case of
giving up something that you like, -
1:14 - 1:17like eating pizza on Saturday evening?
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1:17 - 1:20Or would you encounter
a much more profound change? -
1:21 - 1:23Music is everywhere,
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1:23 - 1:25it’s found in all cultures,
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1:25 - 1:27in every corner of the world,
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1:27 - 1:31because it’s what allows us
to connect with each other. -
1:31 - 1:32It’s a relational glue,
-
1:32 - 1:35just think of what normally
happens at concerts, -
1:35 - 1:39and it’s the soundtrack
to our lives and events. -
1:39 - 1:44Music seems like something
we’ve always had inside us. -
1:46 - 1:49The strange object that you see behind me
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1:49 - 1:53is an archaeological find,
more precisely it’s a bone. -
1:53 - 1:59It’s the bone of a cave bear
dating back to about 55,000 years ago. -
1:59 - 2:01What does it have to do with music?
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2:01 - 2:06Some scholars have focused on this bone,
precisely on these holes; -
2:06 - 2:08and have tried to reconstruct it,
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2:08 - 2:12formulating a hypothesis that,
today is much more appealing. -
2:12 - 2:17In fact, it could be the oldest
musical instrument in history, -
2:17 - 2:21subsequently nicknamed
the "Neanderthal Flute". -
2:23 - 2:25It often happens, what we stumbled upon
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2:25 - 2:28in the first steps of human evolution
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2:28 - 2:31can also be found in the first steps
of our personal evolution, -
2:31 - 2:34as single individuals,
in the evolution of our lives. -
2:34 - 2:41Neuroscience studies show us
that we are natural born musical. -
2:41 - 2:43Our brain as newborns,
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2:43 - 2:45in the first hours of life,
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2:45 - 2:48manage to specifically respond to music,
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2:48 - 2:52musical structure, melody and rhythm,
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2:52 - 2:54to music’s different
emotional nuances. -
2:54 - 2:58Indeed, the presence of music in our lives
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2:58 - 3:01seems to deal precisely with our brain
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3:01 - 3:02and, in particular, with changes
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3:02 - 3:06that occur in the oldest circuits
at the evolutionary level, -
3:06 - 3:09the deepest ones,
even anatomically speaking. -
3:09 - 3:13A substance plays a key role here
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3:13 - 3:18which is crucial for the regulation
of our behaviour, every day. -
3:18 - 3:20This substance is dopamine.
-
3:20 - 3:24Dopamine is a neurotransmitter
that we usually release -
3:24 - 3:27right in the oldest,
deepest areas of our brain -
3:27 - 3:31in response to stimuli
such as food or sex. -
3:31 - 3:33They are stimuli that attract us,
give us pleasure, -
3:33 - 3:36that motivate us, reward us
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3:36 - 3:39and are also somehow related
to our survival. -
3:40 - 3:43However, what we have recently discovered
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3:43 - 3:45is that dopamine is also released
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3:45 - 3:47in response to music.
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3:49 - 3:53So let's see how many of you,
at least once in life, -
3:53 - 3:56listening to a song, a piece of music,
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3:56 - 3:59have experienced this feeling here.
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4:02 - 4:05I’d say at least 90%.
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4:06 - 4:09These are chills, goosebumps
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4:09 - 4:13they’re our body’s physiological
or psychophysiological responses -
4:13 - 4:15that we can link to intense pleasure.
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4:15 - 4:18Part of my research
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4:18 - 4:21precisely focuses
on this kind of phenomena, -
4:21 - 4:23approaching them, however,
in a rather particular way. -
4:23 - 4:26In fact, with colleagues
based in Barcelona and Montreal, -
4:26 - 4:31we directly activated and deactivated
the mechanisms in the brain -
4:31 - 4:35that we thought could account
for these phenomena, -
4:35 - 4:39and in particular
the release of dopamine. -
4:39 - 4:42A pharmacological study allowed us
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4:42 - 4:48to increase and decrease -
temporarily, so don't worry - -
4:48 - 4:50the release of dopamine
in people's brains. -
4:50 - 4:55We did this while our attendes
were listening to music. -
4:56 - 4:58It could be their favourite music
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4:58 - 5:01or pop-rock music we had chosen,
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5:01 - 5:03music that is normally heard on the radio.
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5:03 - 5:05What we discovered
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5:05 - 5:08is that when dopamine increased
compared to when it decreased, -
5:08 - 5:11their pleasure responses also increased.
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5:11 - 5:15Namely, the participants told us
they'd rather hear a certain song -
5:15 - 5:18and they also had more
associated physiological responses: -
5:18 - 5:20shivers, goosebumps.
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5:20 - 5:23Additionally, when the dopamine increased,
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5:23 - 5:27what we call motivational answers
did also increase. -
5:27 - 5:30In this case, the participants
were willing to pay more -
5:30 - 5:33to obtain the song they were listening to.
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5:33 - 5:36Namely, they were willing
to give money to have that song, -
5:36 - 5:38that music in their life.
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5:39 - 5:43So the pleasure and motivation
linked to the release of dopamine -
5:43 - 5:47are key to the understaning
of the role of music in our life, -
5:47 - 5:49or at least why it’s in our life.
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5:50 - 5:53However, the fundamental question remains:
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5:54 - 5:55all of this cozy pleasure,
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5:55 - 5:59so intense that it affects
our lives positively, -
5:59 - 6:02is an end in itself?
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6:02 - 6:05Namely, what is the true
role of music in our lives? -
6:06 - 6:08To try to answer this,
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6:08 - 6:12I suggest to keep exploring
brain activations together, -
6:12 - 6:14and I ask you, as much as you can,
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6:14 - 6:17to try to imagine being here alone.
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6:17 - 6:20Put on your headphones, your earphones,
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6:20 - 6:24and start listening
to one of your favourite songs. -
6:25 - 6:26What will happen
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6:26 - 6:29is that your brain starts to switch on,
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6:29 - 6:32creating a veritable
cascade of activations -
6:32 - 6:38concerning areas that are activated
and regulate our emotions, our behaviour, -
6:38 - 6:41as well as the areas that are involved
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6:41 - 6:45in perception, movement,
language, and memory. -
6:45 - 6:49Music creates a veritable
neural symphony in our brain. -
6:49 - 6:51It activates and modulates it entirely.
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6:51 - 6:56In doing so, it’s able to modulate
the anatomy and its functionality. -
6:57 - 7:01So now we can take
a fundamental step forward. -
7:01 - 7:04Given that most
of these neural substrates, -
7:04 - 7:06most of these areas activated by music
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7:06 - 7:09are actually areas
that we activate every day -
7:09 - 7:14to perform many other activities -
hearing, reading, talking, walking - -
7:14 - 7:18then we can start thinking
about using music -
7:18 - 7:20to stimulate these other regions
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7:20 - 7:24and then these other daily functions.
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7:25 - 7:30That's what have done today
many psychology and neuroscience studies. -
7:30 - 7:37For example, studies on music's ability
to stimulate areas involved in movement, -
7:37 - 7:41and how this can be used
in cases of movement deficit, -
7:41 - 7:42such as Parkinson's disease.
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7:43 - 7:45Or studies focused
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7:45 - 7:48on the close relationship
between music and language: -
7:48 - 7:51music is a veritable universal language,
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7:51 - 7:53and we can use this relationship
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7:53 - 7:57to improve, for example,
dyslexic children’s reading skills. -
7:57 - 8:00Much research has been done
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8:00 - 8:03and, as often happens
in scientific research, -
8:03 - 8:06there is still much to do and support.
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8:06 - 8:09Today I would like to talk to you
about a portion of this research. -
8:09 - 8:12It’s something that
particularly interests me -
8:12 - 8:15but actually profoundly affects us all.
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8:15 - 8:20It’s the relationship that exists
between music and our memories. -
8:21 - 8:24But first, let that neural symphony
activate in your brain -
8:24 - 8:28thanks to the notes that Andrea will play.
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8:28 - 8:32[Music and memory]
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8:45 - 8:49(Music)
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9:38 - 9:40Music has a very strong -
-
9:40 - 9:43(Applause)
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9:47 - 9:50Obviously this presentation
wouldn’t have the same value -
9:50 - 9:52without all of this.
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9:52 - 9:54I know it's an added value.
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9:55 - 9:59Music has a very strong evocative power.
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9:59 - 10:04A song has literally the power
to let us travel in time, -
10:04 - 10:08because thanks to a song
we can rediscover feelings, -
10:08 - 10:09experiences, people,
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10:09 - 10:12emotions we associate with that song.
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10:12 - 10:16Perhaps this is what happened to you now
with this version of "Bohemian Rhapsody". -
10:16 - 10:19Judging by the applause, I’d say so.
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10:19 - 10:22Because it’s undoubtedly familiar to you.
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10:22 - 10:24Others recognised the song.
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10:24 - 10:27Fans, immediately, from the first notes,
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10:27 - 10:28and others took a little longer.
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10:28 - 10:30Along with the recognition,
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10:30 - 10:34some remembered the associated lyrics
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10:34 - 10:35and others went beyond this
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10:35 - 10:38and were able to associate this song
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10:38 - 10:40with memories from their own lives.
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10:40 - 10:46We brought music's evocative power
into the laboratory, -
10:46 - 10:50aiming to understand
what its base mechanisms were -
10:50 - 10:54and, therefore, better understand
what was behind it. -
10:54 - 10:58We ran several studies:
on young people, elderly people, -
10:58 - 11:02where we asked them to retain information,
with or without music, -
11:02 - 11:07while monitoring in the meanwhile
their brain activities. -
11:07 - 11:08What we discovered
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11:08 - 11:13is that music can really help us
remember information better -
11:13 - 11:16and in doing so, while it helps
our memory processes, -
11:16 - 11:18it modulates our brains.
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11:18 - 11:22Modulating those areas
that we know are important -
11:22 - 11:26to store and retrieve information,
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11:26 - 11:31as well as areas that are involved
in the expression of our emotions -
11:31 - 11:33and, therefore, our pleasure.
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11:33 - 11:36Here we encounter
our pleasure responses again. -
11:36 - 11:39Here they aren’t an end in themselves:
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11:39 - 11:42they become relevant and fundamental.
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11:42 - 11:45Because we found out,
the better we are -
11:45 - 11:49to activate our pleasure, reward,
and motivation responses -
11:49 - 11:50in reaction to music,
-
11:50 - 11:52the more chills we have,
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11:52 - 11:55the more these responses
can activate regions -
11:55 - 11:58that play an important role
in forming our memories. -
11:58 - 12:02And consequently, the benefits of music
on our memory will be greater. -
12:04 - 12:07Obviously, this has
very important implications, -
12:07 - 12:10especially if we consider
cases of memory deficits, -
12:10 - 12:13especially if we consider our society,
-
12:13 - 12:16which is experiencing
an increase in ageing, -
12:16 - 12:18both normal and pathological.
-
12:19 - 12:22During my research
I had the greatest opportunity -
12:22 - 12:24to see Alzheimer patients
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12:24 - 12:27who were completely
extinguished by the illness, -
12:27 - 12:30being able to recognise
a song from their past -
12:30 - 12:34and emerge from that apathy,
even just for a second. -
12:36 - 12:39Music has the power,
through these people’s emotions, -
12:39 - 12:43to bring back some personal memories,
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12:43 - 12:45that is, memories of their lives
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12:45 - 12:50that seemed lost until a moment before,
precisely because of the illness. -
12:50 - 12:51And in some cases,
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12:51 - 12:54music also manages to facilitate
the learning of new information. -
12:56 - 13:00This type of research lets us understand
a little more about how we operate, -
13:00 - 13:01how our brain works,
-
13:01 - 13:05our most complex,
perhaps most fascinating organ. -
13:05 - 13:08I believe, these studies
also teach us something. -
13:08 - 13:11In this case, they teach us
that our emotional responses, -
13:11 - 13:14emotive, pleasure, those we deem
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13:14 - 13:18more instinctive, archaic,
shallow, irrational, -
13:18 - 13:20we can actually take them
-
13:20 - 13:25and use them to modulate, improve,
and stimulate cognitive functions -
13:25 - 13:29that instead we deem high and complex,
such as learning and memory. -
13:31 - 13:35All neuroscience and music studies
move in the same direction, -
13:35 - 13:39stressing the importance
of music in our lives. -
13:39 - 13:42In our lives means in our society.
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13:42 - 13:45Not only in our homes, in our headphones:
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13:45 - 13:49but also in education,
when we take our first steps in society; -
13:49 - 13:50and in a clinical setting,
-
13:50 - 13:54when instead we deals
with hardships on our journey. -
13:54 - 13:58Music is a powerful instrument,
but this power is non-invasive, cheap -
13:58 - 14:03and not only it can,
it must be accessible to all. -
14:04 - 14:07So let's fill our lives with music,
-
14:07 - 14:12giving our brains the chance
to profoundly change, transform itself, -
14:12 - 14:15throughout our entire existence.
-
14:15 - 14:17Let's give our brains
the chance to change, -
14:17 - 14:21which is fundamental
for our cognitive functioning. -
14:21 - 14:24Let's listen to music, let’s make music,
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14:24 - 14:27let's not miss out
on even a second of that pleasure, -
14:27 - 14:29of those shivers that it can give us.
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14:29 - 14:31Let’s release as much dopamine as we can.
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14:32 - 14:36But let's carefully choose
the music we listen to today, -
14:36 - 14:40because it could be the very music
that will reactivate us tomorrow. -
14:40 - 14:42Thank you.
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14:42 - 14:46(Applause)
- Title:
- Why there's no life without music | Laura Ferreri | TEDxMilano
- Description:
-
What are the brain mechanisms underpinning the presence of music throughout our life, and how can it help our cognitive functions? From dopamine implications in musical pleasure, to the power of music in stimulating memory processes, this TEDx talk explores the sense of music in our life from a new, neuroscience-based perspective.
This talk was given at a TEDx event using the TED conference format but independently organized by a local community.
Learn more at http://ted.com/tedx"
- Video Language:
- Italian
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TEDxTalks
- Duration:
- 14:53
Muriel de Meo edited English subtitles for Perché non c’è vita senza musica | Laura Ferreri | TEDxMilano | ||
Muriel de Meo edited English subtitles for Perché non c’è vita senza musica | Laura Ferreri | TEDxMilano | ||
Muriel de Meo approved English subtitles for Perché non c’è vita senza musica | Laura Ferreri | TEDxMilano | ||
Muriel de Meo edited English subtitles for Perché non c’è vita senza musica | Laura Ferreri | TEDxMilano | ||
Muriel de Meo accepted English subtitles for Perché non c’è vita senza musica | Laura Ferreri | TEDxMilano | ||
Muriel de Meo edited English subtitles for Perché non c’è vita senza musica | Laura Ferreri | TEDxMilano | ||
Muriel de Meo edited English subtitles for Perché non c’è vita senza musica | Laura Ferreri | TEDxMilano | ||
TEDxMilano_Translators edited English subtitles for Perché non c’è vita senza musica | Laura Ferreri | TEDxMilano |