Why your doctor needs your help to battle over-treatment | Christer Mjåset | TEDxOslo
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0:12 - 0:14I am a neurosurgeon,
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0:15 - 0:19and I'm here to tell you today
that people like me need your help. -
0:19 - 0:21And in a few moments, I will tell you how.
-
0:21 - 0:25But first, let me start off by telling you
about a patient of mine. -
0:26 - 0:30This was a woman in her 50s;
she was in generally good shape, -
0:30 - 0:33but she had been in and out
of hospital a few times -
0:33 - 0:37due to curative breast cancer treatment.
-
0:37 - 0:40Now, she had gotten a prolapse
from a cervical disc -
0:40 - 0:42giving her radiating pain
-
0:42 - 0:46of an intense kind out into the right arm.
-
0:46 - 0:51Looking at her MRI before the consultation
I decided to suggest an operation. -
0:52 - 0:56Now, neck operations like this
are standardized and they're quick, -
0:57 - 0:58but they carry a certain risk.
-
0:58 - 1:00You make an incision right here,
-
1:00 - 1:04and you dissect carefully
past the trachea, the esophagus, -
1:05 - 1:08and you try not to cut
into the internal carotid artery. -
1:09 - 1:11Then you bring in the microscope,
-
1:11 - 1:15and you carefully remove the disc
and the prolapse in the nerve root canal -
1:15 - 1:20without damaging the cord and the nerve
root lying only millimeters underneath. -
1:20 - 1:22A worst-case scenario
is a damage to the cord, -
1:22 - 1:26which can result in paralysis
from the neck down. -
1:26 - 1:29Explaining this to the patient,
she fell silent. -
1:29 - 1:30And after a few moments,
-
1:30 - 1:34she uttered a few very decisive words
for me and for her. -
1:35 - 1:39"Doctor, is this really necessary?"
-
1:42 - 1:45And you know what I realized
right there and then? -
1:45 - 1:46It was not.
-
1:47 - 1:50In fact, when I get patients
like this woman, -
1:50 - 1:53I tend to advise not to operate.
-
1:53 - 1:56So what made me do it this time?
-
1:57 - 2:01Well, you see, this prolapse
was so delicate -
2:01 - 2:04I could practically see myself
pulling it out of the nerve root canal -
2:04 - 2:07before she entered the consultation room.
-
2:07 - 2:11I have to admit it;
I wanted to operate her. -
2:11 - 2:12I'd love to operate her.
-
2:13 - 2:17Operating like this is, after all,
the most fun part of my job. -
2:21 - 2:23I think you can relate to this feeling.
-
2:23 - 2:25My architect neighbor says
-
2:25 - 2:28he loves just sit and draw
and design houses. -
2:28 - 2:31He'd rather do that all day
than talk to the person, -
2:31 - 2:34the client paying for the house,
-
2:34 - 2:36that might even give him
restrictions on what to do. -
2:37 - 2:42But like every architect, every surgeon
needs to look the patient in the eye, -
2:42 - 2:43and together with the patient,
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2:43 - 2:47they need to decide on what is best
for the person having the operation. -
2:47 - 2:51And that might sound easy,
but let's look at some statistics. -
2:52 - 2:55The tonsils are the two lumps
in the back of your throat; -
2:55 - 2:59they can be removed surgically,
and that's called a tonsillectomy. -
2:59 - 3:03This chart shows the operation rate
of tonsillectomies in Norway -
3:03 - 3:05in different regions.
-
3:05 - 3:10What might strike you is that
there is twice the chance that your kid - -
3:10 - 3:11because this is for only children -
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3:11 - 3:15will get the tonsillectomy
in Finnmark than in Trondheim. -
3:15 - 3:17The indication in both
regions are the same. -
3:17 - 3:20There should be
no difference but there is. -
3:21 - 3:22Here's another chart.
-
3:22 - 3:27The meniscus helps stabilize the knee
and can be torn or fragmented acutely, -
3:27 - 3:29typically during sports like soccer.
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3:31 - 3:33What you see here is the operation rate
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3:33 - 3:34for this condition,
-
3:34 - 3:37and you see that the operation rate
in Møre og Romsdal -
3:37 - 3:41is five times the operation
rate in Stavanger. -
3:42 - 3:43Five times.
-
3:44 - 3:45How can this be?
-
3:45 - 3:48Did the soccer players
in Møre og Romsdal play dirtier -
3:48 - 3:50than anywhere else in the country?
-
3:50 - 3:51(Laughter)
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3:52 - 3:53Probably not.
-
3:54 - 3:56I've added some information now.
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3:56 - 4:00What you see now is the procedures
performed in public hospitals -
4:00 - 4:01are light blue.
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4:01 - 4:04The one in private clinics is light green.
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4:04 - 4:08There is a lot of activity
in the private clinics in Møre og Romsdal, -
4:08 - 4:09isn't there?
-
4:09 - 4:11What does this indicate?
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4:11 - 4:15Possible economic motivation
to treat the patients. -
4:15 - 4:16And there's more.
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4:16 - 4:20Recent research has shown
that the difference of treatment effect -
4:20 - 4:23between regular physical therapy
and operations for the knee, -
4:23 - 4:25there is no difference.
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4:25 - 4:30Meaning that most of the procedures
performed on the chart I've just shown -
4:31 - 4:33could have been avoided,
even in Stavanger. -
4:34 - 4:37So what am I trying to tell you here?
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4:37 - 4:38Even though
-
4:38 - 4:42most indications for treatments
in the world are standardized, -
4:42 - 4:46there is a lot of unnecessary variation
of treatment decisions, -
4:46 - 4:48especially in the Western world.
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4:48 - 4:51Some people are not getting
the treatment that they need, -
4:51 - 4:56but even a greater portion of you
are being overtreated. -
4:56 - 4:59"Doctor, is this really necessary?"
-
4:59 - 5:02I've only heard that question
once in my career. -
5:02 - 5:06My colleagues say they never heard
of these words from a patient. -
5:07 - 5:09And to turn it the other way around,
-
5:09 - 5:11how often do you think
you'll get a "no" from a doctor -
5:11 - 5:13if you ask such a question?
-
5:14 - 5:16Researchers have investigated this,
-
5:16 - 5:20and they come up with
about the same "no" rate wherever they go, -
5:20 - 5:21and that is 30 percent.
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5:21 - 5:25Meaning, three out of 10 times
-
5:25 - 5:29your doctor prescribes
or suggests something -
5:29 - 5:32that is completely unnecessary.
-
5:32 - 5:35And you know what they claim
the reason for this is? -
5:37 - 5:38Patient pressure.
-
5:39 - 5:41In other words, you.
-
5:42 - 5:44You want something to be done.
-
5:45 - 5:48A friend of mine came to me
for medical advice. -
5:48 - 5:49This is a sporty guy,
-
5:49 - 5:52he does a lot of cross-country
skiing in the wintertime, -
5:52 - 5:54he runs in the summertime,
-
5:54 - 5:58and this time he had gotten
a bad backache whenever he went jogging, -
5:58 - 6:00
so much that he had to stop doing it. -
6:00 - 6:02I did an examination,
-
6:02 - 6:03I questioned him thoroughly.
-
6:04 - 6:05What I found out
-
6:05 - 6:09is that he probably had a degenerated disc
in the lower part of his spine. -
6:09 - 6:12Whenever it got strained, it hurt.
-
6:13 - 6:15He'd already taken up swimming
instead of jogging. -
6:15 - 6:18There was really nothing
to do, so I told him, -
6:18 - 6:20"You need to be more selective
when it comes to training. -
6:21 - 6:23Some activities are good for you,
-
6:23 - 6:24some are not."
-
6:25 - 6:27His reply was,
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6:27 - 6:29"I want an MRI on my back."
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6:31 - 6:33"Why do you want an MRI?"
-
6:33 - 6:36"I can get it for free
through my insurance at work." -
6:36 - 6:39"Come on," I said -
he was also my friend - -
6:40 - 6:41"that's not a real reason."
-
6:41 - 6:46"Well, I think it's going to be good
to see how bad it looks back there." -
6:47 - 6:50"When did you start interpreting
MRI scans," I said. -
6:50 - 6:51(Laughter)
-
6:52 - 6:55"Trust me on this,
you're not going to need the scan." -
6:56 - 7:00"Well," he said,
and after a while he continued, -
7:00 - 7:02"it could be cancer."
-
7:02 - 7:03(Laughter)
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7:04 - 7:06He got the scan, obviously.
-
7:06 - 7:10And through his insurance at work
he got to see one of my colleagues at work -
7:10 - 7:13telling him about the degenerated disc,
that there was nothing to do, -
7:13 - 7:16he should keep on swimming
and quit the jogging. -
7:16 - 7:18After a while, I met him
again, and he said, -
7:18 - 7:20"At least now I know what this is."
-
7:21 - 7:23But let me ask you a question.
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7:23 - 7:27What if all of you in this room
with the same symptoms had an MRI? -
7:27 - 7:31And what if all the people
in Norway had an MRI -
7:31 - 7:33due to occasional back pain?
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7:33 - 7:37The waiting list for an MRI
would quadruple, maybe even more. -
7:38 - 7:39And you would all take the spot
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7:40 - 7:43on that list from someone
who really had cancer. -
7:43 - 7:46So a good doctor sometimes says no,
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7:46 - 7:50but the sensible patient also turns down,
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7:50 - 7:54sometimes, an opportunity
to get diagnosed or treated. -
7:54 - 7:57"Doctor, is this really necessary?"
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7:58 - 8:01I know this can be
a difficult question to ask. -
8:02 - 8:06In fact, if you go back 50 years,
this was even considered rude. -
8:07 - 8:11If the doctor had decided
what to do with you, that's what you did. -
8:11 - 8:13A colleague of mine,
now a general practitioner, -
8:13 - 8:16was sent to away
on a tuberculosis sanitarium -
8:16 - 8:17as a little girl.
-
8:18 - 8:19For six months.
-
8:19 - 8:21It was a terrible trauma for her.
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8:21 - 8:24She later found out, as a grown-up,
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8:24 - 8:27that her tests on tuberculosis
had been negative all along. -
8:28 - 8:31The doctor had sent her away
on nothing but wrong suspicion. -
8:32 - 8:36No one had dared or even considered
confronting him about it. -
8:36 - 8:38Not even her parents.
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8:39 - 8:43Today, the Norwegian health minister
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8:43 - 8:46talks about the patients'
healthcare service. -
8:47 - 8:52The patient is supposed to get advice
from the doctor about what to do. -
8:52 - 8:54This is great progress,
-
8:54 - 8:58but it also puts
more responsibility on you. -
8:58 - 9:01You need to get in the front seat
with your doctor -
9:01 - 9:03and start sharing decisions
on where to go. -
9:03 - 9:05The next time you're in a doctor's office
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9:05 - 9:07I want you to ask,
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9:08 - 9:11"Doctor, is this really necessary?"
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9:12 - 9:17And you might feel in many patients' case
the answer would be "no." -
9:17 - 9:20But an operation could also be justified.
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9:21 - 9:26So doctors, what are the risks
attached to this operation? -
9:26 - 9:32Well, five to 10 percent of patients
will have worsening of pain symptoms. -
9:32 - 9:36One to two percent of patients
will have an infection in the wound -
9:36 - 9:40or even a re-hemorrhage
that might end up in a re-operation. -
9:41 - 9:440.5 percent of patients
also experience permanent hoarseness, -
9:44 - 9:48and a few, but still a few,
will experience reduced function -
9:48 - 9:51in the arm or even legs.
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9:51 - 9:54"Doctor, are there other options?"
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9:54 - 9:56Yes, rest and physical therapy
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9:56 - 10:00over some time might get you
perfectly well. -
10:01 - 10:03"And what happens if I don't do anything?"
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10:03 - 10:06It's not recommended,
but even then there's a slight chance -
10:06 - 10:08that you will get well.
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10:08 - 10:11Four questions, simple questions.
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10:11 - 10:14Consider them your new toolbox
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10:14 - 10:16to help us.
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10:16 - 10:18Is this really necessary?
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10:18 - 10:20What are the risks?
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10:20 - 10:21Are there other options?
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10:21 - 10:25And what happens if I don't do anything?
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10:25 - 10:29Ask them when your doctor
wants to send you to an MRI, -
10:29 - 10:34when he prescribes antibiotics
or suggests an operation. -
10:34 - 10:38What we know from research
is that one out of five of you, -
10:38 - 10:3920 percent,
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10:39 - 10:42will change your opinion on what to do.
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10:43 - 10:48And by doing that, you will not only
have made your life a whole lot easier -
10:48 - 10:50and probably even better,
-
10:50 - 10:52but the whole healthcare sector
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10:52 - 10:55will have benefited from your decision.
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10:56 - 10:57Thank you.
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10:57 - 10:59(Applause)
- Title:
- Why your doctor needs your help to battle over-treatment | Christer Mjåset | TEDxOslo
- Description:
-
Christer Mjåset's talk addresses one of the biggest problems in Western medicine: over-treatment. Although doctors rely on standards and recommendations in medicine on all levels, variation in the use of diagnostic tools and treatment is a widespread phenomenon. What can you do as a patient to battle over-treatment and how can you benefit from taking it seriously?
Christer Mjåset is a neurosurgeon and the Vice President of the Norwegian Medical Association. He is also a published author of five books and an experienced lecturer on different medical topics.
This talk was given at a TEDx event using the TED conference format but independently organized by a local community. Learn more at https://www.ted.com/tedx
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TEDxTalks
- Duration:
- 11:06