Cultural exceptionalism in relational mindfulness | Jefferey Sanchez-Burks | TEDxNUS
-
0:10 - 0:11So this is where we'll end.
-
0:11 - 0:13If we could start at the beginning.
-
0:13 - 0:14(Laughter)
-
0:14 - 0:16This is the last slide.
-
0:16 - 0:17Thank you, Carlos.
-
0:17 - 0:19A shout-out from Sanchez to Carlos.
-
0:19 - 0:22I would like to take you on an adventure
in the next 18 minutes -
0:22 - 0:25to a place far, far away -
at least from here - -
0:25 - 0:29and tell you about the strange customs
of people in this land, America. -
0:30 - 0:33Before we embark, though,
you might want to look at the sea. -
0:33 - 0:34In some ways, I think in a way,
-
0:34 - 0:40oceans are like the cultural diversity
of the people that inhabit their shores. -
0:41 - 0:45They're from the Pacific to the Indian;
they share a great deal in common. -
0:45 - 0:48And yet if you look
at the underlying differences, -
0:48 - 0:50they're very subtle but very powerful:
-
0:50 - 0:51the movements of their currents,
-
0:51 - 0:53the variation in their tides.
-
0:53 - 0:55Very important differences
you need to understand -
0:55 - 0:57if you want to navigate across them.
-
0:57 - 0:59The cultural difference
I'd like to share with you today -
0:59 - 1:01has to do with relational mindfulness,
-
1:01 - 1:03which is basically how attentive you are,
-
1:03 - 1:04how attuned you are,
-
1:04 - 1:07to the social-emotional
context of the situation. -
1:08 - 1:12Now, the adventure is inspired
by a Frenchman and a German, -
1:12 - 1:14and whenever those two groups
have any agreement, -
1:14 - 1:16it's worth investigating further, yeah?
-
1:16 - 1:17(Laughter)
-
1:17 - 1:18Both had remarked
-
1:18 - 1:20that Americans have a sort of strange way
-
1:20 - 1:24of approaching interpersonal
relationships at work. -
1:24 - 1:27In fact, Tocqueville called it
"American exceptionalism." -
1:27 - 1:29And what they were talking about
-
1:29 - 1:32is how American have this ability
to not notice or place very little weight -
1:32 - 1:34on emotions and
interpersonal relationships -
1:34 - 1:36in their dealings in business.
-
1:36 - 1:40Now, Weber pinned it on the people
who founded the culture in the 1600s, -
1:40 - 1:42these Calvinist purists
who had this sort of feeling -
1:42 - 1:46that it was immoral to be mindful
to emotions or relationships -
1:46 - 1:47while performing God's work,
-
1:47 - 1:50which is your daily work,
essentially, on that. -
1:50 - 1:53So it seemed very interesting
to do an experiment. -
1:53 - 1:55As a social psychologist,
this is what we do. -
1:55 - 1:57We take old ideas
and sort of rehash them again. -
1:57 - 1:59What I did was I put people in the lab.
-
1:59 - 2:02These were undergraduates,
and so I came prepared. -
2:02 - 2:04I bought them business suits,
shirts anyway, -
2:04 - 2:06clip-on ties so they wouldn't feel bad,
-
2:06 - 2:08and tried to create them
into this work mindset. -
2:08 - 2:09I wanted to see,
-
2:09 - 2:12Is it true that this sort
of relational mindlessness -
2:12 - 2:14occurs in work situations
more than non-work situations, -
2:14 - 2:16at least for Americans?
-
2:16 - 2:19I put them in these business shirts,
got them to do a Harvard Business case. -
2:19 - 2:22It was actually easy
to put them into a business mindset. -
2:22 - 2:26And this other group, I had to create
a more casual non-work situation. -
2:26 - 2:28Now, I'm from Los Angeles,
-
2:28 - 2:29but living in Michigan,
-
2:29 - 2:33it's very clear that it's hard to be
in a very sort of relaxed, warm mindset. -
2:33 - 2:34So in the middle of a Michigan winter,
-
2:34 - 2:37I ordered from Hawaii
these Hawaiian t-shirts, -
2:37 - 2:38had them play some card games.
-
2:38 - 2:40I must tell you, as an experimentalist,
-
2:40 - 2:43it's extremely difficult
to get people relaxed in the lab. -
2:43 - 2:45I think most experiments, by definition,
-
2:45 - 2:47replicate how we think
and how we behave at work: -
2:47 - 2:49you show up for an appointment,
-
2:49 - 2:51given some instructions,
some compensation, maybe, -
2:51 - 2:53or some peanuts, whatever.
-
2:53 - 2:55We put them into
these two different mindsets. -
2:55 - 2:58Then what we did next
is we played over the speakers some words, -
2:58 - 3:00and the words were emotionally laden,
-
3:00 - 3:04like happy, funeral, sad, wedding.
-
3:04 - 3:07And if you know the spoken word,
there's always two channels: -
3:07 - 3:09there's what is said and how it is said.
-
3:09 - 3:12So you can say "happy" sad.
-
3:12 - 3:15And if I were to ask you, "Quickly,
tell me, is the meaning of the word - -
3:15 - 3:17ignore the tone of the voice -
-
3:17 - 3:18positive or negative?"
-
3:18 - 3:19it's no problem.
-
3:19 - 3:21But if I say "happy" sad,
-
3:22 - 3:24sometimes it takes a bit longer
to make that decision -
3:24 - 3:27unless you're not paying attention
to the emotions of the spoken voice. -
3:27 - 3:28Using this paradigm,
-
3:28 - 3:31we found that people
in Hawaiian t-shirts - -
3:31 - 3:32it's a very difficult task.
-
3:32 - 3:35"I can't ignore the emotional
tone of your voice." -
3:35 - 3:37Put them in business shirts,
-
3:37 - 3:38have them do a Harvard Business case,
-
3:38 - 3:41it's as if it was perfectly consistent -
-
3:41 - 3:44completely able to ignore
the emotional tone of voice. -
3:44 - 3:47In a sense, there are two dimensions
of most situations at work -
3:47 - 3:49that you can be mindful to.
-
3:49 - 3:50Mindfulness is a big umbrella.
-
3:50 - 3:53We'll hear some great talks
on this coming up, -
3:53 - 3:55but you can be attentive
to "the paper and the people," -
3:55 - 3:57the task and the relationships.
-
3:57 - 3:58And this idea appears to be
-
3:58 - 4:01that Americans are able
to be mindful to the task -
4:01 - 4:03but not to the social context.
-
4:03 - 4:05That's the idea.
-
4:05 - 4:06So, for example,
-
4:06 - 4:10if you play audio recordings
or show movies of work groups -
4:10 - 4:12and you test people's memory later -
-
4:12 - 4:16here I have a contrast
between Mexicans and Anglo-Americans - -
4:16 - 4:19you find that both
are highly attentive to the task. -
4:19 - 4:22Both are paying attention -
that makes sense, that's what's going on. -
4:22 - 4:24You test their memory
for the relational component - -
4:24 - 4:27whether people got along,
they trusted one another - -
4:27 - 4:29it's as if it fell on deaf ears.
-
4:29 - 4:32It's as if the Americans
have such an effective filter -
4:32 - 4:35for blocking out stuff
in the social-emotional domain. -
4:35 - 4:39You know, in cross-cultural
communications, we heard before, -
4:39 - 4:41often a way in which
you're able to save face, -
4:41 - 4:43for yourself or another person,
-
4:43 - 4:47is you convey the news
accurately but indirectly. -
4:47 - 4:49You may say, "I like you.
I'm just not in like with you," -
4:49 - 4:51or these sorts of things.
-
4:51 - 4:52You're indirect.
-
4:52 - 4:54As sort of the classic story
in cross-cultural research -
4:54 - 4:57is that Asians are indirect
and Americans are direct. -
4:57 - 5:00Well, as theory suggests,
it's not that simple. -
5:00 - 5:02It's not as if Americans
are one way all the time; -
5:02 - 5:03it really depends on work.
-
5:03 - 5:06So what we did is we tested
their level of indirectness: -
5:06 - 5:10how much they attend to indirect cues
inside and outside the work place. -
5:10 - 5:12Or to put it another way,
-
5:12 - 5:14with a friend they don't work with
versus a co-worker. -
5:14 - 5:16Look at what you find.
-
5:16 - 5:17Essentially,
-
5:17 - 5:20Americans become very direct
in the workplace, -
5:21 - 5:23whereas you find in these
two East Asian contexts, -
5:23 - 5:26they go in the exact opposite direction.
-
5:26 - 5:28The punchline is profound.
-
5:28 - 5:32It suggests that cultural divides
grow wider in the context of work. -
5:32 - 5:34That's problematic because, to be honest,
-
5:34 - 5:36when we're not at work,
we interact with who we want to. -
5:36 - 5:39But at work, we're forced to interact
with all those other people - -
5:39 - 5:41with very different styles.
-
5:41 - 5:43It's problematic if you
interact with an American -
5:43 - 5:45and you want to save face
and get the point across. -
5:45 - 5:49In another sort of study,
we looked at how they feel about conflict. -
5:49 - 5:52There is only one finding in my field
that is like Newton's Law: -
5:52 - 5:54it's true all of the time.
-
5:54 - 5:58And that is when a team
experiences relationship conflict, -
5:58 - 5:59their performance suffers.
-
5:59 - 6:01Your mother could've told you this,
-
6:01 - 6:04but they did all of the research
and verified it's true. -
6:04 - 6:07Building on this research,
we tried to test this idea -
6:07 - 6:10that maybe Americans
don't believe that finding. -
6:10 - 6:12Maybe they think -
they're very optimistic - -
6:12 - 6:15that "Well, maybe if we hate each other,
-
6:15 - 6:18it won't be pleasant,
but we can still perform well. -
6:18 - 6:19Now, if you ask them,
-
6:19 - 6:23"Do you agree that conflict
hurts performance?" -
6:23 - 6:24their attitude depends
-
6:24 - 6:26on whether it's about
the relational domain or the task. -
6:26 - 6:29If it's about the task,
you find no real cultural difference; -
6:29 - 6:32everyone seems to agree,
yes, it will harm performance. -
6:32 - 6:36But conflict in the relational domain,
as shown on the bars on the right, -
6:36 - 6:39Americans are much more on the fence,
they're like, "I'm just not sure." -
6:39 - 6:42Now, mind you, they're actually wrong,
-
6:42 - 6:45and most of the data that proves
relationship conflict harms performance -
6:45 - 6:47actually comes from American data.
-
6:47 - 6:48(Laughter)
-
6:48 - 6:51Groups that provided the finding
are least likely to believe it. -
6:51 - 6:53When we first tried to publish this,
-
6:53 - 6:55reviewers were very upset
because it seemed anti-American, -
6:55 - 6:59so rather than call it a bias,
we said, "They're very optimistic." -
6:59 - 7:01Now, they loved it.
It won awards. It was great. -
7:01 - 7:02Think of it as optimistic.
-
7:02 - 7:04Imagine you have two cultural groups
-
7:04 - 7:07and there's an opportunity
to engage in business with someone. -
7:07 - 7:10If you're the sort that believes
that conflict, if you don't get along, -
7:10 - 7:12the deal won't come through,
-
7:12 - 7:14you probably won't engage
in business with that person. -
7:14 - 7:16But what if you're wrong?
-
7:16 - 7:18Americans are more likely
to take the chance -
7:18 - 7:21of doing business with somebody
that they might end up hating, -
7:21 - 7:23and that opens up
a number of opportunities. -
7:23 - 7:25The problem happens when you have a team
-
7:25 - 7:28in which you have diversity
in beliefs about this. -
7:28 - 7:31Imagine you get into a situation
where there's conflict, -
7:31 - 7:34and you have one person who says,
"Look, we're not getting along. -
7:34 - 7:38We have to stop and resolve this,
or we're not going to be able to succeed." -
7:38 - 7:39Then the American says,
-
7:39 - 7:42"Let bygones be bygones.
We don't need to deal with it." -
7:42 - 7:45And the other person says, "No,
we need to deal with it; it's important." -
7:45 - 7:46"Let it go."
-
7:46 - 7:47"I can't let it go."
-
7:47 - 7:50And now they're having meta-conflict,
a conflict about conflict. -
7:50 - 7:52This is exactly what we're finding
-
7:52 - 7:54in a team of over 100
London Business School MBAs. -
7:54 - 7:56You have conflict about conflict.
-
7:56 - 8:00The idea is the diversity and beliefs
about a cultural phenomena or conflict -
8:00 - 8:04can actually create its own dynamics,
above and beyond what you normally expect. -
8:04 - 8:07It also happens
at a very unconscious level. -
8:07 - 8:09We've done research
on nonconscious mimicry. -
8:09 - 8:11Our earlier speaker was talking about
-
8:11 - 8:14how people have this natural tendency
to engage in mimicry. -
8:14 - 8:16You've seen this at a coffee shop,
-
8:16 - 8:18maybe the oldest one in the world,
-
8:18 - 8:20where one person leans forward,
the other leans forward; -
8:20 - 8:23one person crosses their leg,
the other crosses their leg. -
8:23 - 8:26This happens in many species;
it happens in humans. -
8:26 - 8:27It builds rapport.
-
8:27 - 8:30When you're in sync with somebody,
you feel that you click - -
8:30 - 8:33that's sort of this one expression.
-
8:33 - 8:35But not all the time
do you sync with people. -
8:35 - 8:37You have to actually
pay attention to them. -
8:37 - 8:40In fact, what we found in research
is that in work situations, -
8:40 - 8:42Americans are less likely
to look like this, -
8:42 - 8:44where they're mirroring one another,
-
8:44 - 8:46and more likely to look like this.
-
8:47 - 8:49They're not attending to the other person,
-
8:49 - 8:50and therefore,
-
8:50 - 8:53they don't even automatically,
unconsciously mirror the other person. -
8:53 - 8:54Well, that may be fine,
-
8:54 - 8:57but what happens then is it creates
an awkwardness in the situation, -
8:57 - 8:59and imagine this parable,
-
8:59 - 9:01which we did with a study.
-
9:01 - 9:04We went to a corporation,
we had a lab set up in their office, -
9:04 - 9:06and we had somebody,
the person on the left, -
9:06 - 9:09either mirror or not mirror
the other person. -
9:10 - 9:15Well, when the candidate,
or the employee, was an American, -
9:15 - 9:17it didn't matter whether
they were mirrored or not, -
9:17 - 9:19because they weren't paying attention.
-
9:19 - 9:20(Laughter)
-
9:20 - 9:22But when you put another cultural group,
-
9:22 - 9:25a group that's actually
relationally mindful, in there, -
9:25 - 9:29they became quite nervous, quite anxious
when the other person didn't mirror them. -
9:29 - 9:32In fact, when we showed videotapes
of just them to corporate recruiters, -
9:32 - 9:35they were deemed
as not performing very well. -
9:35 - 9:37So those people
are less likely to get hired. -
9:37 - 9:41Now, imagine you have an American
who is very concerned about diversity -
9:41 - 9:44but has this cultural way
about approaching work. -
9:45 - 9:47Those groups that are
more relationally attuned -
9:47 - 9:50are going to perform worse,
won't get the job. -
9:50 - 9:53It'll look like discrimination -
perhaps you can call it that - -
9:53 - 9:55but it has nothing to do
with racial or ethnic bias; -
9:55 - 9:58it has everything to do
with two cultures coming together. -
9:58 - 10:01So this relational mindfulness
is important for many reasons -
10:01 - 10:03that go beyond just
the individual's well-being. -
10:03 - 10:06You can get incomplete
social demographic patterns -
10:06 - 10:07in the workplace
-
10:07 - 10:08just due to this subtle difference
-
10:08 - 10:12in how attentive we are
to the relational side of the situation. -
10:12 - 10:14People, in a sense,
have the natural capacity -
10:14 - 10:16to pick up the local frequency
of the context. -
10:16 - 10:17They just don't know
-
10:17 - 10:21when their volume's turned down so low
they can't hear the signal anymore. -
10:21 - 10:23Fortunately, there's
some cross-cultural training. -
10:23 - 10:25We've been able to show, very easy,
-
10:25 - 10:28with about a one-hour manipulation,
or intervention, I should say. -
10:28 - 10:30(Laughter)
-
10:30 - 10:31What's the difference?
-
10:31 - 10:33(Laughter)
-
10:34 - 10:36Talk to my marketing friends.
-
10:37 - 10:39With a small intervention, you can say,
-
10:39 - 10:41"Look, basically what's happened" -
-
10:41 - 10:43and you put them
through these demonstrations - -
10:43 - 10:46"your volume's been turned down,
and you didn't even know it." -
10:46 - 10:47It's like automatic volume control.
-
10:47 - 10:49And it's a real eye-opener.
-
10:49 - 10:52Actually, if you do training
with people who work with Americans, -
10:52 - 10:53a lot of progress can be made.
-
10:53 - 10:55If you're going to try to bridge cultures,
-
10:55 - 10:58you have to understand
these subtle differences -
10:58 - 11:01that go beyond just main-effect
characteristics or norms and values, -
11:01 - 11:04that look at the schemas, the mental maps
people bring into the situation. -
11:04 - 11:07That's the only way you can possibly
bridge cultural divides. -
11:07 - 11:10The most fascinating thing
of all of this research we find -
11:10 - 11:13is it's not just
that one culture's like x, -
11:13 - 11:14the other culture is y -
-
11:14 - 11:18is the Americans are truly exceptional
in good and bad ways. -
11:18 - 11:20They're an anomaly,
unlike people in Europe. -
11:20 - 11:22So once you know something
about the Americans, -
11:22 - 11:23then you know everything
-
11:23 - 11:26about how they're going to have problems
with every other culture. -
11:26 - 11:29Even though there's
a lot of cultural diversity, -
11:29 - 11:32most cultures are highly attentive
or remain highly attentive -
11:32 - 11:33to the relational context;
-
11:33 - 11:34they're relationally mindful.
-
11:34 - 11:37It's the Americans
who have this unconscious ability -
11:37 - 11:39to turn down the volume in that context.
-
11:39 - 11:40Thank you.
-
11:40 - 11:42(Applause)
- Title:
- Cultural exceptionalism in relational mindfulness | Jefferey Sanchez-Burks | TEDxNUS
- Description:
-
Dr. Jefferey Sanchez-Burks conducts research on how culture shapes how we think and act in cross-cultural situations. Recently, he's published work on creativity and emotional aperture. He takes us on a journey that explains the dynamics of American work culture and the relationship mindset, with a special focus on interpersonal relations. Through various anecdotes filled with humor and insight, one understands the American psyche.
This talk was given at a TEDx event using the TED conference format but independently organized by a local community. Learn more at http://ted.com/tedx.
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TEDxTalks
- Duration:
- 11:49