[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.18,0:00:11.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imagine a brilliant neuroscientist\Nnamed Mary.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.15,0:00:13.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mary lives in a black and white room,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.83,0:00:16.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she only reads black and white books,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.22,0:00:20.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and her screens only display \Nblack and white.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.58,0:00:26.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But even though she has never seen color,\NMary is an expert in color vision
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.16,0:00:31.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and knows everything ever discovered\Nabout its physics and biology.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.22,0:00:33.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She knows how different \Nwavelengths of light
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.42,0:00:36.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stimulate three types of cone cells\Nin the retina,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.84,0:00:38.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and she knows how electrical signals
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.60,0:00:42.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,travel down the optic nerve \Ninto the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.82,0:00:45.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There, they create patterns \Nof neural activity
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.23,0:00:50.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that correspond to the millions\Nof colors most humans can distinguish.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.85,0:00:52.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now imagine that one day,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.19,0:00:54.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mary's black and white screen\Nmalfunctions
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.80,0:00:57.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and an apple appears in color.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.58,0:00:58.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For the first time,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.69,0:01:03.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she can experience something\Nthat she's known about for years.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.50,0:01:05.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Does she learn anything new?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.21,0:01:10.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is there anything about perceiving color\Nthat wasn't captured in all her knowledge?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.34,0:01:13.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Philosopher Frank Jackson proposed\Nthis thought experiment,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.49,0:01:17.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called Mary's room, in 1982.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.07,0:01:21.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He argued that if Mary already knew\Nall the physical facts about color vision,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.31,0:01:24.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and experiencing color still teaches\Nher something new,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.72,0:01:27.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then mental states, like color perception,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.46,0:01:31.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can't be completely described \Nby physical facts.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.71,0:01:33.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Mary's room thought experiment
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.49,0:01:37.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,describes what philosophers call\Nthe knowledge argument,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.49,0:01:40.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that there are non-physical properties\Nand knowledge
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.04,0:01:44.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which can only be discovered\Nthrough conscious experience.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.85,0:01:48.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The knowledge argument contradicts\Nthe theory of physicalism,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.02,0:01:50.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which says that everything, \Nincluding mental states,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.60,0:01:53.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has a physical explanation.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.68,0:01:55.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To most people hearing Mary's story,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.81,0:01:59.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it seems intuitively obvious \Nthat actually seeing color
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.48,0:02:03.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will be totally different \Nthan learning about it.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.06,0:02:06.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Therefore, there must be some quality\Nof color vision
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.06,0:02:09.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that transcends its physical description.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.30,0:02:12.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The knowledge argument isn't just\Nabout color vision.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.82,0:02:18.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mary's room uses color vision\Nto represent conscious experience.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.40,0:02:21.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If physical science can't entirely\Nexplain color vision,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.71,0:02:26.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then maybe it can't entirely explain\Nother conscious experiences either.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.84,0:02:29.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For instance, we could know every\Nphysical detail
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.30,0:02:32.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about the structure and function\Nof someone else's brain,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.72,0:02:37.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but still not understand\Nwhat it feels like to be that person.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.79,0:02:42.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These ineffable experiences \Nhave properties called qualia,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.41,0:02:47.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,subjective qualities that you can't \Naccurately describe or measure.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.66,0:02:50.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Qualia are unique to the person\Nexperiencing them,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.47,0:02:51.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like having an itch,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.71,0:02:52.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,being in love,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.93,0:02:54.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or feeling bored.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.73,0:02:58.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Physical facts can't completely explain\Nmental states like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.74,0:03:02.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Philosophers interested\Nin artificial intelligence
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.18,0:03:03.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have used the knowledge argument
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.98,0:03:06.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to theorize that recreating \Na physical state
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.72,0:03:11.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,won't necessarily recreate\Na corresponding mental state.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.38,0:03:12.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In other words,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.66,0:03:16.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,building a computer which mimicked \Nthe function of every single neuron
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.30,0:03:17.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the human brain
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.72,0:03:22.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,won't necessarily create a conscious\Ncomputerized brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.66,0:03:26.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not all philosophers agree that\Nthe Mary's room experiment is useful.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.93,0:03:29.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some argue that her extensive knowledge\Nof color vision
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.84,0:03:32.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would have allowed her to create\Nthe same mental state
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.64,0:03:35.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,produced by actually seeing the color.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.45,0:03:39.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The screen malfunction wouldn't\Nshow her anything new.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.66,0:03:42.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Others say that her knowledge\Nwas never complete in the first place
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.94,0:03:45.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it was based only\Non those physical facts
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.82,0:03:48.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can be conveyed in words.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.51,0:03:50.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Years after he proposed it,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.08,0:03:53.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Jackson actually reversed his own\Nstance on his thought experiment.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.83,0:03:56.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He decided that even \NMary's experience of seeing red
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.89,0:04:01.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,still does correspond to a measurable\Nphysical event in the brain,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.73,0:04:05.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not unknowable qualia beyond\Nphysical explanation.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.56,0:04:07.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there still isn't a definitive answer
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.64,0:04:11.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the question of whether Mary would\Nlearn anything new
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.04,0:04:12.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when she sees the apple.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.87,0:04:15.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Could it be that there are fundamental\Nlimits to what we can know
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.98,0:04:18.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about something we can't experience?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.92,0:04:21.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And would this mean there are certain\Naspects of the universe
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.95,0:04:25.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that lie permanently beyond\Nour comprehension?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.34,0:04:30.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or will science and philosophy allow\Nus to overcome our mind's limitations?