[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.39,0:00:19.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Vision is the most important
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.58,0:00:22.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and prioritized sense that we have.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.04,0:00:23.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are constantly looking
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.89,0:00:25.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the world around us,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.54,0:00:27.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and quickly we identify and make sense
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.97,0:00:29.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of what it is that we see.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.74,0:00:31.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's just start with an example
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.74,0:00:33.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of that very fact.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.10,0:00:35.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm going to show you\Na photograph of a person,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.33,0:00:36.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just for a second or two,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.80,0:00:38.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'd like for you to identify
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.73,0:00:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what emotion is on his face.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.00,0:00:42.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ready?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.19,0:00:45.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here you go. Go with your gut reaction.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.34,0:00:47.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay. What did you see?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.06,0:00:49.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, we actually surveyed
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.32,0:00:51.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over 120 individuals,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.36,0:00:53.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the results were mixed.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.69,0:00:55.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People did not agree
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.59,0:00:58.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on what emotion they saw on his face.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.58,0:01:00.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Maybe you saw discomfort.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.79,0:01:02.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That was the most frequent response
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.66,0:01:04.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we received.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.10,0:01:06.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if you asked the person on your left,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.12,0:01:08.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they might have said regret or skepticism,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.87,0:01:10.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if you asked somebody on your right,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.77,0:01:13.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they might have said\Nsomething entirely different,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.25,0:01:15.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like hope or empathy.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.14,0:01:17.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we are all looking
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.78,0:01:20.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the very same face again.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.34,0:01:22.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We might see something
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.47,0:01:24.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,entirely different,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.79,0:01:27.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because perception is subjective.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.47,0:01:29.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we think we see
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.28,0:01:31.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is actually filtered
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.58,0:01:33.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through our own mind's eye.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.83,0:01:36.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of course, there are many other examples
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.31,0:01:38.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of how we see the world\Nthrough own mind's eye.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.87,0:01:40.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm going to give you just a few.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.80,0:01:43.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So dieters, for instance,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.12,0:01:45.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,see apples as larger
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.05,0:01:48.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than people who are not counting calories.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.13,0:01:51.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Softball players see the ball as smaller
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.27,0:01:53.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if they've just come out of a slump,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.68,0:01:57.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,compared to people who had\Na hot night at the plate.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.58,0:02:00.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And actually, our political beliefs also
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.26,0:02:02.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can affect the way we see other people,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.64,0:02:04.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including politicians.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.80,0:02:08.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So my research team and I\Ndecided to test this question.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.26,0:02:12.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 2008, Barack Obama\Nwas running for president
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.23,0:02:13.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the very first time,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.53,0:02:16.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we surveyed hundreds of Americans
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.50,0:02:18.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one month before the election.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.82,0:02:20.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we found in this survey
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.73,0:02:23.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was that some people, some Americans,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.26,0:02:24.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,think photographs like these
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.84,0:02:27.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,best reflect how Obama really looks.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.47,0:02:29.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of these people, 75 percent
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.93,0:02:32.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,voted for Obama in the actual election.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.66,0:02:35.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Other people, though,\Nthought photographs like these
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.54,0:02:38.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,best reflect how Obama really looks.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.33,0:02:40.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,89 percent of these people
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.32,0:02:42.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,voted for McCain.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.28,0:02:45.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We presented many photographs of Obama
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.62,0:02:47.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one at a time,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.40,0:02:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so people did not realize\Nthat what we were changing
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.00,0:02:52.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from one photograph to the next
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.03,0:02:53.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was whether we had artificially lightened
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.100,0:02:56.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or darkened his skin tone.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.25,0:02:58.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So how is that possible?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.14,0:03:00.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How could it be\Nthat when I look at a person,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.84,0:03:02.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an object, or an event,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.51,0:03:04.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I see something very different
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.72,0:03:06.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than somebody else does?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.62,0:03:08.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, the reasons are many,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.75,0:03:10.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but one reason requires that we understand
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.97,0:03:13.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a little bit more about how our eyes work.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.66,0:03:15.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So vision scientists know
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.70,0:03:17.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the amount of information
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.50,0:03:18.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we can see
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.55,0:03:20.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at any given point in time,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.75,0:03:23.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what we can focus on,\Nis actually relatively small.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.70,0:03:25.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we can see with great sharpness
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.98,0:03:28.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and clarity and accuracy
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.14,0:03:29.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the equivalent
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.84,0:03:32.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the surface area of our thumb
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.30,0:03:34.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on our outstretched arm.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.64,0:03:37.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everything else around that is blurry,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.08,0:03:39.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rendering much of what is presented
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.54,0:03:41.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to our eyes as ambiguous.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.81,0:03:44.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we have to clarify
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.29,0:03:46.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and make sense of what it is that we see,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.52,0:03:49.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's our mind\Nthat helps us fill in that gap.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.89,0:03:53.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As a result, perception\Nis a subjective experience,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.48,0:03:55.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's how we end up seeing
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.18,0:03:57.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through our own mind's eye.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.49,0:03:59.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, I'm a social psychologist,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.40,0:04:01.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's questions like these
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.06,0:04:02.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that really intrigue me.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.74,0:04:04.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am fascinated by those times
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.32,0:04:06.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when people do not see eye to eye.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.66,0:04:08.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why is it that somebody might
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.33,0:04:10.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,literally see the glass as half full,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.53,0:04:12.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and somebody literally sees it
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.61,0:04:14.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as half empty?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.26,0:04:17.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is it about what one person\Nis thinking and feeling
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.06,0:04:18.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that leads them to see the world
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.77,0:04:20.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in an entirely different way?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.89,0:04:23.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And does that even matter?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.07,0:04:25.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So to begin to tackle these questions,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.86,0:04:28.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my research team and I\Ndecided to delve deeply
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.48,0:04:30.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into an issue that has received
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.71,0:04:32.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,international attention:
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.57,0:04:34.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our health and fitness.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.54,0:04:35.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Across the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.80,0:04:38.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people are struggling\Nto manage their weight,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.21,0:04:40.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there is a variety of strategies
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.28,0:04:43.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we have to help us\Nkeep the pounds off.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.44,0:04:47.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For instance, we set\Nthe best of intentions
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.02,0:04:48.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to exercise after the holidays,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.96,0:04:51.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but actually, the majority of Americans
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.77,0:04:54.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,find that their New Year's resolutions
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.07,0:04:56.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are broken by Valentine's Day.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.91,0:04:58.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We talk to ourselves
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.86,0:05:00.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in very encouraging ways,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.54,0:05:02.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,telling ourselves this is our year
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.42,0:05:04.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to get back into shape,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.12,0:05:06.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but that is not enough to bring us back
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.08,0:05:07.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to our ideal weight.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.42,0:05:09.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So why?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.27,0:05:11.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of course, there is no simple answer,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.54,0:05:13.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but one reason, I argue,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.85,0:05:15.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that our mind's eye
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.67,0:05:17.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,might work against us.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.55,0:05:20.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some people may literally see exercise
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.70,0:05:22.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as more difficult,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.41,0:05:24.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and some people might literally
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.10,0:05:26.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,see exercise as easier.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.46,0:05:29.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, as a first step\Nto testing these questions,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.95,0:05:32.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we gathered objective measurements
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.49,0:05:34.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of individuals' physical fitness.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.80,0:05:37.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We measured the circumference\Nof their waist,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.33,0:05:40.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,compared to the circumference\Nof their hips.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.23,0:05:42.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A higher waist-to-hip ratio
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.30,0:05:44.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is an indicator of being\Nless physically fit
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.75,0:05:47.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than a lower waist-to-hip ratio.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.27,0:05:49.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After gathering these measurements,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.11,0:05:50.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we told our participants
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.81,0:05:52.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they would walk to a finish line
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.87,0:05:54.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while carrying extra weight
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.37,0:05:56.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a sort of race.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.12,0:05:57.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But before they did that,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.91,0:05:59.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we asked them to estimate the distance
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.90,0:06:01.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the finish line.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.56,0:06:04.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We thought that the physical states\Nof their body
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.19,0:06:07.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,might change how they perceived\Nthe distance.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.36,0:06:09.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what did we find?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.12,0:06:11.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, waist-to-hip ratio
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.53,0:06:14.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,predicted perceptions of distance.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.29,0:06:17.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People who were out of shape and unfit
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.17,0:06:19.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,actually saw the distance\Nto the finish line
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.32,0:06:20.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as significantly greater
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.96,0:06:23.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than people who were in better shape.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.08,0:06:24.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People's states of their own body
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.100,0:06:27.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,changed how they perceived\Nthe environment.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.81,0:06:30.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But so too can our mind.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.13,0:06:32.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, our bodies and our minds
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.07,0:06:33.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,work in tandem
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.63,0:06:36.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to change how we see the world around us.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.52,0:06:38.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That led us to think that maybe people
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.66,0:06:40.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with strong motivations
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.11,0:06:41.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and strong goals to exercise
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.80,0:06:44.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,might actually see\Nthe finish line as closer
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.52,0:06:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than people who have weaker motivations.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.00,0:06:50.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So to test whether motivations
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.25,0:06:53.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,affect our perceptual\Nexperiences in this way,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.74,0:06:55.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we conducted a second study.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.80,0:06:58.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Again, we gathered objective measurements
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.27,0:07:00.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of people's physical fitness,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.26,0:07:02.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,measuring the circumference of their waist
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.43,0:07:04.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the circumference of their hips,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.46,0:07:07.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we had them do\Na few other tests of fitness.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.36,0:07:09.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Based on feedback that we gave them,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.78,0:07:11.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some of our participants told us
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.85,0:07:14.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're not motivated\Nto exercise any more.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.33,0:07:16.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They felt like they already met\Ntheir fitness goals
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.76,0:07:18.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they weren't going\Nto do anything else.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.84,0:07:20.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These people were not motivated.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.57,0:07:22.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Other people, though,\Nbased on our feedback,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.68,0:07:25.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,told us they were highly motivated\Nto exercise.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.02,0:07:27.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They had a strong goal\Nto make it to the finish line.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.83,0:07:30.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But again, before we had them\Nwalk to the finish line,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.83,0:07:32.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we had them estimate the distance.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.74,0:07:34.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How far away was the finish line?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.62,0:07:36.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And again, like the previous study,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.66,0:07:38.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we found that waist-to-hip ratio
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.66,0:07:40.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,predicted perceptions of distance.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.55,0:07:44.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unfit individuals saw\Nthe distance as farther,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.39,0:07:46.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,saw the finish line as farther away,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.72,0:07:48.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than people who were in better shape.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.64,0:07:50.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Importantly, though, this only happened
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.85,0:07:52.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for people who were not motivated
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.68,0:07:54.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to exercise.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.29,0:07:55.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On the other hand,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.85,0:07:58.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people who were highly motivated\Nto exercise
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.59,0:08:00.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,saw the distance as short.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.98,0:08:03.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even the most out of shape individuals
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.56,0:08:05.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,saw the finish line
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.19,0:08:06.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as just as close,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.81,0:08:08.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if not slightly closer,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.58,0:08:11.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than people who were in better shape.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.01,0:08:12.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So our bodies can change
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.83,0:08:15.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how far away that finish line looks,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.24,0:08:19.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but people who had committed\Nto a manageable goal
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.26,0:08:21.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they could accomplish\Nin the near future
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.36,0:08:23.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and who believed that they were capable
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.52,0:08:25.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of meeting that goal
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.13,0:08:28.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,actually saw the exercise as easier.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.94,0:08:30.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That led us to wonder,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.64,0:08:32.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is there a strategy that we could use
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.96,0:08:34.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and teach people that would help
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.75,0:08:37.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,change their perceptions of the distance,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.33,0:08:39.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,help them make exercise look easier?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.86,0:08:42.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we turned\Nto the vision science literature
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.60,0:08:44.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to figure out what should we do,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.55,0:08:47.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and based on what we read,\Nwe came up with a strategy
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.04,0:08:49.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we called,\N"Keep your eyes on the prize."
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.82,0:08:52.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is not the slogan
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.11,0:08:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from an inspirational poster.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.00,0:08:56.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's an actual directive
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.22,0:08:58.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for how to look around your environment.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.67,0:09:01.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People that we trained in this strategy,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.24,0:09:04.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we told them to focus their attention\Non the finish line,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.89,0:09:06.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to avoid looking around,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.84,0:09:08.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to imagine a spotlight
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.42,0:09:10.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was shining on that goal,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.02,0:09:12.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that everything around it was blurry
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.39,0:09:14.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and perhaps difficult to see.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.54,0:09:16.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We thought that this strategy
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.34,0:09:18.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would help make the exercise look easier.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.82,0:09:20.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We compared this group
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.50,0:09:22.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to a baseline group.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.24,0:09:23.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To this group we said,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.70,0:09:25.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just look around the environment
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.29,0:09:26.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as you naturally would.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.72,0:09:28.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You will notice the finish line,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.28,0:09:29.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but you might also notice
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.88,0:09:31.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the garbage can off to the right,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.77,0:09:34.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the people and the lamp post\Noff to the left.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.58,0:09:36.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We thought that people\Nwho used this strategy
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.72,0:09:38.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would see the distance as farther.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.79,0:09:41.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what did we find?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.11,0:09:43.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When we had them estimate the distance,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.08,0:09:44.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was this strategy successful
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.69,0:09:46.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for changing their perceptual experience?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.98,0:09:48.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.37,0:09:50.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People who kept their eyes on the prize
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.60,0:09:53.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,saw the finish line as 30 percent closer
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.45,0:09:55.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than people who looked around
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.15,0:09:57.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as they naturally would.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.01,0:09:58.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We thought this was great.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.44,0:10:00.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We were really excited because it meant
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.31,0:10:02.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that this strategy helped make
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.05,0:10:03.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the exercise look easier,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.88,0:10:05.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the big question was,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.42,0:10:07.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could this help make exercise
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.40,0:10:08.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,actually better?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.78,0:10:10.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Could it improve the quality
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.23,0:10:11.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of exercise as well?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.90,0:10:14.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So next, we told our participants,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.40,0:10:16.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you are going to walk to the finish line
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.35,0:10:18.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while wearing extra weight.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.33,0:10:20.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We added weights to their ankles
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.68,0:10:23.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that amounted to 15 percent\Nof their body weight.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.27,0:10:25.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We told them to lift their knees up high
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.18,0:10:27.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and walk to the finish line quickly.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.22,0:10:29.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We designed this exercise in particular
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.61,0:10:31.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be moderately challenging
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.32,0:10:32.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but not impossible,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.99,0:10:34.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like most exercises
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.52,0:10:37.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that actually improve our fitness.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.22,0:10:39.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the big question, then:
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.53,0:10:41.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Did keeping your eyes on the prize
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.66,0:10:43.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and narrowly focusing on the finish line
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.76,0:10:46.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,change their experience of the exercise?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.73,0:10:48.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It did.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.18,0:10:50.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People who kept their eyes on the prize
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.33,0:10:52.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,told us afterward that it required
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.37,0:10:54.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,17 percent less exertion
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.45,0:10:56.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for them to do this exercise
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.49,0:10:58.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than people who looked around naturally.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.89,0:11:01.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It changed their subjective experience
Dialogue: 0,0:11:01.60,0:11:03.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the exercise.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.37,0:11:05.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It also changed the objective nature
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.100,0:11:07.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of their exercise.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.62,0:11:09.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People who kept their eyes on the prize
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.85,0:11:12.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,actually moved 23 percent faster
Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.37,0:11:15.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than people who looked around naturally.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.45,0:11:17.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To put that in perspective,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.50,0:11:19.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a 23 percent increase
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.42,0:11:23.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is like trading in\Nyour 1980 Chevy Citation
Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.04,0:11:26.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for a 1980 Chevrolet Corvette.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.11,0:11:30.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We were so excited by this,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.39,0:11:32.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because this meant that a strategy
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.19,0:11:33.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that costs nothing,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.95,0:11:35.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is easy for people to use,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.98,0:11:37.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,regardless of whether they're in shape
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.95,0:11:39.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or struggling to get there,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.65,0:11:41.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had a big effect.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.28,0:11:42.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Keeping your eyes on the prize
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.92,0:11:45.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,made the exercise look and feel easier
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.68,0:11:48.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even when people were working harder
Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.12,0:11:50.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they were moving faster.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.28,0:11:53.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I know there's more to good health
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.26,0:11:55.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than walking a little bit faster,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.31,0:11:57.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but keeping your eyes on the prize
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.54,0:11:59.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,might be one additional strategy
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.22,0:12:00.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you can use to help promote
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.97,0:12:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a healthy lifestyle.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.00,0:12:04.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you're not convinced yet
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.100,0:12:07.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we all see the world\Nthrough our own mind's eye,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.86,0:12:09.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let me leave you with one final example.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.92,0:12:13.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's a photograph of a beautiful street\Nin Stockholm, with two cars.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.53,0:12:15.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The car in the back looks much larger
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.33,0:12:16.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than the car in the front.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.68,0:12:18.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, in reality,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.64,0:12:20.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these cars are the same size,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:20.80,0:12:23.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but that's not how we see it.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:24.10,0:12:25.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So does this mean
Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.45,0:12:27.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that our eyes have gone haywire
Dialogue: 0,0:12:27.55,0:12:29.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that our brains are a mess?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.67,0:12:32.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No, it doesn't mean that at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:32.30,0:12:34.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's just how our eyes work.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:34.60,0:12:37.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We might see the world in a different way,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:37.24,0:12:39.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and sometimes that might not
Dialogue: 0,0:12:39.15,0:12:41.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,line up with reality,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:41.19,0:12:43.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it doesn't mean\Nthat one of us is right
Dialogue: 0,0:12:43.30,0:12:45.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and one of us is wrong.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:45.47,0:12:47.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We all see the world\Nthrough our mind's eye,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.79,0:12:50.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we can teach ourselves\Nto see it differently.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.25,0:12:52.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I can think of days
Dialogue: 0,0:12:52.22,0:12:54.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that have gone horribly wrong for me.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:54.42,0:12:56.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm fed up, I'm grumpy, I'm tired,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:56.81,0:12:58.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'm so behind,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:58.70,0:13:00.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there's a big black cloud
Dialogue: 0,0:13:00.83,0:13:02.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hanging over my head,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:02.42,0:13:03.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and on days like these,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:03.79,0:13:05.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it looks like everyone around me
Dialogue: 0,0:13:05.72,0:13:07.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is down in the dumps too.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:07.65,0:13:09.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My colleague at work looks annoyed
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.71,0:13:12.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when I ask for an extension on a deadline,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:12.16,0:13:14.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and my friend looks frustrated
Dialogue: 0,0:13:14.24,0:13:17.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when I show up late for lunch\Nbecause a meeting ran long,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:17.24,0:13:18.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and at the end of the day,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.66,0:13:20.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my husband looks disappointed
Dialogue: 0,0:13:20.52,0:13:23.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because I'd rather go to bed\Nthan go to the movies.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:23.32,0:13:25.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And on days like these,\Nwhen everybody looks
Dialogue: 0,0:13:25.75,0:13:27.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,upset and angry to me,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:27.84,0:13:31.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I try to remind myself that there are\Nother ways of seeing them.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:31.24,0:13:33.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Perhaps my colleague was confused,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:33.85,0:13:36.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,perhaps my friend was concerned,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:36.28,0:13:39.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and perhaps my husband\Nwas feeling empathy instead.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:39.82,0:13:41.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we all see the world
Dialogue: 0,0:13:41.73,0:13:43.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through our own mind's eye,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.70,0:13:45.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and on some days, it might look
Dialogue: 0,0:13:45.65,0:13:47.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like the world is a dangerous
Dialogue: 0,0:13:47.25,0:13:49.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and challenging and insurmountable place,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:49.58,0:13:52.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it doesn't have to look\Nthat way all the time.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:52.46,0:13:54.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can teach ourselves\Nto see it differently,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:54.81,0:13:57.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when we find a way to make the world
Dialogue: 0,0:13:57.50,0:13:59.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,look nicer and easier,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:59.52,0:14:01.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it might actually become so.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:01.67,0:14:03.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:03.16,0:14:05.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)