[Script Info] Title: [Events] Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.25,0:00:02.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Basking sharks are awesome creatures. Dialogue: 0,0:00:02.45,0:00:03.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are just magnificent. Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.80,0:00:06.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They grow 10 meters long; some say bigger. Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.37,0:00:09.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They might weigh up to two tons. Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.41,0:00:10.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some say up to five tons. Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.00,0:00:13.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're the second-largest\Nfish in the world. Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.28,0:00:15.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're also harmless\Nplankton-feeding animals. Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.91,0:00:21.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they are thought to be able to filter\Na cubic kilometer of water every hour Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.37,0:00:26.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and can feed on 30 kilos\Nof zoo plankton a day to survive. Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.13,0:00:27.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're fantastic creatures. Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.52,0:00:28.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're very lucky in Ireland, Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.90,0:00:32.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have plenty of basking sharks\Nand plenty of opportunities to study them. Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.51,0:00:34.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were very important\Nto coastal communities, Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.83,0:00:36.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,going back hundreds of years, Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.29,0:00:39.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially around\Nthe Claddaghduff, Connemara region Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.07,0:00:42.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where subsistence farmers used to sail\Nout on their hookers and open boats, Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.69,0:00:45.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sometimes way offshore\Nto a place called the Sunfish Bank, Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.44,0:00:47.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about 30 miles west of Achill Island, Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.24,0:00:48.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to kill the basking sharks. Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.56,0:00:50.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a woodcut from about the 1800s. Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.75,0:00:53.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were very important,\Nfor the oil out of their liver. Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.53,0:00:55.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A third of the basking\Nshark's size is their liver, Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.01,0:00:57.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's full of oil, gallons of oil. Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.82,0:00:59.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That oil was used especially for lighting, Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.93,0:01:02.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also for dressing wounds\Nand other things. Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.13,0:01:04.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, the streetlights in 1742, Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.04,0:01:05.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of Galway, Dublin and Waterford, Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.59,0:01:06.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were lit with sunfish oil. Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.00,0:01:09.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Sunfish" is one of the words\Nfor basking sharks. Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.41,0:01:11.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they were incredibly important animals. Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.45,0:01:14.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They've been around a long time,\Nvery important to coastal communities. Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.85,0:01:18.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Probably the best-documented\Nbasking shark fishery in the world Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.16,0:01:19.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that from Achill Island. Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.70,0:01:22.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is Keem Bay up in Achill Island. Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.10,0:01:24.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sharks used to come into the bay, Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.28,0:01:27.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the fishermen\Nwould tie a net off the headland, Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.30,0:01:28.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,string it out, an old Manila net, Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.96,0:01:31.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and as the shark came round,\Nit would hit the net, Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.33,0:01:32.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the net would collapse on it. Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.75,0:01:34.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It would often drown and suffocate. Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.47,0:01:37.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or at times, they would row out\Nin their small curraghs Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.35,0:01:39.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and kill it with a lance\Nthrough the back of the neck. Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.91,0:01:42.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then they'd tow the sharks\Nback to Purteen Harbour, Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.68,0:01:44.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,boil them up, use the oil. Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.42,0:01:48.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They also used the flesh\Nas well, for fertilizer Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.37,0:01:51.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and also would fin the sharks. Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.29,0:01:54.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is probably the biggest threat\Nto sharks worldwide -- Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.16,0:01:56.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the finning of sharks. Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.22,0:01:58.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're often frightened\Nof sharks, thanks to "Jaws." Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.73,0:02:01.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Maybe five or six people\Nget killed by sharks every year. Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.81,0:02:04.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was someone recently, wasn't there?\NJust a couple weeks ago. Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.01,0:02:06.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We kill about 100 million sharks a year. Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.00,0:02:08.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I don't know what the balance is, Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.00,0:02:12.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I think sharks have more right\Nto be fearful of us than we have of them. Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.02,0:02:14.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was a well-documented fishery. Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.67,0:02:16.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As you can see here,\Nit peaked in the '50s, Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.90,0:02:18.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where they were killing\N1,500 sharks a year. Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.02,0:02:21.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it declined very fast --\Na classic boom-and-bust fishery, Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.98,0:02:24.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which suggests that a stock\Nhas been depleted Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.67,0:02:26.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or there's low reproductive rates. Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.64,0:02:29.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They killed about 12,000 sharks\Nwithin this period, Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.13,0:02:32.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,literally just by stringing a Manila rope Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.08,0:02:34.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,off the tip of Keem Bay\Nup in Achill Island. Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.18,0:02:37.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sharks were still killed\Nup into the mid-80s, Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.61,0:02:40.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially out of places\Nlike Dunmore East in County Waterford. Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.65,0:02:43.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,About two and a half, 3,000\Nsharks were killed up till '85, Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.50,0:02:45.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mainly by Norwegian vessels. Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.22,0:02:46.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can't really see, Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.40,0:02:48.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but these are Norwegian\Nbasking shark hunting vessels. Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.96,0:02:52.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The black line in the crow's nest\Nsignifies this is a shark vessel, Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.54,0:02:54.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rather than a whaling vessel. Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.64,0:02:57.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The importance of basking sharks\Nto the coast communities Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.51,0:02:59.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is recognized through the language. Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.21,0:03:01.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't pretend\Nto [know many Irish words], Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.52,0:03:05.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but in Kerry they were often\Nknown as "ainmhide Na seolta," Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.10,0:03:06.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"the monster with the sails." Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.10,0:03:10.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another title would be "liop an dá lapa," Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.13,0:03:12.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"the unwieldy beast with two fins." Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.82,0:03:15.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Liabhán mór," suggesting a big animal. Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.86,0:03:19.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or my favorite, "liabhán chor gréine,"\N"the great fish of the sun." Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.39,0:03:20.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's a lovely, evocative name. Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.95,0:03:24.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On Tory Island -- a strange place\Nanyway -- they were known as "muldoons." Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.50,0:03:25.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter) Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.54,0:03:26.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No one seems to know why. Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.76,0:03:29.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hope there's no one\Nfrom Tory here. Lovely place. Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.12,0:03:33.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But more commonly all around the island,\Nthey were known as the sunfish. Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.17,0:03:35.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this represents their habit\Nof basking on the surface Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.90,0:03:37.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when the sun is out. Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.08,0:03:39.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's great concern\Nthat basking sharks are depleted Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.67,0:03:41.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all throughout the world. Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.21,0:03:43.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some say it's not population decline, Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.23,0:03:45.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it might be a change\Nin the distribution of plankton. Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.74,0:03:46.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's been suggested Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.92,0:03:50.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that these sharks would make\Nfantastic indicators of climate change, Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.17,0:03:52.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as they're basically\Ncontinuous plankton recorders, Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.60,0:03:54.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,swimming around with their mouth open. Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.45,0:03:56.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're now listed\Nas vulnerable under the IUCN. Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.76,0:03:59.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's movements in Europe\Nto try and stop catching them. Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.74,0:04:02.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's now a ban on catching\Nand even landing them, Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.22,0:04:04.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even landing ones caught accidentally. Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.31,0:04:05.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're not protected in Ireland; Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.92,0:04:08.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in fact, they have no legislative\Nstatus in Ireland whatsoever, Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.93,0:04:10.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,despite our importance for the species Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.88,0:04:14.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and also the historical context\Nwithin which basking sharks reside. Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.46,0:04:15.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We know very little about them. Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.70,0:04:18.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And most of what we do know Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.12,0:04:20.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is based on their habit\Nof coming to the surface -- Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.94,0:04:24.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we try and guess what they're doing\Nfrom their behavior on the surface. Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.36,0:04:27.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I only found out last year,\Nat a conference on the Isle of Man, Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.45,0:04:30.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just how unusual it is to live somewhere Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.19,0:04:33.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where basking sharks regularly,\Nfrequently and predictably Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.76,0:04:36.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,come to the surface to "bask." Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.73,0:04:38.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a fantastic opportunity\Nfor a scientist Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.84,0:04:40.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to see and experience basking sharks. Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.67,0:04:42.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are awesome creatures. Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.04,0:04:45.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It gives us a fantastic opportunity\Nto study them, to get access to them. Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.52,0:04:48.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we've been doing for a couple\Nyears -- last year was a big year -- Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.94,0:04:50.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is we started tagging sharks, Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.82,0:04:53.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we could try to get some idea\Nof sight fidelity and movement Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.89,0:04:55.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and things like that. Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.08,0:04:58.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we concentrated mainly\Nin North Donegal and West Kerry Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.40,0:05:01.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the two areas\Nwhere I was mainly active. Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.14,0:05:05.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we tagged them\Nvery simply, not very high-tech, Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.32,0:05:06.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a big, long pole. Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.52,0:05:09.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a beachcaster rod\Nwith a tag on the end. Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.17,0:05:11.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You go up in your boat and tag the shark. Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.60,0:05:14.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we were very effective. Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.17,0:05:17.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We tagged 105 sharks last summer. Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.03,0:05:20.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We got 50 in three days\Noff Inishowen Peninsula. Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.71,0:05:22.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Half the challenge to get access Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.29,0:05:24.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to be in the right place\Nat the right time. Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.53,0:05:27.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it's a very simple, easy technique;\NI'll show you what it looks like. Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.02,0:05:30.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We use a pole camera on the boat\Nto actually film the shark. Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.90,0:05:33.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One, it's to try and work out\Nthe gender of the shark. Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.46,0:05:37.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We also deployed some satellite tags,\Nso we did use high-tech stuff as well. Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.14,0:05:38.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are archival tags. Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.48,0:05:40.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What they do is store the data. Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.44,0:05:43.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A satellite tag only works\Nwhen the air is clear of the water Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.35,0:05:45.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and can send a signal to the satellite. Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.27,0:05:47.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And sharks and fish\Nare underwater most of the time, Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.75,0:05:50.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so this tag actually works out\Nthe locations of shark, Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.70,0:05:54.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,depending on the timing\Nand the setting of the sun, Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.09,0:05:56.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,plus water temperature and depth. Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.06,0:05:58.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you have to kind of\Nreconstruct the path. Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.26,0:05:59.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What happens is, Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.45,0:06:02.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you set the tag to detach\Nfrom the shark after a fixed period -- Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.57,0:06:03.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in this case, eight months -- Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.99,0:06:06.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and literally to the day,\Nthe tag popped off, Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.12,0:06:07.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,drifted up, said hello to the satellite Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.02,0:06:10.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and sent, not all the data,\Nbut enough data for us to use. Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.92,0:06:14.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the only way to really work out\Ntheir behavior and movements Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.18,0:06:15.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when they're underwater. Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.28,0:06:18.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And here's a couple\Nof maps that we've done. Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.40,0:06:21.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In that one, you can see\Nthat we tagged both off Kerry. Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.58,0:06:25.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Basically, it spent all its time,\Nthe last eight months, in Irish waters. Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.09,0:06:27.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On Christmas, it was out\Non the shelf edge. Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.12,0:06:29.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's one we haven't ground-truthed yet Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.09,0:06:31.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with sea-surface temperature\Nand water depth, Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.24,0:06:33.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but again, the second shark\Nspent most of its time Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.62,0:06:34.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in and around the Irish Sea. Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.99,0:06:38.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Colleagues from the Isle of Man\Nlast year actually tagged one shark Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.19,0:06:41.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that went from the Isle of Man\Nto Nova Scotia in about 90 days. Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.40,0:06:44.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nine and a half thousand kilometers --\Nwe never thought that happened. Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.75,0:06:48.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another colleague in the States\Ntagged about 20 sharks off Massachusetts. Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.69,0:06:50.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His tags didn't really work. Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.16,0:06:51.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All he knows is where he tagged them, Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.02,0:06:53.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and where they popped off. Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.51,0:06:55.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His tags popped off in the Caribbean, Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.85,0:06:57.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and even in Brazil. Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.40,0:06:59.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We thought basking sharks\Nwere temperate animals Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.74,0:07:01.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and lived in our latitudes, Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.26,0:07:04.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but in actual fact, they're obviously\Ncrossing the equator as well. Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.47,0:07:06.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So very simple things like that, Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.26,0:07:08.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're trying to learn\Nabout basking sharks. Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.09,0:07:13.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One thing that I think\Nis a very surprising and strange thing Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.68,0:07:16.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is just how low the genetic\Ndiversity of sharks is. Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.67,0:07:20.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm not a geneticist, so I won't pretend\Nto understand the genetics. Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.16,0:07:22.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's why it's great\Nto have collaboration. Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.54,0:07:23.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whereas I'm a field person, Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.88,0:07:25.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I get panic attacks Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.42,0:07:28.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if I have to spend too many hours\Nin a lab with a white coat on. Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.60,0:07:29.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Take me away. Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.85,0:07:32.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we can work with geneticists\Nwho understand that. Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.46,0:07:35.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So when they looked at\Nthe genetics of basking sharks, Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.06,0:07:38.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they found that the diversity\Nwas incredibly low. Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.09,0:07:39.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you look at the first line, really, Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.98,0:07:43.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can see that all these different\Nshark species are all quite similar. Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.46,0:07:45.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think this means they're all sharks Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.26,0:07:47.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they've come from a common ancestry. Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.21,0:07:49.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if you look at nucleotide diversity, Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.30,0:07:52.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is more genetics\Nthat are passed on through the parents, Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.55,0:07:55.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you see that basking sharks,\Nif you look at the first study, Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.41,0:07:59.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was order of magnitude less diverse\Neven than other shark species. Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.40,0:08:01.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can see this work\Nwas only done in 2006. Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.50,0:08:05.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Before 2006, we had no idea of the genetic\Nvariability of basking sharks. Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.16,0:08:08.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We had no idea: Did they distinguish\Ninto different populations? Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.29,0:08:09.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Were there subpopulations? Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.59,0:08:11.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's very important\Nif you want to know Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.77,0:08:14.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what the population size is,\Nand the status of the animals. Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.57,0:08:18.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, Les Noble in Aberdeen kind of found\Nthis a bit unbelievable, really. Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.20,0:08:24.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So he did another study\Nusing microsatellites, Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.81,0:08:27.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is much more expensive,\Nmuch more time-consuming, Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.45,0:08:30.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to his surprise,\Ncame up with almost identical results. Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.73,0:08:33.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it does seem to be\Nthat basking sharks, for some reason, Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.67,0:08:35.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have incredibly low diversity. Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.46,0:08:37.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's thought maybe\Nit was a genetic bottleneck, Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.98,0:08:40.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thought to have been 12,000 years ago, Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.08,0:08:42.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this has caused a very low diversity. Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.62,0:08:44.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And yet, if you look at the whale shark, Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.61,0:08:47.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is the other\Nplankton-eating large shark, Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.35,0:08:48.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,its diversity is much greater. Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.84,0:08:51.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it doesn't really make sense at all. Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.30,0:08:53.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They found that there was\Nno genetic differentiation Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.76,0:08:56.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between any of the world's oceans\Nof basking sharks: Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.24,0:08:58.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even though they're found\Nthroughout the world, Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.51,0:09:00.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you couldn't tell\Nthe difference, genetically, Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.69,0:09:04.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from one from the Pacific, Atlantic,\NNew Zealand, Ireland, South Africa. Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.14,0:09:05.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They all basically seem the same. Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.75,0:09:08.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which, again, is kind of surprising;\Nyou wouldn't expect that. Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.68,0:09:11.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't understand or pretend\Nto understand this; Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.05,0:09:12.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I suspect most geneticists don't either, Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.98,0:09:14.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they produce the numbers. Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.40,0:09:16.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you can actually estimate\Nthe population size Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.75,0:09:18.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,based on the diversity of the genetics. Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.94,0:09:22.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Rus Hoelzel came up with\Nan effective population size: Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.52,0:09:24.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,8,200 animals. Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.38,0:09:27.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's it -- 8,000 animals in the world. Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.31,0:09:29.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You're thinking,\N"That's ridiculous. No way." Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.55,0:09:31.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So Les did a finer study, Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.40,0:09:34.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he found out it came out about 9,000. Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.20,0:09:37.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Using different microsatellites\Ngave the different results, Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.11,0:09:41.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the mean of all these\Nstudies is about 5,000, Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.77,0:09:43.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which I personally don't believe. Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.40,0:09:45.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But then, I am a skeptic. Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.05,0:09:47.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But even if you toss a few numbers around, Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.51,0:09:50.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're probably talking an effective\Npopulation of about 20,000 animals. Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.95,0:09:55.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Do you remember how many they killed\Noff Achill in the 70s and the 50s? Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.49,0:09:57.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what it tells us, actually, Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.21,0:10:00.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that there's actually a risk\Nof extinction of this species Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.48,0:10:02.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because its population is so small. Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.40,0:10:03.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, of those 20,000, Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.96,0:10:06.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,8,000 were thought to be females. Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.15,0:10:08.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's only 8,000 basking shark\Nfemales in the world? Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.86,0:10:10.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't know. I don't believe it. Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.12,0:10:14.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The problem with this\Nis they were constrained with samples. Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.79,0:10:16.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They didn't get enough samples Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.40,0:10:20.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to really explore the genetics\Nin enough detail. Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.71,0:10:25.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, where do you get samples from\Nfor your genetic analysis? Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.67,0:10:28.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, one obvious source is dead sharks -- Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.48,0:10:29.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dead sharks, washed up. Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.76,0:10:33.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We might get two or three dead sharks\Nwashed up in Ireland a year, Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.04,0:10:34.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we're kind of lucky. Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.58,0:10:36.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another source would be\Nfisheries' bycatch. Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.96,0:10:39.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We were getting quite a few caught\Nin surface drift nets. Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.97,0:10:42.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's banned now, and that'll be\Ngood news for the sharks. Dialogue: 0,0:10:42.78,0:10:44.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And some are caught in nets, in trawls. Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.72,0:10:48.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a shark that was actually\Nlanded in Howth just before Christmas -- Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.36,0:10:51.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,illegally, because you're not allowed\Nto do that under EU law -- Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.42,0:10:54.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and was actually sold\Nfor eight euros a kilo as shark steak. Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.28,0:10:56.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They even put a recipe up on the wall, Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.12,0:10:57.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until they were told it was illegal. Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.93,0:10:59.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They actually did get a fine for that. Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.83,0:11:02.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if you look at\Nall those studies I showed you, Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.18,0:11:04.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the total number of samples worldwide Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.86,0:11:06.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is 86, at present. Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.86,0:11:08.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's very important work, Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.97,0:11:11.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they can ask\Nsome really good questions, Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.09,0:11:15.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and tell us about population size\Nand subpopulations and structure, Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.40,0:11:18.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they're constrained\Nby lack of samples. Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.74,0:11:20.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When we were out tagging our sharks -- Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.62,0:11:23.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is how we tagged them on the front\Nof a RIB, get in there fast -- Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.95,0:11:26.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,occasionally, the sharks do react. Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.14,0:11:28.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On one occasion, when we were\Nup in Malin Head in Donegal, Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.92,0:11:31.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the shark smacked the side\Nof the boat with his tail, Dialogue: 0,0:11:31.44,0:11:34.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more, I think, in startle to the fact\Nthat a boat came near it, Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.61,0:11:36.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rather than the tag going in. Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.96,0:11:39.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that was fine. We got wet. No problem. Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.88,0:11:43.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then when myself and Emmett\Ngot back to Malin Head, to the pier, Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.89,0:11:46.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I noticed some black slime\Non the front of the boat. Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.36,0:11:49.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I used to spend a lot of time\Non commercial fishing boats, Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.11,0:11:50.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I remember fishermen saying Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.61,0:11:53.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they can tell when a basking shark\Nhas been caught in a net, Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.46,0:11:55.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it leaves a black slime behind. Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.36,0:11:57.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that must have come from the shark. Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.22,0:12:00.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, we had an interest\Nin getting tissue samples for genetics Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.64,0:12:02.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we knew they were very valuable. Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.65,0:12:04.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We would use conventional methods; Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.33,0:12:06.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have a crossbow --\Nyou see it in my hand there, Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.67,0:12:10.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which we use to sample whales\Nand dolphins for genetic studies as well. Dialogue: 0,0:12:10.18,0:12:12.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I tried that, I tried many techniques. Dialogue: 0,0:12:12.18,0:12:14.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All it was doing was breaking my arrows, Dialogue: 0,0:12:14.13,0:12:16.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the shark's skin\Nis just so strong. Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.18,0:12:18.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was no way we were going\Nto get a sample from that. Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.98,0:12:20.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That wasn't going to work. Dialogue: 0,0:12:20.58,0:12:23.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So when I saw the black slime\Non the bow of the boat, Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.16,0:12:26.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I thought, "If you take\Nwhat you're given in this world ..." Dialogue: 0,0:12:26.16,0:12:27.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I scraped it off. Dialogue: 0,0:12:27.35,0:12:31.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I had a little tube with alcohol in it\Nto send to the geneticists. Dialogue: 0,0:12:31.77,0:12:34.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I scraped the slime off\Nand sent it to Aberdeen, Dialogue: 0,0:12:34.85,0:12:36.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and said, "You might try that." Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.39,0:12:37.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they sat on it for months. Dialogue: 0,0:12:38.02,0:12:40.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was only because we had\Na conference on the Isle of Man. Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.86,0:12:42.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I kept emailing Les, saying, Dialogue: 0,0:12:42.42,0:12:44.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Have you had a chance\Nto look at my slime?" Dialogue: 0,0:12:44.54,0:12:46.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he was like, "Yeah, yeah. Later." Dialogue: 0,0:12:46.41,0:12:49.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He thought he'd better do it\Nbecause I never met him before; Dialogue: 0,0:12:49.25,0:12:52.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he might lose face if he hadn't done\Nthe thing I sent him. Dialogue: 0,0:12:52.03,0:12:54.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he was amazed that they actually\Ngot DNA from the slime. Dialogue: 0,0:12:54.91,0:12:56.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They amplified it and they tested it, Dialogue: 0,0:12:56.77,0:12:59.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they found, yes,\Nthis was actually basking shark DNA, Dialogue: 0,0:12:59.59,0:13:01.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which was got from the slime. Dialogue: 0,0:13:02.57,0:13:03.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So he was very excited. Dialogue: 0,0:13:03.76,0:13:07.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It became known as "Simon's shark slime." Dialogue: 0,0:13:07.07,0:13:09.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I thought, "Hey, you know,\NI can build on this." Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.98,0:13:13.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we thought, OK, we're going to try\Nto get out and get some slime. Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.77,0:13:17.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So having spent three-and-a-half\Nthousand on satellite tags ... Dialogue: 0,0:13:19.99,0:13:23.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I then thought I'd invest 7.95 --\Nthe price is still on it -- Dialogue: 0,0:13:23.45,0:13:25.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in my local hardware store in Kilrush Dialogue: 0,0:13:25.66,0:13:27.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for a mop handle, Dialogue: 0,0:13:27.46,0:13:30.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and even less money on some oven cleaners. Dialogue: 0,0:13:30.40,0:13:33.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I wrapped the oven cleaner\Naround the edge of the mop handle Dialogue: 0,0:13:33.90,0:13:35.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and ... Dialogue: 0,0:13:35.40,0:13:36.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter) Dialogue: 0,0:13:36.98,0:13:40.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was desperate to have an opportunity\Nto get some sharks. Dialogue: 0,0:13:40.54,0:13:44.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this was into August now,\Nand normally sharks peak in June, July, Dialogue: 0,0:13:44.95,0:13:47.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you rarely see them,\Nor rarely can be in the right place Dialogue: 0,0:13:47.97,0:13:49.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to find sharks into August. Dialogue: 0,0:13:49.54,0:13:51.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We were desperate,\Nso we rushed out to the Blaskets Dialogue: 0,0:13:51.100,0:13:54.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as soon as we heard\Nthere were sharks there, Dialogue: 0,0:13:54.09,0:13:55.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and managed to find some sharks. Dialogue: 0,0:13:55.64,0:13:59.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So by just rubbing\Nthe mop handle down the shark Dialogue: 0,0:13:59.13,0:14:00.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as it swam under the boat -- Dialogue: 0,0:14:00.72,0:14:03.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you see a shark\Nrunning under the boat here -- Dialogue: 0,0:14:03.26,0:14:04.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we managed to collect slime. Dialogue: 0,0:14:04.62,0:14:05.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And here it is. Dialogue: 0,0:14:05.89,0:14:09.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Look at that lovely black shark slime. Dialogue: 0,0:14:09.65,0:14:14.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in about half an hour,\Nwe got five samples. Dialogue: 0,0:14:14.26,0:14:16.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Five individual sharks were sampled Dialogue: 0,0:14:16.04,0:14:18.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using Simon's Shark Slime Sampling System. Dialogue: 0,0:14:18.90,0:14:20.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter) Dialogue: 0,0:14:20.74,0:14:26.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause) Dialogue: 0,0:14:26.09,0:14:29.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've been working on whales and dolphins\Nin Ireland for 20 years now, Dialogue: 0,0:14:29.37,0:14:30.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they're a bit more dramatic. Dialogue: 0,0:14:30.93,0:14:32.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You probably saw\Nthe humpback whale footage Dialogue: 0,0:14:32.99,0:14:35.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we got a month or two ago\Noff County Wexford. Dialogue: 0,0:14:35.12,0:14:37.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you always think\Nyou might have some legacy Dialogue: 0,0:14:37.40,0:14:38.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can leave the world behind, Dialogue: 0,0:14:38.92,0:14:41.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I was thinking of humpback\Nwhales breaching and dolphins. Dialogue: 0,0:14:41.88,0:14:44.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But hey -- sometimes\Nthese things are sent to you Dialogue: 0,0:14:44.28,0:14:46.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you just have to take them\Nwhen they come. Dialogue: 0,0:14:46.50,0:14:48.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is possibly\Ngoing to be my legacy -- Dialogue: 0,0:14:48.62,0:14:50.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Simon's Shark Slime. Dialogue: 0,0:14:50.29,0:14:51.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We got more money this year Dialogue: 0,0:14:51.95,0:14:54.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to carry on collecting\Nmore and more samples. Dialogue: 0,0:14:54.59,0:14:57.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One thing that is very useful\Nis that we use a pole camera -- Dialogue: 0,0:14:57.56,0:14:59.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is my colleague, Joanne,\Nwith a pole camera -- Dialogue: 0,0:14:59.99,0:15:01.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where you can look underneath the shark. Dialogue: 0,0:15:01.96,0:15:04.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What you're trying to look at is,\Nthe males have claspers, Dialogue: 0,0:15:04.75,0:15:07.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which kind of dangle out\Nbehind the back of the shark. Dialogue: 0,0:15:07.39,0:15:09.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you can quite easily tell\Nthe gender of the shark. Dialogue: 0,0:15:10.01,0:15:13.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we can tell the gender of the shark\Nbefore we sample it, Dialogue: 0,0:15:13.78,0:15:16.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can tell the geneticist\Nthis was taken from a male or a female. Dialogue: 0,0:15:16.92,0:15:19.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because in the moment,\Nthey have no way, genetically, Dialogue: 0,0:15:19.44,0:15:21.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of telling the difference\Nbetween a male and a female, Dialogue: 0,0:15:22.00,0:15:23.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which I find staggering, Dialogue: 0,0:15:23.19,0:15:25.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they don't know\Nwhat primers to look for. Dialogue: 0,0:15:25.80,0:15:28.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Being able to tell the gender of a shark Dialogue: 0,0:15:28.13,0:15:32.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is very important\Nfor things like policing the trade Dialogue: 0,0:15:32.40,0:15:36.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in basking shark and other species\Nthrough the sightings, Dialogue: 0,0:15:36.82,0:15:39.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it is illegal\Nto trade in these sharks. Dialogue: 0,0:15:39.06,0:15:41.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they are caught and are on the market. Dialogue: 0,0:15:41.12,0:15:42.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So as a field biologist, Dialogue: 0,0:15:42.52,0:15:44.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you just want to get encounters\Nwith these animals, Dialogue: 0,0:15:44.99,0:15:46.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and learn as much as you can. Dialogue: 0,0:15:46.40,0:15:49.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're often quite brief,\Nthey're often very seasonally constrained. Dialogue: 0,0:15:49.83,0:15:52.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You just want to learn as much\Nas you can as soon as you can. Dialogue: 0,0:15:52.76,0:15:54.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But isn't it fantastic Dialogue: 0,0:15:54.55,0:15:58.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you can then offer\Nthese samples and opportunities Dialogue: 0,0:15:58.08,0:16:00.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to other disciplines,\Nsuch as the geneticists, Dialogue: 0,0:16:00.92,0:16:03.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who can gain so much more from that. Dialogue: 0,0:16:03.40,0:16:07.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So as I said, these things\Nare sent to you in strange ways. Dialogue: 0,0:16:07.13,0:16:08.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Grab them while you can. Dialogue: 0,0:16:08.40,0:16:10.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll take that as my scientific legacy. Dialogue: 0,0:16:10.37,0:16:13.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hopefully, I might get something\Na bit more dramatic and romantic Dialogue: 0,0:16:13.48,0:16:14.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before I die. Dialogue: 0,0:16:14.75,0:16:17.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But for the time being,\Nthank you for that. Dialogue: 0,0:16:17.18,0:16:18.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And keep an eye out for sharks. Dialogue: 0,0:16:18.69,0:16:22.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you're more interested, we have\Na basking shark website now set up. Dialogue: 0,0:16:22.46,0:16:24.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So thank you and thank you for listening. Dialogue: 0,0:16:24.45,0:16:26.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)