[Script Info] Title: [Events] Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.52,0:00:19.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want you to take a look at this baby. Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.68,0:00:24.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What you're drawn to are her eyes\Nand the skin you love to touch. Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.89,0:00:28.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But today I'm going to talk to you\Nabout something you can't see. Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.05,0:00:30.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's going on\Nup in that little brain of hers. Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.64,0:00:35.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The modern tools of neuroscience\Nare demonstrating to us Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.58,0:00:39.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that what's going on up there\Nis nothing short of rocket science. Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.24,0:00:43.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what we're learning\Nis going to shed some light Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.70,0:00:49.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on what the romantic writers and poets\Ndescribed as the "celestial openness" Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.62,0:00:51.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the child's mind. Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.51,0:00:55.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we see here is a mother in India, Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.100,0:00:59.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and she's speaking Koro,\Nwhich is a newly discovered language. Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.30,0:01:02.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And she's talking to her baby. Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.59,0:01:03.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What this mother -- Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.77,0:01:06.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the 800 people who speak\NKoro in the world -- Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.01,0:01:10.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,understands is that,\Nto preserve this language, Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.25,0:01:12.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they need to speak it to the babies. Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.86,0:01:15.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And therein lies a critical puzzle. Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.76,0:01:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why is it that you can't\Npreserve a language Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.03,0:01:21.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by speaking to you and I, to the adults? Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.29,0:01:23.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, it's got to do with your brain. Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.04,0:01:28.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we see here is that language\Nhas a critical period for learning. Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.90,0:01:32.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The way to read this slide is to look\Nat your age on the horizontal axis. Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.72,0:01:35.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter) Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.43,0:01:39.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you'll see on the vertical\Nyour skill at acquiring a second language. Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.69,0:01:43.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The babies and children are geniuses\Nuntil they turn seven, Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.57,0:01:45.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then there's a systematic decline. Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.90,0:01:48.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After puberty, we fall off the map. Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.83,0:01:51.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No scientists dispute this curve, Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.39,0:01:53.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but laboratories all over the world Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.37,0:01:55.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are trying to figure out\Nwhy it works this way. Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.42,0:02:00.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Work in my lab is focused on the first\Ncritical period in development, Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.48,0:02:02.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that is the period in which babies Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.34,0:02:05.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,try to master which sounds\Nare used in their language. Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.73,0:02:08.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We think, by studying\Nhow the sounds are learned, Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.25,0:02:10.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we'll have a model\Nfor the rest of language, Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.54,0:02:13.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and perhaps for critical periods\Nthat may exist in childhood Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.50,0:02:16.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for social, emotional\Nand cognitive development. Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.94,0:02:18.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we've been studying the babies Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.90,0:02:21.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using a technique\Nthat we're using all over the world Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.43,0:02:23.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the sounds of all languages. Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.31,0:02:25.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The baby sits on a parent's lap, Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.12,0:02:28.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we train them to turn\Ntheir heads when a sound changes -- Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.07,0:02:29.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like from "ah" to "ee." Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.55,0:02:32.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If they do so at the appropriate time,\Nthe black box lights up Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.01,0:02:34.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a panda bear pounds a drum. Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.01,0:02:37.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A six-monther adores the task. Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.06,0:02:39.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What have we learned? Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.24,0:02:41.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, babies all over the world Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.43,0:02:44.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are what I like to describe\Nas "citizens of the world." Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.95,0:02:47.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They can discriminate\Nall the sounds of all languages, Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.90,0:02:51.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no matter what country we're testing\Nand what language we're using, Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.15,0:02:54.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's remarkable\Nbecause you and I can't do that. Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.17,0:02:56.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're culture-bound listeners. Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.17,0:02:58.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can discriminate the sounds\Nof our own language, Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.59,0:03:00.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but not those of foreign languages. Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.46,0:03:03.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the question arises:\NWhen do those citizens of the world Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.65,0:03:06.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,turn into the language-bound\Nlisteners that we are? Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.56,0:03:09.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the answer:\Nbefore their first birthdays. Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.72,0:03:12.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What you see here is performance\Non that head-turn task Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.87,0:03:15.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for babies tested in Tokyo\Nand the United States, Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.36,0:03:16.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,here in Seattle, Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.82,0:03:18.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as they listened to "ra" and "la" -- Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.60,0:03:21.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sounds important to English,\Nbut not to Japanese. Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.43,0:03:24.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So at six to eight months,\Nthe babies are totally equivalent. Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.83,0:03:27.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Two months later,\Nsomething incredible occurs. Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.41,0:03:30.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The babies in the United States\Nare getting a lot better, Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.11,0:03:32.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,babies in Japan are getting a lot worse, Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.06,0:03:35.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but both of those groups of babies\Nare preparing for exactly the language Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.53,0:03:37.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they are going to learn. Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.05,0:03:41.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the question is: What's happening\Nduring this critical two-month period? Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.70,0:03:44.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the critical period\Nfor sound development, Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.06,0:03:45.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but what's going on up there? Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.50,0:03:47.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So there are two things going on. Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.50,0:03:50.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first is that the babies\Nare listening intently to us, Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.40,0:03:54.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they're taking statistics\Nas they listen to us talk -- Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.16,0:03:56.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're taking statistics. Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.17,0:03:58.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So listen to two mothers\Nspeaking motherese -- Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.73,0:04:01.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the universal language\Nwe use when we talk to kids -- Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.80,0:04:04.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,first in English and then in Japanese. Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.23,0:04:08.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Video) Ah, I love your big blue eyes -- Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.69,0:04:11.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so pretty and nice. Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.55,0:04:17.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Japanese) Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.41,0:04:21.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Patricia Kuhl: So, what I'm telling you Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.35,0:04:25.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that during the production\Nof speech, when babies listen, Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.44,0:04:30.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what they're doing is taking statistics\Non the language that they hear. Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.95,0:04:33.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And those distributions grow. Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.89,0:04:38.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what we've learned is that babies\Nare sensitive to the statistics, Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.28,0:04:42.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the statistics of Japanese\Nand English are very, very different. Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.64,0:04:45.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,English has a lot of Rs and Ls. Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.32,0:04:47.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The distribution shows. Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.10,0:04:49.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the distribution of Japanese\Nis totally different, Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.96,0:04:52.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where we see a group\Nof intermediate sounds, Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.99,0:04:55.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is known as the Japanese "R." Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.43,0:04:59.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So babies absorb\Nthe statistics of the language Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.56,0:05:01.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it changes their brains; Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.26,0:05:03.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it changes them\Nfrom the citizens of the world Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.44,0:05:06.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the culture-bound\Nlisteners that we are. Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.41,0:05:10.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we as adults are no longer\Nabsorbing those statistics. Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.54,0:05:13.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are governed\Nby the representations in memory Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.12,0:05:15.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that were formed early in development. Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.70,0:05:17.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what we're seeing here Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.50,0:05:20.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is changing our models\Nof what the critical period is about. Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.76,0:05:23.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're arguing from\Na mathematical standpoint Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.55,0:05:26.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the learning of language\Nmaterial may slow down Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.71,0:05:29.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when our distributions stabilize. Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.12,0:05:31.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's raising lots of questions\Nabout bilingual people. Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.42,0:05:36.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bilinguals must keep two sets\Nof statistics in mind at once Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.47,0:05:39.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and flip between them,\None after the other, Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.38,0:05:41.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,depending on who they're speaking to. Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.18,0:05:42.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we asked ourselves, Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.35,0:05:45.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can the babies take statistics\Non a brand new language? Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.78,0:05:49.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we tested this\Nby exposing American babies Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.09,0:05:50.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who'd never heard a second language Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.80,0:05:53.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to Mandarin for the first time\Nduring the critical period. Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.54,0:05:57.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We knew that, when monolinguals\Nwere tested in Taipei and Seattle Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.10,0:05:59.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the Mandarin sounds,\Nthey showed the same pattern. Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.79,0:06:02.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Six to eight months,\Nthey're totally equivalent. Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.28,0:06:04.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Two months later,\Nsomething incredible happens. Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.84,0:06:08.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the Taiwanese babies are getting\Nbetter, not the American babies. Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.42,0:06:13.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we did was expose American babies,\Nduring this period, to Mandarin. Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.32,0:06:16.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was like having Mandarin relatives\Ncome and visit for a month Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.36,0:06:20.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and move into your house\Nand talk to the babies for 12 sessions. Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.18,0:06:22.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's what it looked like\Nin the laboratory. Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.41,0:06:27.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Mandarin) Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.16,0:06:46.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,PK: So what have we done\Nto their little brains? Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.43,0:06:48.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter) Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.90,0:06:51.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We had to run a control group to make sure Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.60,0:06:54.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that coming into the laboratory\Ndidn't improve your Mandarin skills. Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.83,0:06:57.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So a group of babies came in\Nand listened to English. Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.51,0:06:58.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we can see from the graph Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.93,0:07:01.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that exposure to English\Ndidn't improve their Mandarin. Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.54,0:07:05.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But look at what happened to the babies\Nexposed to Mandarin for 12 sessions. Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.16,0:07:07.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were as good as the babies in Taiwan Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.58,0:07:10.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who'd been listening\Nfor 10 and a half months. Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.58,0:07:14.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What it demonstrated is that babies\Ntake statistics on a new language. Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.43,0:07:17.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whatever you put in front of them,\Nthey'll take statistics on. Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.70,0:07:19.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we wondered what role Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.31,0:07:22.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the human being played\Nin this learning exercise. Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.100,0:07:27.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we ran another group of babies\Nin which the kids got the same dosage, Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.31,0:07:29.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the same 12 sessions,\Nbut over a television set. Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.80,0:07:33.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And another group of babies\Nwho had just audio exposure Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.48,0:07:35.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and looked at a teddy bear on the screen. Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.60,0:07:37.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What did we do to their brains? Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.80,0:07:41.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What you see here is the audio result -- Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.52,0:07:43.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no learning whatsoever -- Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.28,0:07:45.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the video result -- Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.84,0:07:47.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no learning whatsoever. Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.70,0:07:51.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It takes a human being\Nfor babies to take their statistics. Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.22,0:07:54.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The social brain is controlling Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.41,0:07:56.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when the babies\Nare taking their statistics. Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.54,0:08:00.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We want to get inside the brain\Nand see this thing happening Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.06,0:08:03.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as babies are in front of televisions,\Nas opposed to in front of human beings. Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.02,0:08:08.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thankfully, we have a new machine,\Nmagnetoencephalography, Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.74,0:08:10.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that allows us to do this. Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.06,0:08:12.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It looks like a hair dryer from Mars. Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.67,0:08:17.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it's completely safe,\Ncompletely noninvasive and silent. Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.20,0:08:18.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And babies - we're looking at Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.87,0:08:20.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,millimeter accuracy Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.66,0:08:23.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with regard to spatial\Nand millisecond accuracy Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.68,0:08:26.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using 306 SQUIDs -- Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.33,0:08:29.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these are superconducting\Nquantum interference devices -- Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.45,0:08:33.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to pick up the magnetic fields\Nthat change as we do our thinking. Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.35,0:08:38.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're the first in the world\Nto record babies in an MEG machine Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.98,0:08:41.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while they are learning. Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.40,0:08:43.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is little Emma. Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.10,0:08:45.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She's a six-monther. Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.03,0:08:48.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And she's listening to various languages\Nin the earphones. Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.82,0:08:50.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can see, she can move around. Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.82,0:08:54.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're tracking her head\Nwith little pellets in a cap, Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.62,0:08:57.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so she's free to move\Ncompletely unconstrained. Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.62,0:08:59.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a technical tour de force. Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.85,0:09:01.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What are we seeing? Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.46,0:09:03.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're seeing the baby brain. Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.38,0:09:07.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As the baby hears a word in her language,\Nthe auditory areas light up, Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.89,0:09:12.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then subsequently areas surrounding it\Nthat we think are related to coherence, Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.70,0:09:16.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,getting the brain coordinated\Nwith its different areas, and causality, Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.70,0:09:19.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one brain area\Ncausing another to activate. Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.30,0:09:24.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are embarking on a grand\Nand golden age. Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.80,0:09:27.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're going to be able\Nto see a child's brain Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.21,0:09:31.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as they experience an emotion,\Nas they learn to speak and read, Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.48,0:09:34.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as they solve a math problem,\Nas they have an idea. Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.02,0:09:38.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we're going to be able to invent\Nbrain-based interventions Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.39,0:09:40.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for children who have difficulty learning. Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.07,0:09:44.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just as the poets and writers described, Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.16,0:09:48.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're going to be able to see, I think,\Nthat wondrous openness, Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.34,0:09:51.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,utter and complete openness,\Nof the mind of a child. Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.52,0:09:55.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In investigating the child's brain, Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.22,0:09:59.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're going to uncover deep truths\Nabout what it means to be human, Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.24,0:10:00.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in the process, Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.42,0:10:03.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we may be able to help keep\Nour own minds open to learning Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.52,0:10:05.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for our entire lives. Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.23,0:10:06.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you. Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.50,0:10:09.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)